Why Earth may someday look like Mars
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0:01 - 0:04So when you look out
at the stars at night, -
0:04 - 0:05it's amazing what you can see.
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0:05 - 0:07It's beautiful.
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0:07 - 0:10But what's more amazing
is what you can't see, -
0:10 - 0:11because what we know now
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0:11 - 0:15is that around every star
or almost every star, -
0:15 - 0:16there's a planet,
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0:16 - 0:17or probably a few.
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0:18 - 0:20So what this picture isn't showing you
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0:20 - 0:22are all the planets that we know about
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0:22 - 0:24out there in space.
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0:24 - 0:27But when we think about planets,
we tend to think of faraway things -
0:28 - 0:29that are very different from our own.
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0:29 - 0:32But here we are on a planet,
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0:32 - 0:35and there are so many things
that are amazing about Earth -
0:35 - 0:39that we're searching far and wide
to find things that are like that. -
0:39 - 0:43And when we're searching,
we're finding amazing things. -
0:43 - 0:47But I want to tell you
about an amazing thing here on Earth. -
0:47 - 0:50And that is that every minute,
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0:50 - 0:52400 pounds of hydrogen
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0:52 - 0:55and almost seven pounds of helium
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0:55 - 0:58escape from Earth into space.
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0:59 - 1:03And this is gas that is going off
and never coming back. -
1:03 - 1:06So hydrogen, helium and many other things
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1:06 - 1:09make up what's known
as the Earth's atmosphere. -
1:09 - 1:13The atmosphere is just these gases
that form a thin blue line -
1:13 - 1:16that's seen here from
the International Space Station, -
1:16 - 1:19a photograph that some astronauts took.
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1:19 - 1:23And this tenuous veneer around our planet
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1:23 - 1:25is what allows life to flourish.
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1:25 - 1:28It protects our planet
from too many impacts, -
1:28 - 1:30from meteorites and the like.
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1:30 - 1:34And it's such an amazing phenomenon
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1:34 - 1:36that the fact that it's disappearing
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1:37 - 1:39should frighten you,
at least a little bit. -
1:40 - 1:43So this process is something that I study
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1:43 - 1:46and it's called atmospheric escape.
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1:47 - 1:51So atmospheric escape
is not specific to planet Earth. -
1:51 - 1:55It's part of what it means
to be a planet, if you ask me, -
1:55 - 1:59because planets, not just here on Earth
but throughout the universe, -
1:59 - 2:02can undergo atmospheric escape.
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2:02 - 2:07And the way it happens actually tells us
about planets themselves. -
2:08 - 2:11Because when you think
about the solar system, -
2:11 - 2:13you might think about this picture here.
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2:14 - 2:17And you would say, well,
there are eight planets, maybe nine. -
2:17 - 2:20So for those of you
who are stressed by this picture, -
2:20 - 2:21I will add somebody for you.
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2:21 - 2:22(Laughter)
-
2:22 - 2:25Courtesy of New Horizons,
we're including Pluto. -
2:26 - 2:27And the thing here is,
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2:27 - 2:30for the purposes of this talk
and atmospheric escape, -
2:30 - 2:32Pluto is a planet in my mind,
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2:32 - 2:36in the same way that planets
around other stars that we can't see -
2:36 - 2:38are also planets.
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2:38 - 2:41So fundamental characteristics of planets
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2:41 - 2:44include the fact that they are bodies
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2:44 - 2:46that are bound together by gravity.
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2:46 - 2:48So it's a lot of material
just stuck together -
2:48 - 2:50with this attractive force.
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2:50 - 2:53And these bodies are so big
and have so much gravity. -
2:53 - 2:54That's why they're round.
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2:54 - 2:56So when you look at all of these,
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2:56 - 2:57including Pluto,
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2:57 - 2:59they're round.
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2:59 - 3:02So you can see that gravity
is really at play here. -
3:02 - 3:05But another fundamental
characteristic about planets -
3:05 - 3:07is what you don't see here,
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3:07 - 3:09and that's the star, the Sun,
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3:09 - 3:13that all of the planets
in the solar system are orbiting around. -
3:13 - 3:17And that's fundamentally driving
atmospheric escape. -
3:18 - 3:23The reason that fundamentally stars
drive atmospheric escape from planets -
3:23 - 3:28is because stars offer planets
particles and light and heat -
3:29 - 3:32that can cause the atmospheres to go away.
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3:32 - 3:33So if you think of a hot-air balloon,
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3:33 - 3:38or you look at this picture
of lanterns in Thailand at a festival, -
3:38 - 3:41you can see that hot air
can propel gasses upward. -
3:41 - 3:43And if you have enough energy and heating,
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3:43 - 3:45which our Sun does,
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3:45 - 3:49that gas, which is so light
and only bound by gravity, -
3:49 - 3:50it can escape into space.
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3:52 - 3:56And so this is what's actually
causing atmospheric escape -
3:56 - 3:58here on Earth and also on other planets --
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3:58 - 4:01that interplay
between heating from the star -
4:01 - 4:04and overcoming the force
of gravity on the planet. -
4:05 - 4:07So I've told you that it happens
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4:07 - 4:10at the rate of 400 pounds
a minute for hydrogen -
4:10 - 4:12and almost seven pounds for helium.
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4:13 - 4:15But what does that look like?
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4:15 - 4:17Well, even in the '80s,
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4:17 - 4:18we took pictures of the Earth
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4:18 - 4:20in the ultraviolet
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4:20 - 4:23using NASA's Dynamic Explorer spacecraft.
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4:23 - 4:25So these two images of the Earth
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4:25 - 4:28show you what that glow
of escaping hydrogen looks like, -
4:28 - 4:30shown in red.
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4:30 - 4:33And you can also see other features
like oxygen and nitrogen -
4:33 - 4:35in that white glimmer
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4:35 - 4:37in the circle showing you the auroras
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4:37 - 4:40and also some wisps around the tropics.
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4:40 - 4:43So these are pictures
that conclusively show us -
4:43 - 4:47that our atmosphere isn't just
tightly bound to us here on Earth -
4:47 - 4:50but it's actually
reaching out far into space, -
4:50 - 4:52and at an alarming rate, I might add.
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4:53 - 4:57But the Earth is not alone
in undergoing atmospheric escape. -
4:57 - 5:00Mars, our nearest neighbor,
is much smaller than Earth, -
5:00 - 5:04so it has much less gravity
with which to hold on to its atmosphere. -
5:04 - 5:06And so even though Mars has an atmosphere,
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5:06 - 5:09we can see it's much thinner
than the Earth's. -
5:09 - 5:10Just look at the surface.
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5:10 - 5:14You see craters indicating
that it didn't have an atmosphere -
5:14 - 5:15that could stop those impacts.
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5:16 - 5:18Also, we see that it's the "red planet,"
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5:18 - 5:21and atmospheric escape plays a role
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5:21 - 5:22in Mars being red.
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5:22 - 5:26That's because we think
Mars used to have a wetter past, -
5:26 - 5:31and when water had enough energy,
it broke up into hydrogen and oxygen, -
5:31 - 5:34and hydrogen being so light,
it escaped into space, -
5:34 - 5:36and the oxygen that was left
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5:36 - 5:38oxidized or rusted the ground,
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5:38 - 5:42making that familiar
rusty red color that we see. -
5:43 - 5:45So it's fine to look at pictures of Mars
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5:45 - 5:47and say that atmospheric escape
probably happened, -
5:47 - 5:51but NASA has a probe that's currently
at Mars called the MAVEN satellite, -
5:52 - 5:55and its actual job
is to study atmospheric escape. -
5:55 - 6:00It's the Mars Atmosphere
and Volatile Evolution spacecraft. -
6:00 - 6:03And results from it have already
shown pictures very similar -
6:03 - 6:05to what you've seen here on Earth.
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6:05 - 6:08We've long known that Mars
was losing its atmosphere, -
6:08 - 6:10but we have some stunning pictures.
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6:10 - 6:13Here, for example,
you can see in the red circle -
6:13 - 6:14is the size of Mars,
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6:14 - 6:18and in blue you can see the hydrogen
escaping away from the planet. -
6:18 - 6:22So it's reaching out more than 10 times
the size of the planet, -
6:22 - 6:25far enough away that it's
no longer bound to that planet. -
6:25 - 6:27It's escaping off into space.
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6:27 - 6:29And this helps us confirm ideas,
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6:29 - 6:32like why Mars is red,
from that lost hydrogen. -
6:33 - 6:35But hydrogen isn't
the only gas that's lost. -
6:35 - 6:38I mentioned helium on Earth
and some oxygen and nitrogen, -
6:38 - 6:42and from MAVEN we can also look
at the oxygen being lost from Mars. -
6:42 - 6:45And you can see
that because oxygen is heavier, -
6:45 - 6:48it can't get as far as the hydrogen,
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6:48 - 6:50but it's still escaping
away from the planet. -
6:50 - 6:53You don't see it all confined
into that red circle. -
6:54 - 6:58So the fact that we not only see
atmospheric escape on our own planet -
6:58 - 7:01but we can study it elsewhere
and send spacecraft -
7:01 - 7:05allows us to learn
about the past of planets -
7:05 - 7:07but also about planets in general
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7:07 - 7:09and Earth's future.
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7:09 - 7:11So one way we actually
can learn about the future -
7:11 - 7:14is by planets so far away
that we can't see. -
7:15 - 7:18And I should just note though,
before I go on to that, -
7:19 - 7:21I'm not going to show you
photos like this of Pluto, -
7:21 - 7:22which might be disappointing,
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7:22 - 7:24but that's because we don't have them yet.
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7:24 - 7:28But the New Horizons mission
is currently studying atmospheric escape -
7:28 - 7:29being lost from the planet.
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7:29 - 7:31So stay tuned and look out for that.
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7:32 - 7:34But the planets
that I did want to talk about -
7:34 - 7:36are known as transiting exoplanets.
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7:36 - 7:40So any planet orbiting a star
that's not our Sun -
7:40 - 7:43is called an exoplanet,
or extrasolar planet. -
7:43 - 7:45And these planets that we call transiting
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7:45 - 7:47have the special feature
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7:47 - 7:49that if you look
at that star in the middle, -
7:49 - 7:51you'll see that actually it's blinking.
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7:51 - 7:53And the reason that it's blinking
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7:53 - 7:57is because there are planets
that are going past it all the time, -
7:57 - 7:59and it's that special orientation
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7:59 - 8:02where the planets are blocking
the light from the star -
8:02 - 8:04that allows us to see that light blinking.
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8:05 - 8:08And by surveying the stars
in the night sky -
8:08 - 8:09for this blinking motion,
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8:09 - 8:11we are able to find planets.
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8:11 - 8:15This is how we've now been able
to detect over 5,000 planets -
8:15 - 8:16in our own Milky Way,
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8:16 - 8:19and we know there are
many more out there, like I mentioned. -
8:19 - 8:22So when we look at the light
from these stars, -
8:22 - 8:26what we see, like I said,
is not the planet itself, -
8:26 - 8:28but you actually see
a dimming of the light -
8:28 - 8:29that we can record in time.
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8:29 - 8:33So the light drops as the planet
decreases in front of the star, -
8:33 - 8:35and that's that blinking
that you saw before. -
8:35 - 8:37So not only do we detect the planets
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8:37 - 8:40but we can look at this light
in different wavelengths. -
8:40 - 8:44So I mentioned looking at the Earth
and Mars in ultraviolet light. -
8:44 - 8:48If we look at transiting exoplanets
with the Hubble Space Telescope, -
8:48 - 8:50we find that in the ultraviolet,
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8:50 - 8:54you see much bigger blinking,
much less light from the star, -
8:54 - 8:55when the planet is passing in front.
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8:55 - 8:59And we think this is because you have
an extended atmosphere of hydrogen -
8:59 - 9:00all around the planet
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9:00 - 9:02that's making it look puffier
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9:02 - 9:04and thus blocking
more of the light that you see. -
9:05 - 9:08So using this technique,
we've actually been able to discover -
9:08 - 9:12a few transiting exoplanets
that are undergoing atmospheric escape. -
9:12 - 9:15And these planets
can be called hot Jupiters, -
9:15 - 9:17for some of the ones we've found.
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9:17 - 9:19And that's because
they're gas planets like Jupiter, -
9:19 - 9:21but they're so close to their star,
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9:21 - 9:23about a hundred times closer than Jupiter.
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9:23 - 9:27And because there's all this
lightweight gas that's ready to escape, -
9:27 - 9:28and all this heating from the star,
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9:28 - 9:32you have completely catastrophic rates
of atmospheric escape. -
9:32 - 9:37So unlike our 400 pounds per minute
of hydrogen being lost on Earth, -
9:37 - 9:38for these planets,
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9:38 - 9:42you're losing 1.3 billion
pounds of hydrogen every minute. -
9:43 - 9:48So you might think, well,
does this make the planet cease to exist? -
9:48 - 9:50And this is a question
that people wondered -
9:50 - 9:52when they looked at our solar system,
-
9:52 - 9:54because planets
closer to the Sun are rocky, -
9:54 - 9:57and planets further away
are bigger and more gaseous. -
9:57 - 9:59Could you have started
with something like Jupiter -
9:59 - 10:01that was actually close to the Sun,
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10:01 - 10:03and get rid of all the gas in it?
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10:03 - 10:06We now think that if you start
with something like a hot Jupiter, -
10:06 - 10:09you actually can't end up
with Mercury or the Earth. -
10:09 - 10:11But if you started with something smaller,
-
10:11 - 10:14it's possible that enough gas
would have gotten away -
10:14 - 10:16that it would have
significantly impacted it -
10:16 - 10:19and left you with something very different
than what you started with. -
10:19 - 10:21So all of this sounds sort of general,
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10:21 - 10:24and we might think about the solar system,
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10:24 - 10:26but what does this have to do
with us here on Earth? -
10:26 - 10:28Well, in the far future,
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10:28 - 10:30the Sun is going to get brighter.
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10:30 - 10:32And as that happens,
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10:32 - 10:35the heating that we find from the Sun
is going to become very intense. -
10:36 - 10:40In the same way that you see
gas streaming off from a hot Jupiter, -
10:40 - 10:42gas is going to stream off from the Earth.
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10:42 - 10:44And so what we can look forward to,
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10:45 - 10:47or at least prepare for,
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10:47 - 10:48is the fact that in the far future,
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10:48 - 10:51the Earth is going to look more like Mars.
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10:51 - 10:54Our hydrogen, from water
that is broken down, -
10:54 - 10:56is going to escape
into space more rapidly, -
10:56 - 11:01and we're going to be left
with this dry, reddish planet. -
11:01 - 11:03So don't fear, it's not
for a few billion years, -
11:03 - 11:05so there's some time to prepare.
-
11:05 - 11:06(Laughter)
-
11:06 - 11:09But I wanted you
to be aware of what's going on, -
11:09 - 11:10not just in the future,
-
11:10 - 11:13but atmospheric escape
is happening as we speak. -
11:14 - 11:17So there's a lot of amazing science
that you hear about happening in space -
11:17 - 11:19and planets that are far away,
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11:19 - 11:22and we are studying these planets
to learn about these worlds. -
11:22 - 11:27But as we learn about Mars
or exoplanets like hot Jupiters, -
11:27 - 11:30we find things like atmospheric escape
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11:30 - 11:34that tell us a lot more
about our planet here on Earth. -
11:34 - 11:38So consider that the next time
you think that space is far away. -
11:38 - 11:39Thank you.
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11:39 - 11:42(Applause)
- Title:
- Why Earth may someday look like Mars
- Speaker:
- Anjali Tripathi
- Description:
-
Every minute, 400 pounds of hydrogen and almost 7 pounds of helium escape from Earth's atmosphere into outer space. Astrophysicist Anjali Tripathi studies the phenomenon of atmospheric escape, and in this fascinating and accessible talk, she considers how this process might one day (a few billion years from now) turn our blue planet red.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 11:55
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Why Earth may someday look like Mars | ||
Reiko Bovee commented on English subtitles for Why Earth may someday look like Mars | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Why Earth may someday look like Mars | ||
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for Why Earth may someday look like Mars | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Why Earth may someday look like Mars | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz accepted English subtitles for Why Earth may someday look like Mars | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for Why Earth may someday look like Mars | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for Why Earth may someday look like Mars |
Reiko Bovee
Isn't the following word "spatial orientation" not "special orientation"?
7:57 - 7:59
and it's at special orientation