Where do genes come from? - Carl Zimmer

You have about 20,000 genes in your DNA.

They encode the molecules that
make up your body,

from the keratin in your toenails,
to the collagen at the tip of your nose,

to the dopamine surging around
inside your brain.

Other species have genes of their own.

A spider has genes for spider silk.

An oak tree has genes for chlorophyll,
which turns sunlight into wood.

So where did all those genes come from?

It depends on the gene.

Scientists suspect that life
started on Earth about 4 billion years ago.

The early life forms were
primitive microbes

with a basic set of genes for
the basic tasks required to stay alive.

They passed down those basic genes
to their offspring

through billions of generations.

Some of them still do the same jobs
in our cells today, like copying DNA.

But none of those microbes had genes
for spider silk or dopamine.

There are a lot more genes on Earth today
than there were back then.

It turns out that a lot of those
extra genes were born from mistakes.

Each time a cell divides,
it makes new copies of its DNA.

Sometimes it accidentally copies
the same stretch of DNA twice.

In the process, it may make an extra copy
of one of its genes.

At first, the extra gene works the same
as the original one.

But over the generations,
it may pick up new mutations.

Those mutations may change how
the new gene works,

and that new gene may duplicate again.

A surprising number of our
mutated genes emerged more recently;

many in just the past few million years.

The youngest evolved after our own species
broke off from our cousins, the apes.

While it may take over a million years
for a single gene to give rise

to a whole family of genes,

scientists are finding that once
the new genes evolve,

they can quickly take on
essential functions.

For example, we have hundreds of genes
for the proteins in our noses

that grab odor molecules.

The mutations let them grab
different molecules,

giving us the power to perceive trillions
of different smells.

Sometimes mutations have
a bigger effect on new copies of genes.

They may cause a gene to make its
protein in a different organ,

or at a different time of life,

or the protein may start doing
a different job altogether.

In snakes, for example, there's a gene
that makes a protein for killing bacteria.

Long ago, the gene duplicated
and the new copy mutated.

That mutation changed
the signal in the gene

about where it should make its protein.

Instead of becoming active in
the snake's pacreas,

it started making this bacteria-killing
protein in the snake's mouth.

So when the snake bit its prey,
this enzyme got into the animal's wound.

And when this protein proved
to have a harmful effect,

and helped the snake catch more prey,

it became favored.

So now what was a gene in the pancreas
makes a venom in the mouth

that kills the snake's prey.

And there are even more incredible ways
to make a new gene.

The DNA of animals and plants
and other species

contain huge stretches without any
protein coding genes.

As far as scientists can tell,
its mostly random sequences

of genetic gibberish that serve
no function.

These stretches of DNA
sometimes mutate, just like genes do.

Sometimes those mutations
turn the DNA into a place

where a cell can start reading it.

Suddenly the cell is making a new protein.

At first, the protein may be useless,
or even harmful,

but more mutations can
change the shape of the protein.

The protein may start
doing something useful,

something that makes an organism
healthier, stronger,

better able to reproduce.

Scientists have found these new genes
at work in many parts of animal bodies.

So our 20,000 genes have many origins,

from the origin of life, to new genes
still coming into existence from scratch.

As long as life is here on Earth,
it will be making new genes.