History’s deadliest colors - J. V. Maranto
-
0:07 - 0:12In 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie
discovered radium. -
0:12 - 0:14Claimed to have restorative properties,
-
0:14 - 0:16radium was added to toothpaste,
-
0:16 - 0:17medicine,
-
0:17 - 0:17water,
-
0:17 - 0:19and food.
-
0:19 - 0:20A glowing, luminous green,
-
0:20 - 0:24it was also used in beauty products
and jewelry. -
0:24 - 0:26It wasn't until the mid-20th century
-
0:26 - 0:30we realized that radium's harmful
effects as a radioactive element -
0:30 - 0:33outweighed its visual benefits.
-
0:33 - 0:36Unfortunately, radium isn't the only
pigment that historically -
0:36 - 0:39seemed harmless or useful
-
0:39 - 0:41but turned out to be deadly.
-
0:41 - 0:44That lamentable distinction includes
a trio of colors and pigments -
0:44 - 0:47that we've long used to decorate ourselves
and the things we make: -
0:47 - 0:48white,
-
0:48 - 0:49green,
-
0:49 - 0:52and orange.
-
0:52 - 0:54Our story begins with white.
-
0:54 - 0:56As far back as the 4th century BCE,
-
0:56 - 1:01the Ancient Greeks treated lead to make
the brilliant white pigment we know today. -
1:01 - 1:02The problem?
-
1:02 - 1:06In humans, lead is directly absorbed
into the body -
1:06 - 1:07and distributed to the blood,
-
1:07 - 1:08soft tissues,
-
1:08 - 1:11and mineralized tissues.
-
1:11 - 1:12Once in the nervous system,
-
1:12 - 1:15lead mimics and disrupts the normal
functions of calcium, -
1:15 - 1:18causing damages ranging
from learning disabilities -
1:18 - 1:21to high blood pressure.
-
1:21 - 1:24Yet the practice
of using this toxic pigment -
1:24 - 1:27continued across time and cultures.
-
1:27 - 1:31Lead white was the only practical choice
for white oil or tempera paint -
1:31 - 1:33until the 19th century.
-
1:33 - 1:37To make their paint, artists would grind
a block of lead into powder, -
1:37 - 1:40exposing highly toxic dust particles.
-
1:40 - 1:44The pigment's liberal use resulted
in what was known as painter's colic, -
1:44 - 1:48or what we'd now call lead poisoning.
-
1:48 - 1:50Artists who worked with lead complained
of palseys, -
1:50 - 1:51melancholy,
-
1:51 - 1:52coughing,
-
1:52 - 1:53enlarged retinas,
-
1:53 - 1:57and even blindness.
-
1:57 - 2:00But lead white's density, opacity,
and warm tone -
2:00 - 2:05were irresistible to artists like Vermeer,
and later, the Impressionists. -
2:05 - 2:06Its glow couldn't be matched,
-
2:06 - 2:12and the pigment continued to be widely
used until it was banned in the 1970s. -
2:12 - 2:13As bad as all that sounds,
-
2:13 - 2:16white's dangerous effects
pale in comparison -
2:16 - 2:20to another,
more wide-spread pigment, green. -
2:20 - 2:24Two synthetic greens called
Scheele's Green and Paris Green -
2:24 - 2:28were first introduced in the 18th century.
-
2:28 - 2:30They were far more vibrant and flashy
-
2:30 - 2:33than the relatively dull greens
made from natural pigments, -
2:33 - 2:36so they quickly became popular choices
for paint -
2:36 - 2:38as well as dye for textiles,
-
2:38 - 2:39wallpaper,
-
2:39 - 2:39soaps,
-
2:39 - 2:40cake decorations,
-
2:40 - 2:41toys,
-
2:41 - 2:42candy,
-
2:42 - 2:44and clothing.
-
2:44 - 2:46These green pigments were made from
a compound called -
2:46 - 2:49cupric hydrogen arsenic.
-
2:49 - 2:51In humans, exposure to arsenic
-
2:51 - 2:54can damage the way cells
communicate and function. -
2:54 - 2:56And high levels of arsenic have been
directly linked -
2:56 - 2:59to cancer and heart disease.
-
2:59 - 3:03As a result, 18th century fabric
factory workers were often poisoned, -
3:03 - 3:07and women in green dresses
reportedly collapsed -
3:07 - 3:10from exposure to arsenic on their skin.
-
3:10 - 3:13Bed bugs were rumored not to live
in green rooms, -
3:13 - 3:17and it's even been speculated that
Napoleon died from slow arsenic poisoning -
3:17 - 3:21from sleeping in his green
wallpapered bedroom. -
3:21 - 3:24The intense toxicity of these green
stayed under wraps -
3:24 - 3:28until the arsenic recipe was published
in 1822. -
3:28 - 3:32And a century later, it was repurposed
as an insecticide. -
3:32 - 3:36Synthetic green was probably the most
dangerous color in widespread use, -
3:36 - 3:40but at least it didn't share radium's
property of radioactivity. -
3:40 - 3:43Another color did, though - orange.
-
3:43 - 3:47Before World War II, it was common
for manufacturers of ceramic dinnerware -
3:47 - 3:50to use uranium oxide in colored glazes.
-
3:50 - 3:53The compound produced brilliant
reds and oranges, -
3:53 - 3:57which were appealing attributes,
if not for the radiation they emitted. -
3:57 - 4:02Of course, radiation was something
we were unaware of until the late 1800s, -
4:02 - 4:06let alone the associated cancer risks,
which we discovered much later. -
4:06 - 4:08During World War II,
-
4:08 - 4:13the U.S. government confiscated all uranium
for use in bomb development. -
4:13 - 4:18However, the atomic energy commission
relaxed these restrictions in 1959, -
4:18 - 4:22and depleted uranium returned to ceramics
and glass factory floors. -
4:22 - 4:24Orange dishes made during
the next decade -
4:24 - 4:28may still have some hazardous qualities
on their surfaces to this day. -
4:28 - 4:33Most notably, vintage fiestaware
reads positive for radioactivity. -
4:33 - 4:37And while the levels are low enough that
they don't officially pose a health risk -
4:37 - 4:39if they're on a shelf,
-
4:39 - 4:44the U.S. EPA warns against eating food
off of them. -
4:44 - 4:48Though we still occasionally run
into issues with synthetic food dyes, -
4:48 - 4:53our scientific understanding has helped us
prune hazardous colors out of our lives.
- Title:
- History’s deadliest colors - J. V. Maranto
- Speaker:
- J. V. Maranto
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/history-s-deadliest-colors-j-v-maranto
When radium was first discovered, its luminous green color inspired people to add it into beauty products and jewelry. It wasn’t until much later that we realized that radium’s harmful effects outweighed its visual benefits. Unfortunately, radium isn’t the only pigment that historically seemed harmless or useful but turned out to be deadly. J. V. Maranto details history’s deadliest colors.
Lesson by J. V. Maranto, animation by Juan M. Urbina.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 05:14
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for History's deadliest colors | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for History's deadliest colors | ||
Jessica Ruby approved English subtitles for History's deadliest colors | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for History's deadliest colors | ||
Jessica Ruby accepted English subtitles for History's deadliest colors | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for History's deadliest colors | ||
Jennifer Cody edited English subtitles for History's deadliest colors |