What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler
-
0:07 - 0:09In the summer of 1976,
-
0:09 - 0:14a mysterious epidemic
suddenly struck two central African towns, -
0:14 - 0:17killing the majority of its victims.
-
0:17 - 0:18Medical researchers suspected
-
0:18 - 0:22the deadly Marburg virus
to be the culprit. -
0:22 - 0:27But what they saw in microscope images
was an entirely new pathogen, -
0:27 - 0:31which would be named
after the nearby Ebola river. -
0:31 - 0:33Like yellow fever or dengue,
-
0:33 - 0:39the disease caused by the Ebola virus
is a severe type of hemorrhagic fever. -
0:39 - 0:42It begins by attacking
the immune system's cells -
0:42 - 0:44and neutralizing its responses,
-
0:44 - 0:46allowing the virus to proliferate.
-
0:46 - 0:50Starting anywhere from two to twenty days
after contraction, -
0:50 - 0:52initial symptoms like high temperature,
-
0:52 - 0:53aching,
-
0:53 - 0:55and sore throat
-
0:55 - 0:57resemble those of a typical flu,
-
0:57 - 0:59but quickly escalate to vomiting,
-
0:59 - 1:01rashes,
-
1:01 - 1:02and diarrhea.
-
1:02 - 1:03And as the virus spreads,
-
1:03 - 1:06it invades the lymph nodes
and vital organs, -
1:06 - 1:10such as kidneys and liver,
causing them to lose function. -
1:10 - 1:14But the virus itself
is not what kills Ebola victims. -
1:14 - 1:19Instead, the mounting cell deaths
trigger an immune system overload, -
1:19 - 1:21known as a cytokine storm,
-
1:21 - 1:25an explosion of immune responses
that damages blood vessels, -
1:25 - 1:28causing both internal and external bleeding.
-
1:28 - 1:32The excessive fluid loss
and resulting complications -
1:32 - 1:37can be fatal within six to sixteen days
of the first symptoms, -
1:37 - 1:39though proper care and rehydration therapy
-
1:39 - 1:43can significantly reduce
mortality rates in patients. -
1:43 - 1:46Fortunately,
while Ebola is highly virulent, -
1:46 - 1:49several factors limit its contagiousness.
-
1:49 - 1:53Unlike viruses that proliferate through
small, airborne particles, -
1:53 - 1:56Ebola only exists in bodily fluids,
-
1:56 - 1:57such as saliva,
-
1:57 - 1:57blood,
-
1:57 - 1:58mucus,
-
1:58 - 1:59vomit,
-
1:59 - 2:00or feces.
-
2:00 - 2:01In order to spread,
-
2:01 - 2:05these must be transmitted from
an infected person into another's body -
2:05 - 2:09through passageways such as the eyes,
mouth, or nose. -
2:09 - 2:11And because the disease's severity
-
2:11 - 2:14increases directly along
with the viral load, -
2:14 - 2:17even an infected person
is unlikely to be contagious -
2:17 - 2:20until they have begun to show symptoms.
-
2:20 - 2:24While Ebola has been shown
to survive on surfaces for several hours, -
2:24 - 2:28and transmission through sneezing
or coughing is theoretically possible, -
2:28 - 2:32virtually all known cases of contraction
have been through direct contact -
2:32 - 2:35with the severely ill,
-
2:35 - 2:37with the greatest risk
posed to medical workers -
2:37 - 2:40and friends or relatives of the victims.
-
2:40 - 2:43This is why,
despite its horrifying effects, -
2:43 - 2:47Ebola has been far less deadly overall
than more common infections, -
2:47 - 2:48such as measles,
-
2:48 - 2:49malaria,
-
2:49 - 2:51or even influenza.
-
2:51 - 2:53Once an outbreak has been contained,
-
2:53 - 2:55the virus does not exist
in the human population -
2:55 - 2:58until the next outbreak begins.
-
2:58 - 3:00But while this is undoubtedly a good thing,
-
3:00 - 3:03it also makes Ebola difficult to study.
-
3:03 - 3:06Scientists believe fruit bats
to be its natural carriers, -
3:06 - 3:10but just how it is transmitted to humans
remains unknown. -
3:10 - 3:13Furthermore, many of the countries
where Ebola outbreaks occur -
3:13 - 3:17suffer from poor infrastructure and sanitation,
-
3:17 - 3:19which enables the disease to spread.
-
3:19 - 3:20And the poverty of these regions,
-
3:20 - 3:23combined with the relatively low amount
of overall cases -
3:23 - 3:29means there is little economic incentive
for drug companies to invest in research. -
3:29 - 3:32Though some experimental medicines
have shown promise, -
3:32 - 3:34and governments are funding development
of a vaccine, -
3:34 - 3:36as of 2014,
-
3:36 - 3:40the only widespread and effective
solutions to an Ebola outbreak remain -
3:40 - 3:41isolation,
-
3:41 - 3:43sanitation,
-
3:43 - 3:44and information.
- Title:
- What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-we-know-and-don-t-know-about-ebola-alex-gendler
The highly virulent Ebola virus has seen a few major outbreaks since it first appeared in 1976 -- with the worst epidemic occurring in 2014. How does the virus spread, and what exactly does it do to the body? Alex Gendler details what Ebola is and why it's so hard to study.
Lesson by Alex Gendler, animation by Andrew Foerster.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 04:01
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler | ||
Jessica Ruby approved English subtitles for What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler | ||
Jessica Ruby accepted English subtitles for What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler | ||
Jennifer Cody edited English subtitles for What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler | ||
Jennifer Cody edited English subtitles for What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler |