What happens when you have a concussion? - Clifford Robbins

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Each year in the United States, players of sports and recreational activities receive between 2.5 and 4 million concussions. How dangerous are all those concussions? The answer is complicated and lies in how the brain responds when something strikes it. Clifford Robbins explains the science behind concussions.

Lesson by Clifford Robbins, animation by Boniato Studio.

Each year in the United States,

players of sports
and recreational activities

receive between 2.5
and 4 million concussions.

How dangerous are all those concussions?

The answer is complicated,

and lies in how the brain responds
when something strikes it.

The brain is made of soft fatty tissue,
with a consistency something like jello.

Inside its protective membranes
and the skull's hard casing,

this delicate organ
is usually well-shielded.

But a sudden jolt can make the brain shift

and bump against
the skull's hard interior,

and unlike jello, the brain's tissue
isn't uniform.

It's made of a vast network
of 90 billion neurons,

which relay signals through their long
axons to communicate throughout the brain

and control our bodies.

This spindly structure makes
them very fragile

so that when impacted, neurons
will stretch and even tear.

That not only disrupts their ability
to communicate

but as destroyed axons begin
to degenerate,

they also release toxins
causing the death of other neurons, too.

This combination of events causes
a concussion.

The damage can manifest
in many different ways

including blackout,

headache,

blurry vision,

balance problems,

altered mood and behavior,

problems with memory,
thinking, and sleeping,

and the onset of anxiety and depression.

Every brain is different,

which explains why people's experiences
of concussions vary so widely.

Luckily, the majority of concussions
fully heal

and symptoms disappear
within a matter of days or weeks.

Lots of rest and a gradual return
to activity

allows the brain to heal itself.

On the subject of rest,

many people have heard that
you're not supposed to sleep

shortly after receiving a concussion
because you might slip into a coma.

That's a myth.

So long as doctors aren't concerned there
may also be a more severe brain injury,

like a brain bleed,

there's no documented problem with
going to sleep after a concussion.

Sometimes, victims of concussion can
experience something

called post-concussion syndrome, or PCS.

People with PCS may experience
constant headaches,

learning difficulties,

and behavioral symptoms that even
affect their personal relationships

for months or years after the injury.

Trying to play through a concussion,
even for only a few minutes,

or returning to sports too soon
after a concussion,

makes it more likely to develop PCS.

In some cases, a concussion
can be hard to diagnose

because the symptoms unfold slowly
over time.

That's often true of
subconcussive impacts

which result from lower impact jolts
to the head

than those that cause concussions.

This category of injury doesn't cause
noticable symptoms right away,

but can lead to severe degenerative
brain diseases over time

if it happens repeatedly.

Take soccer players, who are known
for repeatedly heading soccer balls.

Using a technique called
Diffusion Tensor Imaging,

we're beginning to find out what effect
that has on the brain.

This method allows scientists to find
large axon bundles

and see how milder blows
might alter them structurally.

In 2013, researchers using
this technique discovered

that athletes who had
headed the ball most,

about 1,800 times a year,

had damaged the structural integrity
of their axon bundles.

The damage was similar to how
a rope will fail

when the individual fibers start to fray.

Those players also performed worse
on short-term memory tests,

so even though no one suffered
full-blown concussions,

these subconcussive hits added up
to measurable damage over time.

In fact, researchers know that an
overload of subconcussive hits

is linked to a degenerative brain disease
known as Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy,

or CTE.

People with CTE suffer from changes
in their mood and behavior

that begin appearing in their 30s or 40s

followed by problems with thinking
and memory

that can, in some cases, even result
in dementia.

The culprit is a protein called tau.

Usually, tau proteins support tiny tubes
inside our axons called microtubules.

It's thought that repeated subconcussive
hits damage the microtubules,

causing the tau proteins to dislodge
and clump together.

The clumps disrupt transport
and communication along the neuron

and drive the breakdown of connections
within the brain.

Once the tau proteins
start clumping together,

they cause more clumps to form

and continue to spread
throughout the brain,

even after head impacts have stopped.

The data show that at least
among football players,

between 50 and 80% of concussions
go unreported and untreated.

Sometimes that's because it's hard to tell

a concussion has occurred
in the first place.

But it's also often due to pressure
or a desire to keep going

despite the fact that something's wrong.

This doesn't just undermine recovery.

It's also dangerous.

Our brains aren't invincible.

They still need us to shield
them from harm

and help them undo damage
once it's been done.