To solve mass violence, look to locals
-
0:01 - 0:03I want to speak about
a forgotten conflict. -
0:03 - 0:07It's a conflict that rarely
hits the headlines. -
0:07 - 0:11It happens right here,
in the Democratic Republic of Congo. -
0:12 - 0:17Now, most people outside of Africa
don't know much about the war in Congo, -
0:17 - 0:20so let me give you a couple of key facts.
-
0:20 - 0:26The Congolese conflict is the deadliest
conflict since World War II. -
0:26 - 0:29It has caused almost four million deaths.
-
0:29 - 0:34It has destabilized most of Central Africa
for the past 18 years. -
0:34 - 0:39It is the largest ongoing
humanitarian crisis in the world. -
0:39 - 0:42That's why I first went to Congo in 2001.
-
0:42 - 0:47I was a young humanitarian aid worker,
and I met this woman who was my age. -
0:47 - 0:50She was called Isabelle.
-
0:51 - 0:54Local militias
had attacked Isabelle's village. -
0:54 - 0:57They had killed many men,
raped many women. -
0:57 - 0:59They had looted everything.
-
0:59 - 1:02And then they wanted to take Isabelle,
-
1:02 - 1:03but her husband stepped in,
-
1:03 - 1:06and he said, "No,
please don't take Isabelle. -
1:06 - 1:10Take me instead."
-
1:10 - 1:13So he had gone to the forest
with the militias, -
1:13 - 1:17and Isabelle had never seen him again.
-
1:17 - 1:21Well, it's because of people
like Isabelle and her husband -
1:21 - 1:24that I have devoted my career
to studying this war -
1:24 - 1:27that we know so little about.
-
1:27 - 1:31Although there is one story
about Congo that you may have heard. -
1:31 - 1:35It's a story about minerals and rape.
-
1:35 - 1:38Policy statements and media reports
-
1:38 - 1:43both usually focus on a primary cause
of violence in Congo -- -
1:43 - 1:47the illegal exploitation and trafficking
of natural resources -- -
1:47 - 1:50and on a main consequence --
-
1:50 - 1:55sexual abuse of women and girls
as a weapon of war. -
1:55 - 2:01So, not that these two issues
aren't important and tragic. They are. -
2:02 - 2:06But today I want to tell you
a different story. -
2:06 - 2:10I want to tell you a story
that emphasizes a core cause -
2:10 - 2:12of the ongoing conflict.
-
2:12 - 2:19Violence in Congo is in large part driven
by local bottom-up conflicts -
2:19 - 2:24that international peace efforts
have failed to help address. -
2:25 - 2:31The story starts from the fact
that not only is Congo notable -
2:31 - 2:35for being the world's worst
ongoing humanitarian crisis, -
2:35 - 2:38but it is also home to some of the largest
-
2:38 - 2:43international peacebuilding
efforts in the world. -
2:43 - 2:45Congo hosts the largest
-
2:45 - 2:50and most expensive United Nations
peacekeeping mission in the world. -
2:50 - 2:54It was also the site of the first
European-led peacekeeping mission, -
2:54 - 2:57and for its first cases ever,
-
2:57 - 3:04the International Criminal Court
chose to prosecute Congolese warlords. -
3:04 - 3:10In 2006, when Congo held the first
free national elections in its history, -
3:10 - 3:16many observers thought that an end to
violence in the region had finally come. -
3:16 - 3:22The international community lauded the
successful organization of these elections -
3:22 - 3:27as finally an example
of successful international intervention -
3:27 - 3:29in a failed state.
-
3:29 - 3:31But the eastern provinces
-
3:31 - 3:34have continued to face
massive population displacements -
3:34 - 3:38and horrific human rights violations.
-
3:38 - 3:40Shortly before I went
back there last summer, -
3:40 - 3:45there was a horrible massacre
in the province of South Kivu. -
3:45 - 3:47Thirty-three people were killed.
-
3:47 - 3:50They were mostly women and children,
-
3:50 - 3:53and many of them were hacked to death.
-
3:54 - 3:56During the past eight years,
-
3:56 - 4:00fighting in the eastern provinces
has regularly reignited -
4:00 - 4:03full-scale civil and international war.
-
4:03 - 4:08So basically, every time we feel
that we are on the brink of peace, -
4:08 - 4:11the conflict explodes again.
-
4:11 - 4:13Why?
-
4:13 - 4:16Why have the massive international efforts
-
4:16 - 4:22failed to help Congo
achieve lasting peace and security? -
4:22 - 4:29Well, my answer to this question
revolves around two central observations. -
4:29 - 4:35First, one of the main reasons
for the continuation of violence in Congo -
4:35 - 4:38is fundamentally local --
-
4:38 - 4:39and when I say local,
-
4:39 - 4:43I really mean at the level
of the individual, the family, -
4:43 - 4:47the clan, the municipality,
the community, the district, -
4:47 - 4:50sometimes the ethnic group.
-
4:50 - 4:54For instance, you remember the story
of Isabelle that I told you. -
4:54 - 4:59Well, the reason why militias
had attacked Isabelle's village -
4:59 - 5:02was because they wanted to take the land
-
5:02 - 5:07that the villagers needed
to cultivate food and to survive. -
5:07 - 5:11The second central observation
is that international peace efforts -
5:11 - 5:15have failed to help
address local conflicts -
5:15 - 5:20because of the presence
of a dominant peacebuilding culture. -
5:20 - 5:24So what I mean is that
-
5:24 - 5:26Western and African diplomats,
-
5:26 - 5:29United Nations peacekeepers, donors,
-
5:29 - 5:32the staff of most
nongovernmental organizations -
5:32 - 5:34that work with the resolution of conflict,
-
5:34 - 5:39they all share a specific way
of seeing the world. -
5:39 - 5:43And I was one of these people,
and I shared this culture, -
5:43 - 5:47so I know all too well how powerful it is.
-
5:47 - 5:51Throughout the world,
and throughout conflict zones, -
5:51 - 5:55this common culture shapes
the intervener's understanding -
5:55 - 5:58of the causes of violence
-
5:58 - 6:05as something that is primarily located
in the national and international spheres. -
6:05 - 6:08It shapes our understanding
of the path toward peace -
6:08 - 6:12as something again that requires
top-down intervention -
6:12 - 6:16to address national
and international tensions. -
6:16 - 6:20And it shapes our understanding
of the roles of foreign actors -
6:20 - 6:25as engaging in national
and international peace processes. -
6:25 - 6:29Even more importantly,
this common culture -
6:29 - 6:35enables international peacebuilders
to ignore the micro-level tensions -
6:35 - 6:40that often jeopardize
the macro-level settlements. -
6:40 - 6:43So for instance, in Congo,
-
6:43 - 6:47because of how they are
socialized and trained, -
6:47 - 6:49United Nations officials,
donors, diplomats, -
6:49 - 6:52the staff of most
nongovernmental organizations, -
6:52 - 6:59they interpret continued fighting
and massacres as a top-down problem. -
6:59 - 7:02To them, the violence they see
-
7:02 - 7:07is the consequence of tensions
between President Kabila -
7:07 - 7:09and various national opponents,
-
7:09 - 7:14and tensions between Congo,
Rwanda and Uganda. -
7:14 - 7:20In addition, these international
peacebuilders view local conflicts -
7:20 - 7:26as simply the result
of national and international tensions, -
7:26 - 7:28insufficient state authority,
-
7:28 - 7:34and what they call the Congolese people's
so-called inherent penchant for violence. -
7:35 - 7:39The dominant culture
also constructs intervention -
7:39 - 7:42at the national and international levels
-
7:42 - 7:49as the only natural and legitimate task
for United Nations staffers and diplomats. -
7:49 - 7:54And it elevates the organization
of general elections, -
7:54 - 7:56which is now a sort of cure-all,
-
7:56 - 8:00as the most crucial state
reconstruction mechanism -
8:00 - 8:03over more effective
state-building approaches. -
8:03 - 8:09And that happens not only in Congo
but also in many other conflict zones. -
8:09 - 8:11But let's dig deeper,
-
8:11 - 8:14into the other main sources of violence.
-
8:15 - 8:18In Congo, continuing violence
-
8:18 - 8:23is motivated not only by the national
and international causes -
8:23 - 8:27but also by longstanding
bottom-up agendas -
8:27 - 8:31whose main instigators
are villagers, traditional chiefs, -
8:31 - 8:34community chiefs or ethnic leaders.
-
8:34 - 8:40Many conflicts revolve around political,
social and economic stakes -
8:40 - 8:43that are distinctively local.
-
8:43 - 8:46For instance, there is
a lot of competition -
8:46 - 8:48at the village or district level
-
8:48 - 8:52over who can be chief of village
or chief of territory -
8:52 - 8:54according to traditional law,
-
8:54 - 8:58and who can control
the distribution of land -
8:58 - 9:01and the exploitation
of local mining sites. -
9:01 - 9:05This competition often results
in localized fighting, -
9:05 - 9:09for instance in one village or territory,
-
9:09 - 9:13and quite frequently,
it escalates into generalized fighting, -
9:13 - 9:15so across a whole province,
-
9:15 - 9:19and even at times
into neighboring countries. -
9:19 - 9:24Take the conflict between Congolese
of Rwandan descent -
9:24 - 9:29and the so-called indigenous
communities of the Kivus. -
9:29 - 9:34This conflict started in the 1930s
during Belgian colonization, -
9:34 - 9:39when both communities competed
over access to land and to local power. -
9:39 - 9:43Then, in 1960,
after Congolese independence, -
9:43 - 9:49it escalated because each camp
tried to align with national politicians, -
9:49 - 9:53but still to advance their local agendas.
-
9:53 - 9:57And then, at the time
of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, -
9:57 - 10:03these local actors allied
with Congolese and Rwandan armed groups, -
10:03 - 10:08but still to advance their local agendas
in the provinces of the Kivus. -
10:08 - 10:14And since then, these local disputes
over land and local power -
10:14 - 10:16have fueled violence,
-
10:16 - 10:18and they have regularly jeopardized
-
10:18 - 10:22the national and
international settlements. -
10:24 - 10:27So we can wonder why
in these circumstances -
10:27 - 10:32the international peacebuilders
have failed to help implement -
10:32 - 10:35local peacebuilding programs.
-
10:35 - 10:40And the answer is that
international interveners -
10:40 - 10:44deem the resolution of grassroots conflict
-
10:44 - 10:49an unimportant, unfamiliar,
and illegitimate task. -
10:50 - 10:56The very idea of becoming involved
at the local level clashes fundamentally -
10:56 - 10:58with existing cultural norms,
-
10:58 - 11:02and it threatens
key organizational interests. -
11:02 - 11:07For instance, the very identity
of the United Nations -
11:07 - 11:10as this macro-level
diplomatic organization -
11:10 - 11:17would be upended
if it were to refocus on local conflicts. -
11:17 - 11:21And the result is that
neither the internal resistance -
11:21 - 11:24to the dominant ways of working
-
11:24 - 11:27nor the external shocks
-
11:27 - 11:31have managed to convince international
actors that they should reevaluate -
11:31 - 11:35their understanding
of violence and intervention. -
11:36 - 11:39And so far, there have been
only very few exceptions. -
11:39 - 11:43There have been exceptions,
but only very few exceptions, -
11:43 - 11:45to this broad pattern.
-
11:46 - 11:50So to wrap up,
the story I just told you -
11:50 - 11:54is a story about how
a dominant peacebuilding culture -
11:54 - 11:59shapes the intervener's understanding
of what the causes of violence are, -
11:59 - 12:01how peace is made,
-
12:01 - 12:05and what interventions should accomplish.
-
12:05 - 12:08These understandings enable
international peacebuilders -
12:08 - 12:11to ignore the micro-level foundations
-
12:11 - 12:16that are so necessary
for sustainable peace. -
12:16 - 12:19The resulting inattention
to local conflicts -
12:19 - 12:23leads to inadequate peacebuilding
in the short term -
12:23 - 12:27and potential war resumption
in the long term. -
12:27 - 12:30And what's fascinating
is that this analysis -
12:30 - 12:34helps us to better understand
many cases of lasting conflict -
12:34 - 12:40and international intervention failures,
in Africa and elsewhere. -
12:40 - 12:45Local conflicts fuel violence
in most war and post-war environments, -
12:45 - 12:49from Afghanistan to Sudan
to Timor-Leste, -
12:49 - 12:52and in the rare cases
where there have been comprehensive, -
12:52 - 12:55bottom-up peacebuilding initiatives,
-
12:55 - 13:01these attempts have been successful
at making peace sustainable. -
13:01 - 13:04One of the best examples is the contrast
-
13:04 - 13:08between the relatively peaceful
situation in Somaliland, -
13:08 - 13:13which benefited from sustained
grassroots peacebuilding initiatives, -
13:13 - 13:18and the violence prevalent
in the rest of Somalia, -
13:18 - 13:21where peacebuilding
has been mostly top-down. -
13:21 - 13:23And there are several other cases
-
13:23 - 13:27in which local, grassroots
conflict resolution -
13:27 - 13:30has made a crucial difference.
-
13:30 - 13:34So if we want international
peacebuilding to work, -
13:34 - 13:38in addition to any top-down intervention,
-
13:38 - 13:42conflicts must be resolved
from the bottom up. -
13:42 - 13:46And again, it's not that national
and international tensions don't matter. -
13:46 - 13:48They do.
-
13:48 - 13:51And it's not that national
and international peacebuilding -
13:51 - 13:53isn't necessary.
-
13:53 - 13:54It is.
-
13:54 - 14:01Instead, it is that both macro-level
and micro-level peacebuilding are needed -
14:01 - 14:04to make peace sustainable,
-
14:04 - 14:06and local nongovernmental organizations,
-
14:06 - 14:09local authorities and
civil society representatives -
14:09 - 14:14should be the main actors
in the bottom-up process. -
14:14 - 14:16So of course, there are obstacles.
-
14:16 - 14:19Local actors often lack the funding
-
14:19 - 14:22and sometimes the logistical means
and the technical capacity -
14:22 - 14:27to implement effective,
local peacebuilding programs. -
14:27 - 14:32So international actors
should expand their funding and support -
14:32 - 14:36for local conflict resolution.
-
14:36 - 14:39As for Congo, what can be done?
-
14:39 - 14:43After two decades of conflict
and the deaths of millions, -
14:43 - 14:46it's clear that we need
to change our approach. -
14:47 - 14:48Based on my field research,
-
14:48 - 14:52I believe that international
and Congolese actors -
14:52 - 14:55should pay more attention
to the resolution of land conflict -
14:55 - 15:00and the promotion
of inter-community reconciliation. -
15:00 - 15:02So for instance,
in the province of the Kivus, -
15:02 - 15:06the Life and Peace Institute
and its Congolese partners -
15:06 - 15:09have set up inter-community forums
-
15:09 - 15:13to discuss the specifics
of local conflicts over land, -
15:13 - 15:18and these forums have found solutions
to help manage the violence. -
15:19 - 15:22That's the kind of program
that is sorely needed -
15:22 - 15:25throughout eastern Congo.
-
15:25 - 15:27It's with programs like this
-
15:27 - 15:32that we can help people
like Isabelle and her husband. -
15:32 - 15:34So these will not be magic wands,
-
15:34 - 15:40but because they take into account
deeply rooted causes of the violence, -
15:40 - 15:43they could definitely be game-changers.
-
15:43 - 15:46Thank you.
-
15:46 - 15:49(Applause)
- Title:
- To solve mass violence, look to locals
- Speaker:
- Severine Autesserre
- Description:
-
Severine Autesserre studies the Democratic Republic of Congo, which is in the middle of the deadliest conflict since World War II; it's been called "the largest ongoing humanitarian crisis in the world.” The conflict seems hopelessly, unsolvably large. But her insight from decades of listening and engaging: The conflicts are often locally based. And instead of focusing on solutions that scale to a national level, leaders and aid groups might be better served solving local crises before they ignite.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 16:01
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for To solve mass violence, look to locals | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for To solve mass violence, look to locals | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for To solve mass violence, look to locals | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for To solve mass violence, look to locals | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for To solve mass violence, look to locals | ||
Morton Bast approved English subtitles for To solve mass violence, look to locals | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for To solve mass violence, look to locals | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for To solve mass violence, look to locals |