Do we see reality as it is?
-
0:01 - 0:03I love a great mystery,
-
0:03 - 0:07and I'm fascinated by the greatest
unsolved mystery in science, -
0:07 - 0:09perhaps because it's personal.
-
0:10 - 0:12It's about who we are,
-
0:12 - 0:14and I can't help but be curious.
-
0:14 - 0:16The mystery is this:
-
0:16 - 0:20What is the relationship
between your brain -
0:20 - 0:21and your conscious experiences,
-
0:21 - 0:24such as your experience
of the taste of chocolate -
0:24 - 0:26or the feeling of velvet?
-
0:27 - 0:28Now, this mystery is not new.
-
0:29 - 0:33In 1868, Thomas Huxley wrote,
-
0:33 - 0:38"How it is that anything so remarkable
as a state of consciousness comes about -
0:38 - 0:41as the result of irritating nervous tissue
-
0:41 - 0:43is just as unaccountable
-
0:43 - 0:47as the appearance of the genie
when Aladdin rubbed his lamp." -
0:49 - 0:52Now, Huxley knew that brain activity
-
0:52 - 0:55and conscious experiences are correlated,
-
0:55 - 0:57but he didn't know why.
-
0:57 - 1:00To the science of his day,
it was a mystery. -
1:00 - 1:02In the years since Huxley,
-
1:02 - 1:06science has learned a lot
about brain activity, -
1:06 - 1:08but the relationship
between brain activity -
1:08 - 1:11and conscious experiences
is still a mystery. -
1:11 - 1:15Why? Why have we made so little progress?
-
1:15 - 1:19Well, some experts think
that we can't solve this problem -
1:19 - 1:23because we lack the necessary
concepts and intelligence. -
1:24 - 1:28We don't expect monkeys to solve
problems in quantum mechanics, -
1:28 - 1:32and as it happens, we can't expect
our species to solve this problem either. -
1:33 - 1:36Well, I disagree. I'm more optimistic.
-
1:36 - 1:39I think we've simply
made a false assumption. -
1:39 - 1:42Once we fix it, we just
might solve this problem. -
1:42 - 1:45Today, I'd like tell you
what that assumption is, -
1:45 - 1:47why it's false, and how to fix it.
-
1:48 - 1:50Let's begin with a question:
-
1:50 - 1:53Do we see reality as it is?
-
1:53 - 1:55I open my eyes
-
1:55 - 1:59and I have an experience that I describe
as a red tomato a meter away. -
2:01 - 2:04As a result, I come to believe
that in reality, -
2:04 - 2:06there's a red tomato a meter away.
-
2:07 - 2:12I then close my eyes, and my experience
changes to a gray field, -
2:12 - 2:18but is it still the case that in reality,
there's a red tomato a meter away? -
2:18 - 2:22I think so, but could I be wrong?
-
2:22 - 2:27Could I be misinterpreting
the nature of my perceptions? -
2:27 - 2:31We have misinterpreted
our perceptions before. -
2:31 - 2:34We used to think the Earth is flat,
because it looks that way. -
2:35 - 2:38Pythagorus discovered that we were wrong.
-
2:38 - 2:42Then we thought that the Earth
is the unmoving center of the Universe, -
2:42 - 2:44again because it looks that way.
-
2:44 - 2:49Copernicus and Galileo discovered,
again, that we were wrong. -
2:49 - 2:53Galileo then wondered if we might
be misinterpreting our experiences -
2:53 - 2:55in other ways.
-
2:55 - 3:00He wrote: "I think that tastes,
odors, colors, and so on -
3:00 - 3:02reside in consciousness.
-
3:02 - 3:08Hence if the living creature were removed,
all these qualities would be annihilated." -
3:09 - 3:11Now, that's a stunning claim.
-
3:11 - 3:13Could Galileo be right?
-
3:13 - 3:18Could we really be misinterpreting
our experiences that badly? -
3:18 - 3:20What does modern science
have to say about this? -
3:21 - 3:26Well, neuroscientists tell us
that about a third of the brain's cortex -
3:26 - 3:28is engaged in vision.
-
3:28 - 3:31When you simply open your eyes
and look about this room, -
3:31 - 3:36billions of neurons
and trillions of synapses are engaged. -
3:36 - 3:37Now, this is a bit surprising,
-
3:37 - 3:40because to the extent that
we think about vision at all, -
3:40 - 3:43we think of it as like a camera.
-
3:43 - 3:47It just takes a picture
of objective reality as it is. -
3:47 - 3:50Now, there is a part of vision
that's like a camera: -
3:50 - 3:55the eye has a lens that focuses
an image on the back of the eye -
3:55 - 3:58where there are 130 million
photoreceptors, -
3:58 - 4:02so the eye is like a 130-megapixel camera.
-
4:02 - 4:06But that doesn't explain
the billions of neurons -
4:06 - 4:09and trillions of synapses
that are engaged in vision. -
4:09 - 4:12What are these neurons up to?
-
4:12 - 4:16Well, neuroscientists tell us
that they are creating, in real time, -
4:16 - 4:20all the shapes, objects, colors,
and motions that we see. -
4:20 - 4:24It feels like we're just taking a snapshot
of this room the way it is, -
4:24 - 4:27but in fact, we're constructing
everything that we see. -
4:27 - 4:30We don't construct
the whole world at once. -
4:30 - 4:33We construct what we need in the moment.
-
4:34 - 4:37Now, there are many demonstrations
that are quite compelling -
4:37 - 4:39that we construct what we see.
-
4:39 - 4:41I'll just show you two.
-
4:41 - 4:47In this example, you see some red discs
with bits cut out of them, -
4:47 - 4:49but if I just rotate
the disks a little bit, -
4:49 - 4:54suddenly, you see a 3D cube
pop out of the screen. -
4:54 - 4:57Now, the screen of course is flat,
-
4:57 - 5:00so the three-dimensional cube
that you're experiencing -
5:00 - 5:03must be your construction.
-
5:03 - 5:05In this next example,
-
5:05 - 5:10you see glowing blue bars
with pretty sharp edges -
5:10 - 5:13moving across a field of dots.
-
5:14 - 5:17In fact, no dots move.
-
5:17 - 5:21All I'm doing from frame to frame
is changing the colors of dots -
5:21 - 5:24from blue to black or black to blue.
-
5:24 - 5:26But when I do this quickly,
-
5:26 - 5:29your visual system creates
the glowing blue bars -
5:29 - 5:32with the sharp edges and the motion.
-
5:32 - 5:35There are many more examples,
but these are just two -
5:35 - 5:38that you construct what you see.
-
5:38 - 5:40But neuroscientists go further.
-
5:41 - 5:46They say that we reconstruct reality.
-
5:46 - 5:51So, when I have an experience
that I describe as a red tomato, -
5:51 - 5:55that experience is actually
an accurate reconstruction -
5:55 - 5:57of the properties of a real red tomato
-
5:57 - 6:00that would exist
even if I weren't looking. -
6:02 - 6:05Now, why would neuroscientists
say that we don't just construct, -
6:05 - 6:07we reconstruct?
-
6:07 - 6:09Well, the standard argument given
-
6:09 - 6:12is usually an evolutionary one.
-
6:13 - 6:15Those of our ancestors
who saw more accurately -
6:15 - 6:20had a competitive advantage compared
to those who saw less accurately, -
6:20 - 6:23and therefore they were more likely
to pass on their genes. -
6:23 - 6:26We are the offspring of those
who saw more accurately, -
6:26 - 6:29and so we can be confident that,
in the normal case, -
6:29 - 6:32our perceptions are accurate.
-
6:32 - 6:35You see this in the standard textbooks.
-
6:35 - 6:37One textbook says, for example,
-
6:37 - 6:39"Evolutionarily speaking,
-
6:39 - 6:43vision is useful precisely
because it is so accurate." -
6:43 - 6:48So the idea is that accurate perceptions
are fitter perceptions. -
6:48 - 6:50They give you a survival advantage.
-
6:50 - 6:52Now, is this correct?
-
6:52 - 6:55Is this the right interpretation
of evolutionary theory? -
6:55 - 6:58Well, let's first look at a couple
of examples in nature. -
6:59 - 7:01The Australian jewel beetle
-
7:01 - 7:04is dimpled, glossy and brown.
-
7:04 - 7:07The female is flightless.
-
7:07 - 7:11The male flies, looking,
of course, for a hot female. -
7:11 - 7:15When he finds one, he alights and mates.
-
7:15 - 7:17There's another species in the outback,
-
7:17 - 7:18Homo sapiens.
-
7:18 - 7:22The male of this species
has a massive brain -
7:22 - 7:25that he uses to hunt for cold beer.
-
7:26 - 7:27(Laughter)
-
7:27 - 7:30And when he finds one, he drains it,
-
7:30 - 7:33and sometimes throws the bottle
into the outback. -
7:33 - 7:37Now, as it happens, these bottles
are dimpled, glossy, -
7:37 - 7:41and just the right shade of brown
to tickle the fancy of these beetles. -
7:43 - 7:46The males swarm all over
the bottles trying to mate. -
7:48 - 7:50They lose all interest
in the real females. -
7:50 - 7:55Classic case of the male
leaving the female for the bottle. -
7:55 - 7:58(Laughter) (Applause)
-
7:59 - 8:02The species almost went extinct.
-
8:02 - 8:07Australia had to change its bottles
to save its beetles. -
8:07 - 8:10(Laughter)
-
8:10 - 8:14Now, the males had successfully
found females for thousands, -
8:14 - 8:16perhaps millions of years.
-
8:16 - 8:21It looked like they saw reality
as it is, but apparently not. -
8:21 - 8:24Evolution had given them a hack.
-
8:24 - 8:28A female is anything dimpled,
glossy and brown, -
8:28 - 8:31the bigger the better.
-
8:31 - 8:33(Laughter)
-
8:33 - 8:37Even when crawling all over the bottle,
the male couldn't discover his mistake. -
8:38 - 8:42Now, you might say, beetles, sure,
they're very simple creatures, -
8:42 - 8:43but surely not mammals.
-
8:43 - 8:46Mammals don't rely on tricks.
-
8:46 - 8:52Well, I won't dwell on this,
but you get the idea. (Laughter) -
8:52 - 8:55So this raises an important
technical question: -
8:55 - 9:01Does natural selection really favor
seeing reality as it is? -
9:02 - 9:05Fortunately, we don't have
to wave our hands and guess; -
9:05 - 9:09evolution is a mathematically
precise theory. -
9:09 - 9:12We can use the equations of evolution
to check this out. -
9:12 - 9:16We can have various organisms
in artificial worlds compete -
9:16 - 9:18and see which survive and which thrive,
-
9:18 - 9:22which sensory systems are more fit.
-
9:22 - 9:26A key notion in those
equations is fitness. -
9:26 - 9:29Consider this steak:
-
9:30 - 9:33What does this steak do
for the fitness of an animal? -
9:33 - 9:39Well, for a hungry lion looking to eat,
it enhances fitness. -
9:40 - 9:45For a well-fed lion looking to mate,
it doesn't enhance fitness. -
9:46 - 9:50And for a rabbit in any state,
it doesn't enhance fitness, -
9:50 - 9:54so fitness does depend
on reality as it is, yes, -
9:54 - 9:58but also on the organism,
its state and its action. -
9:58 - 10:02Fitness is not the same thing
as reality as it is, -
10:02 - 10:05and it's fitness,
and not reality as it is, -
10:05 - 10:09that figures centrally
in the equations of evolution. -
10:09 - 10:13So, in my lab,
-
10:13 - 10:16we have run hundreds of thousands
of evolutionary game simulations -
10:16 - 10:19with lots of different
randomly chosen worlds -
10:19 - 10:24and organisms that compete
for resources in those worlds. -
10:24 - 10:28Some of the organisms
see all of the reality, -
10:28 - 10:30others see just part of the reality,
-
10:30 - 10:32and some see none of the reality,
-
10:32 - 10:34only fitness.
-
10:34 - 10:36Who wins?
-
10:36 - 10:42Well, I hate to break it to you,
but perception of reality goes extinct. -
10:42 - 10:44In almost every simulation,
-
10:44 - 10:46organisms that see none of reality
-
10:46 - 10:48but are just tuned to fitness
-
10:48 - 10:54drive to extinction all the organisms
that perceive reality as it is. -
10:54 - 10:58So the bottom line is, evolution
does not favor veridical, -
10:58 - 11:00or accurate perceptions.
-
11:00 - 11:04Those perceptions of reality go extinct.
-
11:04 - 11:06Now, this is a bit stunning.
-
11:06 - 11:09How can it be that not seeing
the world accurately -
11:09 - 11:11gives us a survival advantage?
-
11:11 - 11:13That is a bit counterintuitive.
-
11:13 - 11:15But remember the jewel beetle.
-
11:15 - 11:19The jewel beetle survived
for thousands, perhaps millions of years, -
11:19 - 11:22using simple tricks and hacks.
-
11:22 - 11:25What the equations
of evolution are telling us -
11:25 - 11:30is that all organisms, including us,
are in the same boat as the jewel beetle. -
11:30 - 11:32We do not see reality as it is.
-
11:32 - 11:37We're shaped with tricks
and hacks that keep us alive. -
11:37 - 11:39Still,
-
11:39 - 11:41we need some help with our intuitions.
-
11:41 - 11:45How can not perceiving
reality as it is be useful? -
11:45 - 11:49Well, fortunately, we have
a very helpful metaphor: -
11:49 - 11:52the desktop interface on your computer.
-
11:52 - 11:56Consider that blue icon
for a TED Talk that you're writing. -
11:56 - 12:00Now, the icon is blue and rectangular
-
12:00 - 12:03and in the lower right corner
of the desktop. -
12:03 - 12:08Does that mean that the text file itself
in the computer is blue, -
12:08 - 12:12rectangular, and in the lower
right-hand corner of the computer? -
12:12 - 12:13Of course not.
-
12:13 - 12:18Anyone who thought that misinterprets
the purpose of the interface. -
12:18 - 12:21It's not there to show you
the reality of the computer. -
12:21 - 12:24In fact, it's there to hide that reality.
-
12:24 - 12:26You don't want to know about the diodes
-
12:26 - 12:28and resistors and all
the megabytes of software. -
12:28 - 12:31If you had to deal with that,
you could never write your text file -
12:31 - 12:32or edit your photo.
-
12:32 - 12:37So the idea is that evolution
has given us an interface -
12:37 - 12:41that hides reality and guides
adaptive behavior. -
12:41 - 12:44Space and time, as you
perceive them right now, -
12:44 - 12:47are your desktop.
-
12:47 - 12:51Physical objects are simply icons
in that desktop. -
12:52 - 12:54There's an obvious objection.
-
12:54 - 12:58Hoffman, if you think that train
coming down the track at 200 MPH -
12:58 - 13:01is just an icon of your desktop,
-
13:01 - 13:03why don't you step in front of it?
-
13:03 - 13:05And after you're gone,
and your theory with you, -
13:05 - 13:09we'll know that there's more
to that train than just an icon. -
13:09 - 13:11Well, I wouldn't step
in front of that train -
13:11 - 13:12for the same reason
-
13:12 - 13:16that I wouldn't carelessly drag
that icon to the trash can: -
13:16 - 13:20not because I take the icon literally --
-
13:20 - 13:23the file is not literally blue
or rectangular -- -
13:23 - 13:25but I do take it seriously.
-
13:25 - 13:27I could lose weeks of work.
-
13:27 - 13:30Similarly, evolution has shaped us
-
13:30 - 13:34with perceptual symbols
that are designed to keep us alive. -
13:35 - 13:37We'd better take them seriously.
-
13:37 - 13:39If you see a snake, don't pick it up.
-
13:40 - 13:43If you see a cliff, don't jump off.
-
13:43 - 13:47They're designed to keep us safe,
and we should take them seriously. -
13:47 - 13:49That does not mean that we
should take them literally. -
13:49 - 13:52That's a logical error.
-
13:52 - 13:55Another objection: There's
nothing really new here. -
13:55 - 13:59Physicists have told us for a long time
that the metal of that train looks solid -
13:59 - 14:03but really it's mostly empty space
with microscopic particles zipping around. -
14:03 - 14:05There's nothing new here.
-
14:05 - 14:07Well, not exactly.
-
14:07 - 14:11It's like saying, I know that
that blue icon on the desktop -
14:11 - 14:13is not the reality of the computer,
-
14:13 - 14:17but if I pull out my trusty
magnifying glass and look really closely, -
14:17 - 14:18I see little pixels,
-
14:18 - 14:21and that's the reality of the computer.
-
14:21 - 14:25Well, not really -- you're still
on the desktop, and that's the point. -
14:25 - 14:28Those microscopic particles
are still in space and time: -
14:28 - 14:30they're still in the user interface.
-
14:30 - 14:34So I'm saying something far more radical
than those physicists. -
14:35 - 14:36Finally, you might object,
-
14:36 - 14:39look, we all see the train,
-
14:39 - 14:42therefore none of us constructs the train.
-
14:42 - 14:44But remember this example.
-
14:44 - 14:47In this example, we all see a cube,
-
14:48 - 14:50but the screen is flat,
-
14:50 - 14:52so the cube that you see
is the cube that you construct. -
14:54 - 14:56We all see a cube
-
14:56 - 15:01because we all, each one of us,
constructs the cube that we see. -
15:01 - 15:03The same is true of the train.
-
15:03 - 15:07We all see a train because
we each see the train that we construct, -
15:07 - 15:11and the same is true
of all physical objects. -
15:12 - 15:17We're inclined to think that perception
is like a window on reality as it is. -
15:17 - 15:22The theory of evolution is telling us
that this is an incorrect interpretation -
15:22 - 15:24of our perceptions.
-
15:25 - 15:29Instead, reality is more like a 3D desktop
-
15:29 - 15:32that's designed to hide
the complexity of the real world -
15:32 - 15:34and guide adaptive behavior.
-
15:34 - 15:37Space as you perceive it is your desktop.
-
15:37 - 15:40Physical objects are just
the icons in that desktop. -
15:41 - 15:45We used to think that the Earth is flat
because it looks that way. -
15:46 - 15:49Then we thought that the Earth
is the unmoving center of reality -
15:49 - 15:50because it looks that way.
-
15:50 - 15:52We were wrong.
-
15:52 - 15:54We had misinterpreted our perceptions.
-
15:55 - 15:58Now we believe that spacetime and objects
-
15:58 - 16:01are the nature of reality as it is.
-
16:01 - 16:05The theory of evolution is telling us
that once again, we're wrong. -
16:05 - 16:10We're misinterpreting the content
of our perceptual experiences. -
16:10 - 16:13There's something that exists
when you don't look, -
16:13 - 16:16but it's not spacetime
and physical objects. -
16:16 - 16:19It's as hard for us to let go
of spacetime and objects -
16:19 - 16:23as it is for the jewel beetle
to let go of its bottle. -
16:23 - 16:27Why? Because we're blind
to our own blindnesses. -
16:28 - 16:31But we have an advantage
over the jewel beetle: -
16:31 - 16:33our science and technology.
-
16:33 - 16:35By peering through the lens of a telescope
-
16:35 - 16:40we discovered that the Earth
is not the unmoving center of reality, -
16:40 - 16:42and by peering through the lens
of the theory of evolution -
16:42 - 16:45we discovered that spacetime and objects
-
16:45 - 16:47are not the nature of reality.
-
16:47 - 16:51When I have a perceptual experience
that I describe as a red tomato, -
16:51 - 16:54I am interacting with reality,
-
16:54 - 17:00but that reality is not a red tomato
and is nothing like a red tomato. -
17:00 - 17:05Similarly, when I have an experience
that I describe as a lion or a steak, -
17:05 - 17:07I'm interacting with reality,
-
17:07 - 17:10but that reality is not a lion or a steak.
-
17:10 - 17:12And here's the kicker:
-
17:12 - 17:17When I have a perceptual experience
that I describe as a brain, or neurons, -
17:17 - 17:19I am interacting with reality,
-
17:19 - 17:22but that reality is not a brain or neurons
-
17:22 - 17:26and is nothing like a brain or neurons.
-
17:26 - 17:31And that reality, whatever it is,
-
17:31 - 17:34is the real source of cause and effect
-
17:34 - 17:38in the world -- not brains, not neurons.
-
17:38 - 17:41Brains and neurons
have no causal powers. -
17:41 - 17:43They cause none of our
perceptual experiences, -
17:43 - 17:45and none of our behavior.
-
17:45 - 17:51Brains and neurons are a species-specific
set of symbols, a hack. -
17:51 - 17:53What does this mean
for the mystery of consciousness? -
17:54 - 17:58Well, it opens up new possibilities.
-
17:58 - 18:00For instance,
-
18:00 - 18:07perhaps reality is some vast machine
that causes our conscious experiences. -
18:07 - 18:10I doubt this, but it's worth exploring.
-
18:10 - 18:16Perhaps reality is some vast,
interacting network of conscious agents, -
18:16 - 18:21simple and complex, that cause
each other's conscious experiences. -
18:21 - 18:24Actually, this isn't as crazy
an idea as it seems, -
18:24 - 18:26and I'm currently exploring it.
-
18:27 - 18:29But here's the point:
-
18:29 - 18:32Once we let go of our massively intuitive
-
18:32 - 18:36but massively false assumption
about the nature of reality, -
18:36 - 18:40it opens up new ways to think
about life's greatest mystery. -
18:41 - 18:46I bet that reality will end up
turning out to be more fascinating -
18:46 - 18:50and unexpected than we've ever imagined.
-
18:50 - 18:54The theory of evolution presents us
with the ultimate dare: -
18:54 - 18:59Dare to recognize that perception
is not about seeing truth, -
18:59 - 19:03it's about having kids.
-
19:03 - 19:08And by the way, even this TED
is just in your head. -
19:08 - 19:10Thank you very much.
-
19:10 - 19:14(Applause)
-
19:21 - 19:24Chris Anderson: If that's
really you there, thank you. -
19:24 - 19:27So there's so much from this.
-
19:27 - 19:30I mean, first of all, some people
may just be profoundly depressed -
19:30 - 19:36at the thought that,
if evolution does not favor reality, -
19:36 - 19:39I mean, doesn't that to some extent
undermine all our endeavors here, -
19:39 - 19:42all our ability to think
that we can think the truth, -
19:42 - 19:45possibly even including
your own theory, if you go there? -
19:45 - 19:50Donald Hoffman: Well, this does not
stop us from a successful science. -
19:50 - 19:53What we have is one theory
that turned out to be false, -
19:53 - 19:57that perception is like reality
and reality is like our perceptions. -
19:57 - 19:59That theory turns out to be false.
-
19:59 - 20:00Okay, throw that theory away.
-
20:00 - 20:04That doesn't stop us from now postulating
all sorts of other theories -
20:04 - 20:05about the nature of reality,
-
20:05 - 20:09so it's actually progress to recognize
that one of our theories was false. -
20:09 - 20:11So science continues as normal.
There's no problem here. -
20:11 - 20:14CA: So you think it's possible
-- (Laughter) -- -
20:14 - 20:18This is cool, but what you're saying
I think is it's possible that evolution -
20:18 - 20:21can still get you to reason.
-
20:21 - 20:23DH: Yes. Now that's a very,
very good point. -
20:23 - 20:27The evolutionary game simulations that I
showed were specifically about perception, -
20:27 - 20:30and they do show that our perceptions
have been shaped -
20:30 - 20:32not to show us reality as it is,
-
20:32 - 20:36but that does not mean the same thing
about our logic or mathematics. -
20:36 - 20:40We haven't done these simulations,
but my bet is that we'll find -
20:40 - 20:43that there are some selection pressures
for our logic and our mathematics -
20:43 - 20:46to be at least in the direction of truth.
-
20:46 - 20:48I mean, if you're like me,
math and logic is not easy. -
20:48 - 20:52We don't get it all right, but at least
the selection pressures are not -
20:52 - 20:54uniformly away from true math and logic.
-
20:54 - 20:57So I think that we'll find that we have
to look at each cognitive faculty -
20:57 - 21:00one at a time and see
what evolution does to it. -
21:00 - 21:04What's true about perception may not
be true about math and logic. -
21:04 - 21:08CA: I mean, really what you're proposing
is a kind of modern-day Bishop Berkeley -
21:08 - 21:10interpretation of the world:
-
21:10 - 21:13consciousness causes matter,
not the other way around. -
21:13 - 21:15DH: Well, it's slightly
different than Berkeley. -
21:15 - 21:19Berkeley thought that, he was a deist,
and he thought that the ultimate -
21:19 - 21:21nature of reality is God
and so forth, -
21:21 - 21:24and I don't need to go
where Berkeley's going, -
21:24 - 21:27so it's quite a bit
different from Berkeley. -
21:28 - 21:31I call this conscious realism.
It's actually a very different approach. -
21:31 - 21:35CA: Don, I could literally talk with you
for hours, and I hope to do that. -
21:35 - 21:37Thanks so much for that.
DH: Thank you. (Applause)
- Title:
- Do we see reality as it is?
- Speaker:
- Donald Hoffman
- Description:
-
Cognitive scientist Donald Hoffman is trying to answer a big question: Do we experience the world as it really is ... or as we need it to be? In this ever so slightly mind-blowing talk, he ponders how our minds construct reality for us.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 21:50
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Do we see reality as it is? | ||
Adrian Dobroiu commented on English subtitles for Do we see reality as it is? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Do we see reality as it is? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Do we see reality as it is? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Do we see reality as it is? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Do we see reality as it is? | ||
Morton Bast approved English subtitles for Do we see reality as it is? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Do we see reality as it is? |
Adrian Dobroiu
2:35 - 2:38 Pythagorus discovered that we were wrong.
It's "Pythagoras".