Sunlight is way older than you think - Sten Odenwald
-
0:07 - 0:10You may know that it takes light
a zippy eight minutes -
0:10 - 0:13to reach us from the surface of the Sun,
-
0:13 - 0:15so how long do you think it takes light
-
0:15 - 0:18to travel from the Sun's core
to its surface? -
0:18 - 0:22A few seconds or a minute at most?
-
0:22 - 0:26Well, oddly enough, the answer
is many thousands of years. -
0:26 - 0:27Here's why.
-
0:27 - 0:32Photons are produced by the nuclear
reactions deep in the core of our Sun. -
0:32 - 0:38As the photons flow out of the core,
they interact with matter and lose energy, -
0:38 - 0:41becoming longer wavelength forms of light.
-
0:41 - 0:44They start out as gamma rays in the core,
-
0:44 - 0:50but end up as x-rays, ultraviolet
or visible light as they near the surface. -
0:50 - 0:54However, that journey
is neither simple nor direct. -
0:54 - 1:02Upon being born, each photon travels at
a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second -
1:02 - 1:07until it collides with a proton
and is diverted in another direction, -
1:07 - 1:12acting like a bullet ricocheting off
of every charged particle it strikes. -
1:12 - 1:15The question of how far this photon gets
from the center of the Sun -
1:15 - 1:17after each collision
-
1:17 - 1:20is known as the random walk problem.
-
1:20 - 1:23The answer is given by this formula:
-
1:23 - 1:28distance equals step size times the square
root of the number of steps. -
1:28 - 1:31So if you were taking a random walk
from your front door -
1:31 - 1:34with a one meter stride each second,
-
1:34 - 1:38it would take you a million steps
and eleven days -
1:38 - 1:41just to travel one kilometer.
-
1:41 - 1:45So then how long does it take for a photon
generated in the center of the sun -
1:45 - 1:47to reach you?
-
1:47 - 1:49We know the mass of the Sun
-
1:49 - 1:53and can use that to calculate the number
of protons within it. -
1:53 - 1:58Let's assume for a second that all
the Sun's protons are evenly spread out, -
1:58 - 2:05making the average distance between them
about 1.0 x 10^-10 meters. -
2:05 - 2:11To random walk the 690,000 kilometers
from the core to the solar surface -
2:11 - 2:18would then require 3.9 x 10^37 steps,
-
2:18 - 2:22giving a total travel time
of 400 billion years. -
2:22 - 2:25Hmm, that can't be right.
-
2:25 - 2:29The Sun is only 4.6 billion years old,
so what went wrong? -
2:29 - 2:30Two things:
-
2:30 - 2:33The Sun isn't actually of uniform density
-
2:33 - 2:38and photons will miss quite a few protons
between every collision. -
2:38 - 2:41In actuality, a photon's energy,
-
2:41 - 2:44which changes over
the course of its journey, -
2:44 - 2:47determines how likely it is
to interact with a proton. -
2:47 - 2:49On the density question,
-
2:49 - 2:52our models show that the Sun
has a hot core, -
2:52 - 2:54where the fusion reactions occur.
-
2:54 - 2:57Surrounding that is the radiative zone,
-
2:57 - 3:01followed by the convective zone,
which extends all the way to the surface. -
3:01 - 3:05The material in the core
is much denser than lead, -
3:05 - 3:10while the hot plasma near the surface
is a million times less dense -
3:10 - 3:12with a continuum of densities in between.
-
3:12 - 3:16And here's the photon-energy relationship.
-
3:16 - 3:19For a photon that carries
a small amount of energy, -
3:19 - 3:21a proton is effectively huge,
-
3:21 - 3:25and it's much more likely to cause
the photon to ricochet. -
3:25 - 3:29And for a high-energy photon,
the opposite is true. -
3:29 - 3:31Protons are effectively tiny.
-
3:31 - 3:34Photons start off at very high energies
-
3:34 - 3:37compared to when they're finally radiated
from the Sun's surface. -
3:37 - 3:42Now when we use a computer
and a sophisticated solar interior model -
3:42 - 3:46to calculate the random walk equation
with these changing quantities, -
3:46 - 3:52it spits out the following number:
170,000 years. -
3:52 - 3:57Future discoveries about the Sun
may refine this number further, -
3:57 - 4:00but for now,
to the best of our understanding, -
4:00 - 4:02the light that's hitting your eyes today
-
4:02 - 4:08spent 170,000 years pinballing its way
towards the Sun's surface, -
4:08 - 4:11plus eight miniscule minutes in space.
-
4:11 - 4:16In other words, that photon
began its journey two ice ages ago, -
4:16 - 4:20around the same time when humans
first started wearing clothes.
- Title:
- Sunlight is way older than you think - Sten Odenwald
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/sunlight-is-way-older-than-you-think-sten-odenwald
It takes light a zippy 8 minutes to reach Earth from the surface of the Sun. But how long does it take that same light to travel from the Sun’s core to its surface? Oddly enough, the answer is many thousands of years. Sten Odenwald explains why by illustrating the random walk problem.
Lesson by Sten Odenwald, animation by TOTEM Studio.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
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