Why are sloths so slow? - Kenny Coogan
-
0:07 - 0:13In 1796, Thomas Jefferson received
a box of bones he couldn't identify. -
0:13 - 0:16A long, sharp claw reminded him of a lion,
-
0:16 - 0:19but the arm bones
suggested a larger animal, -
0:19 - 0:22one about three meters long.
-
0:22 - 0:27Thinking it might be huge unknown
species of North American lion, -
0:27 - 0:30Jefferson warned explorers Lewis and Clark
-
0:30 - 0:35to keep an eye out
for this mysterious predator. -
0:35 - 0:38But Jefferson's box of bones didn't
come from a lion. -
0:38 - 0:42They came from an extinct giant sloth.
-
0:42 - 0:48Prehistoric ground sloths first appeared
around 35 million years ago. -
0:48 - 0:52Dozens of species lived across
North, Central and South America, -
0:52 - 0:55alongside other ancient creatures
like mastodons -
0:55 - 0:57and giant armadillos.
-
0:57 - 1:02Some ground sloths, like the megalonychid,
were cat-sized, -
1:02 - 1:04but many were massive.
-
1:04 - 1:08Jefferson's sloth, Megalonyx,
weighed about a ton, -
1:08 - 1:10and that was small
compared to megatherium, -
1:10 - 1:15which could reach six metric tons,
as much as an elephant. -
1:15 - 1:19They ambled through the forests
and savannas using their strong arms -
1:19 - 1:21and sharp claws
-
1:21 - 1:23to uproot plants and climb trees,
-
1:23 - 1:29grazing on grasses, leaves,
and prehistoric avocados. -
1:29 - 1:35In fact, we might not have avocados
today if not for the giant sloths. -
1:35 - 1:39Smaller animals couldn't swallow
the avocado's huge seed, -
1:39 - 1:40but the sloths could,
-
1:40 - 1:45and they spread avocado trees
far and wide. -
1:45 - 1:47Ground sloths flourished for millions
of years, -
1:47 - 1:51but around 10,000 years ago,
they started disappearing -
1:51 - 1:56along with the Western Hemisphere's
other giant mammals. -
1:56 - 1:59Researchers think that ground sloths
could have been pushed out -
1:59 - 2:01by an oncoming ice age,
-
2:01 - 2:05or competition with other species,
maybe humans, -
2:05 - 2:09who arrived in the region around the time
most of the sloths went extinct. -
2:09 - 2:14Some of the smaller sloths did survive
and migrated to the treetops. -
2:14 - 2:18Today, there are six species left
living in the rainforest canopies -
2:18 - 2:21of Central and South America.
-
2:21 - 2:24Hanging out in the trees is a good way
to avoid predators, -
2:24 - 2:27and there are plenty of leaves to eat.
-
2:27 - 2:30But this diet has its drawbacks.
-
2:30 - 2:34Animals extract energy from food
and use that energy to move around, -
2:34 - 2:36maintain their body temperature,
-
2:36 - 2:37keep their organs working,
-
2:37 - 2:41and all the other activities necessary
for survival. -
2:41 - 2:44But leaves don't contain much energy,
-
2:44 - 2:47and that which they do have
is tough to extract. -
2:47 - 2:52Most herbivores supplement a leafy diet
with higher energy foods -
2:52 - 2:54like fruit and seeds.
-
2:54 - 3:01But sloths, especially three-toed sloths,
rely on leaves almost exclusively. -
3:01 - 3:06They've evolved finely tuned strategies
for coping with this restricted diet. -
3:06 - 3:13First, they extract as much energy from
their food as possible. -
3:13 - 3:17Sloths have a multi-chambered stomach
that takes up a third of their body, -
3:17 - 3:19and depending on the species,
-
3:19 - 3:25they can spend five to seven days,
or even weeks, processing a meal. -
3:25 - 3:29The other piece of the puzzle
is to use as little energy as possible. -
3:29 - 3:34One way sloths do this is, of course,
by not moving very much. -
3:34 - 3:38They spend most of their time eating,
resting, or sleeping. -
3:38 - 3:43They descend from the canopy just once
a week for a bathroom break. -
3:43 - 3:46When sloths do move, it's not very fast.
-
3:46 - 3:51It would take a sloth about five minutes
to cross an average neighborhood street. -
3:51 - 3:57This unhurried approach to life means
that sloths don't need very much muscle. -
3:57 - 4:04In fact, they have about 30% less
muscle mass than other animals their size. -
4:04 - 4:07Sloths also use less energy
to keep themselves warm -
4:07 - 4:12because their body temperature
can fluctuate by about five degrees Celsius, -
4:12 - 4:17less than a cold-blooded reptile,
but more than most mammals. -
4:17 - 4:22These physical and behavioral adaptations
minimize the sloth's energy expenditure, -
4:22 - 4:25or metabolic rate.
-
4:25 - 4:31Three-toed sloths have the slowest
metabolism of any mammal. -
4:31 - 4:33The giant panda is second slowest,
-
4:33 - 4:36and two-toed sloths come in third.
-
4:36 - 4:42Moving slowly has allowed sloths
to thrive in their treetop habitat. -
4:42 - 4:47But it's also made the sloths themselves
a great habitat for other organisms, -
4:47 - 4:54including algae, which provides a little
extra camouflage, and maybe even a snack. -
4:54 - 4:57Sloths may not be giant anymore,
-
4:57 - 5:00but that doesn't make
them any less remarkable.
- Title:
- Why are sloths so slow? - Kenny Coogan
- Speaker:
- Kenny Coogan
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-are-sloths-so-slow-kenny-coogan
Sloths spend most of their time eating, resting, or sleeping; in fact, they descend from their treetops canopies just once a week, for a bathroom break. How are these creatures so low energy? Kenny Coogan describes the physical and behavioral adaptations that allow sloths to be so slow.
Lesson by Kenny Coogan, animation by Anton Bogaty.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 05:15
Jessica Ruby approved English subtitles for Why are sloths so slow? | ||
Jessica Ruby accepted English subtitles for Why are sloths so slow? | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for Why are sloths so slow? | ||
Jennifer Cody edited English subtitles for Why are sloths so slow? |