Earworms: Those songs that get stuck in your head - Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis

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Have you ever been waiting in line at the grocery store, innocently perusing the magazine rack, when a song pops into your head? Not the whole song, but a fragment of it that plays and replays until you find yourself unloading the vegetables in time to the beat? Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis explores earworms — a cognitive phenomenon that plagues over 90% of people at least once a week.

Lesson by Elizabeth Margulis, animation by Artrake Studio.

Have you ever been waiting in line
at the grocery store,

innocently perusing the magazine rack,
when a song pops into your head?

Not the whole song, but a fragment of it
that plays and replays

until you find yourself unloading
the vegetables in time to the beat.

You've been struck by an earworm,
and you're not alone.

Over 90% of people are plagued
by earworms at least once a week,

and about a quarter of people
experience them several times a day.

They tend to burrow in during tasks
that don't require much attention,

say, when waiting on water to boil

or a traffic light to change.

This phenomenon is one
of the mind's great mysteries.

Scientists don't know
exactly why it's so easy

for tunes to get stuck in our heads.

From a psychological perspective,

earworms are an example of mental imagery.

This imagery can be visual,

like when you close your eyes
and imagine a red wagon,

or it can be auditory,

like when you imagine
the sound of a baby screaming,

or oil sizzling in a pan.

Earworms are a special form
of auditory imagery

because they're involuntary.

You don't plug your ears
and try to imagine "Who Let the Dogs Out,"

or, well, you probably don't.

It just intrudes onto
your mental soundscape

and hangs around
like an unwanted house guest.

Earworms tend to be quite vivid

and they're normally made up of a tune,
rather than, say, harmonies.

A remarkable feature of earworms
is their tendency to get stuck in a loop,

repeating again and again
for minutes or hours.

Also remarkable is the role
of repetition in sparking earworms.

Songs tend to get stuck when
we listen to them recently and repeatedly.

If repetition is such a trigger,

then perhaps we can blame our earworms
on modern technology.

The last hundred years have seen
an incredible proliferation

of devices that help you listen
to the same thing again and again.

Records, cassettes, CDs,
or streamed audio files.

Have these technologies bread some
kind of unique, contemporary experience,

and are earworms just a product
of the late 20th century?

The answer comes from an unlikely source:

Mark Twain.

In 1876, just one year
before the phonograph was invented,

he wrote a short story
imagining a sinister takeover

of an entire town by a rhyming jingle.

This reference, and others,

show us that earworms seem
to be a basic psychological phenomenon,

perhaps exacerbated
by recording technology

but not new to this century.

So yes, every great historical figure,
from Shakespeare to Sacajawea,

may well have wandered around
with a song stuck in their head.

Besides music, it's hard to think
of another case of intrusive imagery

that's so widespread.

Why music?

Why don't watercolors
get stuck in our heads?

Or the taste of cheesy taquitos?

One theory has to do with the way music
is represented in memory.

When we listen to a song we know,

we're constantly hearing forward in time,
anticipating the next note.

It's hard for us to think about one
particular musical moment in isolation.

If we want to think about the pitch
of the word "you" in "Happy Birthday,"

we have to start back at "Happy,"

and sing through until we get to "you."

In this way, a tune
is sort of like a habit.

Just like once you start tying your shoe,

you're on automatic
until you tighten the bow,

once a tune is suggested

because, for example, someone says,
"my umbrella,"

we have to play through until it
reaches a natural stopping point,

"ella, ella, ella."

But this is largely speculation.

The basic fact remains we don't know
exactly why we're susceptible to earworms.

But understanding them better
could give us important clues

to the workings of the human brain.

Maybe the next time we're plagued

by a Taylor Swift tune
that just won't go away,

we'll use it as the starting point
for a scientific odyssey

that will unlock important mysteries
about basic cognition.

And if not, well,
we can just shake it off.