The family structure of elephants - Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell
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0:06 - 0:09If I were to distill the 20 years of elephant research
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0:09 - 0:11that I've done
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0:11 - 0:13into one sentence,
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0:13 - 0:14what would it be?
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0:14 - 0:16What could I tell you?
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0:16 - 0:20I would say that elephants are just like us!
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0:20 - 0:21And what do I mean by that?
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0:21 - 0:23It takes a lot of patience
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0:23 - 0:25to be out there in the field
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0:25 - 0:26and trying to figure out patterns
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0:26 - 0:29of these very slow and intelligent animals.
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0:29 - 0:33But over time, it is true they are very similar to us.
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0:33 - 0:35And you think, "Well, how can I say that?
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0:35 - 0:37Look, they have huge ears,
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0:37 - 0:39they have really long noses.
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0:39 - 0:40What do you mean they're like us?"
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0:40 - 0:44Well, in fact, their families are very similar to ours.
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0:44 - 0:48And family is extremely important to elephants.
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0:48 - 0:51They grow up in very tight-knit families
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0:51 - 0:53and they have extended families.
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0:53 - 0:55And it's just like our family reunions
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0:55 - 0:57where you have all the aunts gathering around
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0:57 - 0:59with all the food they're going to bring and plan,
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0:59 - 1:00and all the boys are thinking,
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1:00 - 1:02"Are we going to play our video games together?
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1:02 - 1:04Are we going to spar?"
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1:04 - 1:06It's very, very similar,
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1:06 - 1:10and it's jubilant, and screaming, yelling, it's really amazing to see.
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1:10 - 1:13But, as soon as you get that family gathering,
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1:13 - 1:15it's just like a wedding or anything else,
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1:15 - 1:17all of the sudden the family politics come out,
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1:17 - 1:20and the lower-ranking individuals in this scene,
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1:20 - 1:22you see the arrow off to the back,
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1:22 - 1:25the lower-ranking individuals already know their station,
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1:25 - 1:27they're going to drink at the muddiest part of the pan
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1:27 - 1:31because the whole family's here and we can't drink at the best water
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1:31 - 1:34because that's reserved for the top-ranking family.
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1:34 - 1:36What's also very similar
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1:36 - 1:38is that you have elders in the group
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1:38 - 1:40that everyone reveres.
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1:40 - 1:41This is the matriarch,
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1:41 - 1:43and the other female is reaching over
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1:43 - 1:45and doing what's called a trunk to mouth
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1:45 - 1:47placing her trunk in the mouth,
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1:47 - 1:48and it's a sign of respect,
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1:48 - 1:51it's kind of like a handshake,
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1:51 - 1:53but it's also like a salute.
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1:53 - 1:56And this salute is learned at a very young age.
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1:56 - 1:59Now, ritual and bonding within the family
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1:59 - 2:02also facilitates coordinated activities.
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2:02 - 2:06So, here's a young female whose calf has fallen into the trough
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2:06 - 2:08and she doesn't know what to do and she panics.
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2:08 - 2:10Well, the older female, that's the matriarch,
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2:10 - 2:14she says, "No problem here," she just scoops the baby out.
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2:14 - 2:17Now, that's not true for a lot of different families,
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2:17 - 2:18they can't coordinate very well,
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2:18 - 2:21the younger females don't really know what to do,
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2:21 - 2:23but the older ones will just get down,
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2:23 - 2:26kneel down together and pick the baby out.
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2:26 - 2:28Another thing that's very similar
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2:28 - 2:31is the coming of age of teenage boys.
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2:31 - 2:34Male elephants at the age of about 12 to 15.
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2:34 - 2:37The biggest elephant in this photograph here
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2:37 - 2:40is an elephant who's about the leave the family.
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2:40 - 2:42He gets too big, he gets a little fresh,
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2:42 - 2:44the adult females had enough of him,
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2:44 - 2:45but he also is independent,
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2:45 - 2:48he wants to go out and play with the guys.
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2:48 - 2:52So what happens then is that you have this all male society,
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2:52 - 2:54very ritual male society.
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2:54 - 2:56Greg is our main dominant bull here,
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2:56 - 2:57you can see him in the middle.
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2:57 - 3:02He's got a huge posse, his following reveres him.
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3:02 - 3:04And it's very interesting how very good leaders,
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3:04 - 3:06very good dominant individuals
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3:06 - 3:09know how to titrate the carrot and the stick.
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3:09 - 3:11This guy's a master at it,
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3:11 - 3:13and there's other bullies out there
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3:13 - 3:15that want to kind of want to create their own little following,
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3:15 - 3:17but they can't do it because they're too agressive.
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3:17 - 3:19And so when he's not around
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3:19 - 3:23they try and sweet talk the underlings to come into their fold,
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3:23 - 3:25and they actually become less agressive.
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3:25 - 3:29So it's very interesting to see how politics play out
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3:29 - 3:33in these male and female societies.
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3:33 - 3:35Now back to the ladies here.
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3:35 - 3:38In a core family group you'll have a mother,
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3:38 - 3:39maybe even a grandmother,
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3:39 - 3:41her daughters and all of their offspring,
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3:41 - 3:43the male and female calves.
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3:43 - 3:45And what's very interesting here
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3:45 - 3:47is that how character makes a difference.
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3:47 - 3:50So each matriarch has a very different character.
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3:50 - 3:53These two characters are kind of curious,
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3:53 - 3:54they're uncertain,
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3:54 - 3:58whereas these other two characters are really agressive.
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3:58 - 4:01"We're going to charge first, ask questions later."
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4:01 - 4:04But then there are also matriarchs that say,
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4:04 - 4:06"Forget it! I'm going to run first
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4:06 - 4:07and then figure it out when we're in the bush
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4:07 - 4:09and it's safe."
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4:09 - 4:10But the wisest matriarch,
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4:10 - 4:12the matriarchs that succeed best
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4:12 - 4:15in all of the studies that have been done,
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4:15 - 4:17is the one that assesses the danger
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4:17 - 4:20and decides is this worth running away from
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4:20 - 4:22or is this not a big deal at all.
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4:22 - 4:26Now being social is super important for elephants
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4:26 - 4:28and of course right at the beginning,
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4:28 - 4:30just like early childhood development,
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4:30 - 4:32socialization is very important.
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4:32 - 4:35Bathing together, eating together, playing together,
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4:35 - 4:38rough housing, this is all very important
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4:38 - 4:39for social development.
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4:39 - 4:41And who hasn't tried to beat their sibling
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4:41 - 4:44to the head of the line coming into the water hole?
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4:44 - 4:48And these relationships from the beginning
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4:48 - 4:51is just like best friends forever for real.
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4:51 - 4:54These females are going to live together for life.
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4:54 - 4:57Now if it's a male, female they might know each other for life,
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4:57 - 5:00but it's really important to develop those bonds early on.
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5:00 - 5:04Those are the relationships that are going to save you later.
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5:04 - 5:07I'll show you a little schoolyard scenario here.
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5:07 - 5:10Where, I think if you just focus on what's happening here
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5:10 - 5:13you can see that we have the bully,
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5:13 - 5:16he's pulling on the trunk of this baby calf,
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5:16 - 5:18and then we have the diplomat
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5:18 - 5:19who's reaching over and saying,
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5:19 - 5:21"No, don't do that! Stop doing that!"
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5:21 - 5:24And then, of course, we have the bystander.
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5:24 - 5:26And how do you get these three different characters
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5:26 - 5:28within the family?
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5:28 - 5:31It's kind of fascinating to think that elephants
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5:31 - 5:32really are just like us.
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5:32 - 5:34And so I got curious about this
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5:34 - 5:38and I thought, "Well, what if you measure
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5:38 - 5:42the difference in character of a dominant female's calf
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5:42 - 5:44versus a lower-ranking female's calf,
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5:44 - 5:47and see what happens in their growing up."
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5:47 - 5:50And so we started doing this.
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5:50 - 5:51And you can see this little guy with his ears out,
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5:51 - 5:53really charging at you.
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5:53 - 5:55The difference between that character
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5:55 - 5:57and the character who holds back,
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5:57 - 5:59wants to touch mom,
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5:59 - 6:01isn't so certain about what's going on here.
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6:01 - 6:04But the other one's charging ahead all confident.
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6:04 - 6:07Well, we started measuring how far away
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6:07 - 6:09a calf will stray from mom,
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6:09 - 6:11how often do they touch others,
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6:11 - 6:13how often do they initiate play,
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6:13 - 6:17and then look at the dominance of the females, of their mothers.
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6:17 - 6:21And what we found is that socializing with the dominant calves
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6:21 - 6:25actually socialize more significantly more than the lower-ranking calves.
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6:25 - 6:27And what it looks like is
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6:27 - 6:30it's not that the lower-ranking calves don't want to play,
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6:30 - 6:32they're actually not allowed to interact
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6:32 - 6:33with the higher-ranking calves.
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6:33 - 6:36They get swatted away from the dominant females.
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6:36 - 6:38and so this is kind of the downside of,
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6:38 - 6:40okay we are very much like elephants,
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6:40 - 6:42elephants are as much like us,
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6:42 - 6:45but it's kind of for better or for worse
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6:45 - 6:47because I can also see this happening in humans
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6:47 - 6:50and maybe we should take a lesson from that.
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6:50 - 6:52One last thing that we found
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6:52 - 6:54is that the males will be the risk-takers,
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6:54 - 6:56they're more independent
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6:56 - 6:59and they're more likely to spend more time away from mom.
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6:59 - 7:01And that's very true in human societies
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7:01 - 7:03and with other social animals.
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7:03 - 7:05So I hope I've convinced you
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7:05 - 7:08that we have very similar lives to elephants
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7:08 - 7:12and that elephants have very individual, durable
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7:12 - 7:14characters that we've measured across years.
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7:14 - 7:16The bully always tends to be the bully
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7:16 - 7:18unless there's some kind of social upset,
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7:18 - 7:21and he decides he better be a softy
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7:21 - 7:24or else he's not going to gain favor at all.
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7:24 - 7:25And then you have the gentle giants
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7:25 - 7:27that are always going to be gentle.
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7:27 - 7:30The young males really need mentoring from the elders,
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7:30 - 7:33and those gentle giants are very good at doing that,
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7:33 - 7:35soliciting them.
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7:35 - 7:38Leaving family is a really hard things for the males,
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7:38 - 7:42but they survive and they figure out who to hang out with.
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7:42 - 7:45So, just to end here, I just wanted to say that
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7:45 - 7:47since they are so similar to us,
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7:47 - 7:49and have these characters,
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7:49 - 7:51I hope when you see them on TV
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7:51 - 7:53or you go out and you're lucky enough to see them in the wild,
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7:53 - 7:55that maybe you'll think of them
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7:55 - 7:58as individual characters deserving of our attention,
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7:58 - 8:01and also deserving of our protection. Thank you.
- Title:
- The family structure of elephants - Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-family-structure-of-elephants-caitlin-o-connell-rodwell
Biologist Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell has come to one big conclusion from her last twenty years studying elephants -- they're just like us. In this TEDYouth Talk, O'Connell-Rodwell details her work observing these incredible, social animals, examining several individual (and very familiar) characters that play, bond and argue in tight-knit extended families eerily similar to our own.
Talk by Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 08:12
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for The family structure of elephants - Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell | ||
Jennifer Cody approved English subtitles for The family structure of elephants - Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell | ||
Jennifer Cody accepted English subtitles for The family structure of elephants - Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell | ||
Jennifer Cody edited English subtitles for The family structure of elephants - Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell | ||
Jennifer Cody edited English subtitles for The family structure of elephants - Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell | ||
Jennifer Cody edited English subtitles for The family structure of elephants - Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell | ||
Caroline Cristal edited English subtitles for The family structure of elephants - Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell |