How does your smartphone know your location? - Wilton L. Virgo
-
0:07 - 0:10How does your smartphone
know exactly where you are? -
0:10 - 0:14The answer lies 12,000 miles
over your head -
0:14 - 0:18in an orbiting satellite that keeps time
to the beat of an atomic clock -
0:18 - 0:21powered by quantum mechanics.
-
0:21 - 0:22Phew.
-
0:22 - 0:24Let's break that down.
-
0:24 - 0:29First of all, why is it so important
to know what time it is on a satellite -
0:29 - 0:32when location is what
we're concerned about? -
0:32 - 0:34The first thing
your phone needs to determine -
0:34 - 0:38is how far it is from a satellite.
-
0:38 - 0:41Each satellite constantly
broadcasts radio signals -
0:41 - 0:46that travel from space to your phone
at the speed of light. -
0:46 - 0:49Your phone records
the signal arrival time -
0:49 - 0:52and uses it to calculate
the distance to the satellite -
0:52 - 0:58using the simple formula,
distance = c x time, -
0:58 - 1:03where c is the speed of light
and time is how long the signal traveled. -
1:03 - 1:04But there's a problem.
-
1:04 - 1:06Light is incredibly fast.
-
1:06 - 1:10If we were only able to calculate
time to the nearest second, -
1:10 - 1:13every location on Earth, and far beyond,
-
1:13 - 1:16would seem to be the same
distance from the satellite. -
1:16 - 1:20So in order to calculate that distance
to within a few dozen feet, -
1:20 - 1:24we need the best clock ever invented.
-
1:24 - 1:28Enter atomic clocks,
some of which are so precise -
1:28 - 1:31that they would not gain or lose a second
-
1:31 - 1:36even if they ran
for the next 300 million years. -
1:36 - 1:39Atomic clocks work
because of quantum physics. -
1:39 - 1:42All clocks must have a constant frequency.
-
1:42 - 1:45In other words, a clock must carry out
some repetitive action -
1:45 - 1:49to mark off equivalent increments of time.
-
1:49 - 1:53Just as a grandfather clock
relies on the constant swinging -
1:53 - 1:56back and forth of a pendulum
under gravity, -
1:56 - 1:58the tick tock of an atomic clock
-
1:58 - 2:03is maintained by the transition
between two energy levels of an atom. -
2:03 - 2:06This is where quantum physics
comes into play. -
2:06 - 2:09Quantum mechanics
says that atoms carry energy, -
2:09 - 2:13but they can't take on
just any arbitrary amount. -
2:13 - 2:18Instead, atomic energy
is constrained to a precise set of levels. -
2:18 - 2:20We call these quanta.
-
2:20 - 2:24As a simple analogy,
think about driving a car onto a freeway. -
2:24 - 2:26As you increase your speed,
-
2:26 - 2:32you would normally continuously go
from, say, 20 miles/hour up to 70 miles/hour. -
2:32 - 2:35Now, if you had a quantum atomic car,
-
2:35 - 2:38you wouldn't accelerate
in a linear fashion. -
2:38 - 2:44Instead, you would instantaneously jump,
or transition, from one speed to the next. -
2:44 - 2:49For an atom, when a transition
occurs from one energy level to another, -
2:49 - 2:50quantum mechanics says
-
2:50 - 2:55that the energy difference
is equal to a characteristic frequency, -
2:55 - 2:57multiplied by a constant,
-
2:57 - 3:03where the change in energy is equal to
a number, called Planck's constant, -
3:03 - 3:05times the frequency.
-
3:05 - 3:10That characteristic frequency
is what we need to make our clock. -
3:10 - 3:16GPS satellites rely on cesium and rubidium
atoms as frequency standards. -
3:16 - 3:19In the case of cesium 133,
-
3:19 - 3:29the characteristic clock frequency
is 9,192,631,770 Hz. -
3:29 - 3:32That's 9 billion cycles per second.
-
3:32 - 3:34That's a really fast clock.
-
3:34 - 3:36No matter how skilled a clockmaker may be,
-
3:36 - 3:38every pendulum, wind-up mechanism
-
3:38 - 3:43and quartz crystal resonates
at a slightly different frequency. -
3:43 - 3:47However, every cesium 133 atom
in the universe -
3:47 - 3:51oscillates at the same exact frequency.
-
3:51 - 3:53So thanks to the atomic clock,
-
3:53 - 3:57we get a time reading accurate
to within 1 billionth of a second, -
3:57 - 4:02and a very precise measurement
of the distance from that satellite. -
4:02 - 4:07Let's ignore the fact that you're almost
definitely on Earth. -
4:07 - 4:10We now know that you're at a fixed
distance from the satellite. -
4:10 - 4:13In other words, you're somewhere
on the surface of a sphere -
4:13 - 4:16centered around the satellite.
-
4:16 - 4:18Measure your distance
from a second satellite -
4:18 - 4:21and you get another overlapping sphere.
-
4:21 - 4:22Keep doing that,
-
4:22 - 4:24and with just four measurements,
-
4:24 - 4:27and a little correction
using Einstein's theory of relativity, -
4:27 - 4:34you can pinpoint your location to exactly
one point in space. -
4:34 - 4:35So that's all it takes:
-
4:35 - 4:38a multibillion-dollar
network of satellites, -
4:38 - 4:40oscillating cesium atoms,
-
4:40 - 4:41quantum mechanics,
-
4:41 - 4:42relativity,
-
4:42 - 4:43a smartphone,
-
4:43 - 4:46and you.
-
4:46 - 4:47No problem.
- Title:
- How does your smartphone know your location? - Wilton L. Virgo
- Speaker:
- Wilton L. Virgo
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-does-your-smartphone-know-your-location-wilton-l-virgo
GPS location apps on a smartphone can be very handy when mapping a travel route or finding nearby events. But how does your smartphone know where you are? Wilton L. Virgo explains how the answer lies 12,000 miles over your head, in an orbiting satellite that keeps time to the beat of an atomic clock powered by quantum mechanics.
Lesson by Wilton L. Virgo, animation by Nick Hilditch.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 05:04
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