History vs. Vladimir Lenin - Alex Gendler
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0:07 - 0:09He was one of the most influential figures
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0:09 - 0:11of the 20th century,
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0:11 - 0:12forever changing the course
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0:12 - 0:15of one of the world's largest countries.
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0:15 - 0:16But was he a hero
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0:16 - 0:18who toppled an oppressive tyranny
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0:18 - 0:21or a villain who replaced it with another?
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0:21 - 0:23It's time to put Lenin on the stand
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0:23 - 0:26in History vs. Lenin.
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0:26 - 0:28"Order, order, hmm.
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0:28 - 0:33Now, wasn't it your fault that the band broke up?"
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0:33 - 0:36"Your honor, this is Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov,
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0:36 - 0:38AKA Lenin, the rabblerouser
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0:38 - 0:43who helped overthrow
the Russian tsar Nicholas II in 1917 -
0:43 - 0:45and founded the Soviet Union,
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0:45 - 0:49one of the worst dictatorships of the 20th century."
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0:49 - 0:51"Ohh."
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0:51 - 0:53"The tsar was a bloody tyrant
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0:53 - 0:56under whom the masses toiled in slavery."
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0:56 - 0:57"This is rubbish.
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0:57 - 1:01Serfdom had already been abolished in 1861."
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1:01 - 1:03"And replaced by something worse.
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1:03 - 1:05The factory bosses treated the people
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1:05 - 1:08far worse than their former feudal landlords.
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1:08 - 1:10And unlike the landlords,
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1:10 - 1:12they were always there.
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1:12 - 1:17Russian workers toiled for eleven hours a day
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1:17 - 1:20and were the lowest paid in all of Europe."
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1:20 - 1:23"But Tsar Nicholas made laws to protect the workers."
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1:23 - 1:27"He reluctantly did the bare minimum to avert revolution,
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1:27 - 1:29and even there, he failed.
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1:29 - 1:31Remember what happened in 1905
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1:31 - 1:35after his troops fired on peaceful petitioners?"
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1:35 - 1:37"Yes, and the tsar ended the rebellion
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1:37 - 1:39by introducing a constitution
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1:39 - 1:42and an elected parliament, the Duma."
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1:42 - 1:46"While retaining absolute power and dissolving them
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1:46 - 1:47whenever he wanted."
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1:47 - 1:49"Perhaps there would've been more reforms in due time
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1:49 - 1:52if radicals, like Lenin,
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1:52 - 1:54weren't always stirring up trouble."
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1:54 - 1:58"Your Honor, Lenin had seen his older brother Aleksandr
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1:58 - 2:03executed by the previous tsar for revolutionary activity,
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2:03 - 2:05and even after the reforms,
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2:05 - 2:09Nicholas continued the same mass repression and executions,
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2:09 - 2:11as well as the unpopular involvement
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2:11 - 2:13in World War I,
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2:13 - 2:17that cost Russia so many lives and resources."
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2:17 - 2:19"Hm, this tsar doesn't sound like
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2:19 - 2:20such a capital fellow."
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2:20 - 2:23"Your Honor, maybe Nicholas II did doom himself
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2:23 - 2:24with bad decisions,
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2:24 - 2:27but Lenin deserves no credit for this.
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2:27 - 2:29When the February 1917 uprisings
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2:29 - 2:31finally forced the tsar to abdicate,
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2:31 - 2:34Lenin was still exiled in Switzerland."
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2:34 - 2:36"Hm, so who came to power?"
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2:36 - 2:39"The Duma formed a provisional government,
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2:39 - 2:41led by Alexander Kerensky,
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2:41 - 2:43an incompetent bourgeois failure.
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2:43 - 2:46He even launched another failed offensive in the war,
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2:46 - 2:49where Russia had already lost so much,
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2:49 - 2:53instead of ending it like the people wanted."
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2:53 - 2:55"It was a constitutional social democratic government,
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2:55 - 2:57the most progressive of its time.
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2:57 - 2:59And it could have succeeded eventually
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2:59 - 3:02if Lenin hadn't returned in April,
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3:02 - 3:05sent by the Germans to undermine the Russian war effort
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3:05 - 3:07and instigate riots."
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3:07 - 3:09"Such slander!
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3:09 - 3:12The July Days were a spontaneous and justified reaction
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3:12 - 3:15against the government's failures.
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3:15 - 3:17And Kerensky showed his true colors
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3:17 - 3:19when he blamed Lenin
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3:19 - 3:22and arrested and outlawed his Bolshevik party,
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3:22 - 3:24forcing him to flee into exile again.
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3:24 - 3:26Some democracy!
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3:26 - 3:28It's a good thing the government collapsed
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3:28 - 3:30under their own incompetence and greed
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3:30 - 3:32when they tried to stage a military coup
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3:32 - 3:36then had to ask the Bolsheviks for help
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3:36 - 3:38when it backfired.
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3:38 - 3:39After that, all Lenin had to do
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3:39 - 3:43was return in October and take charge.
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3:43 - 3:46The government was peacefully overthrown overnight."
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3:46 - 3:48"But what the Bolsheviks did
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3:48 - 3:50after gaining power
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3:50 - 3:51wasn't very peaceful.
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3:51 - 3:53How many people did they execute without trial?
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3:53 - 3:55And was it really necessary
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3:55 - 4:00to murder the tsar's entire family, even the children?"
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4:00 - 4:02"Russia was being attacked by foreign imperialists,
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4:02 - 4:04trying to restore the tsar.
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4:04 - 4:07Any royal heir that was rescued
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4:07 - 4:10would be recognized as ruler by foreign governments.
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4:10 - 4:11It would've been the end
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4:11 - 4:13of everything the people had fought so hard to achieve.
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4:13 - 4:17Besides, Lenin may not have given the order."
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4:17 - 4:18"But it was not only imperialists
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4:18 - 4:20that the Bolsheviks killed.
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4:20 - 4:21What about the purges and executions
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4:21 - 4:24of other socialist and anarchist parties,
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4:24 - 4:25their old allies?
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4:25 - 4:27What about the Tambov Rebellion,
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4:27 - 4:29where peasants, resisting grain confiscation,
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4:29 - 4:32were killed with poison gas?
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4:32 - 4:33Or sending the army
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4:33 - 4:35to crush the workers in Kronstadt,
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4:35 - 4:37who were demanding democratic self-management?
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4:37 - 4:40Was this still fighting for the people?"
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4:40 - 4:42"Yes! The measures were difficult,
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4:42 - 4:44but it was a difficult time.
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4:44 - 4:46The new government needed to secure itself
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4:46 - 4:48while being attacked from all sides,
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4:48 - 4:51so that the socialist order could be established."
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4:51 - 4:54"And what good came of this socialist order?
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4:54 - 4:56Even after the civil war was won,
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4:56 - 4:58there were famines, repression
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4:58 - 5:01and millions executed or sent to die in camps,
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5:01 - 5:04while Lenin's successor Stalin established
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5:04 - 5:07a cult of personality and absolute power."
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5:07 - 5:09"That wasn't the plan.
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5:09 - 5:11Lenin never cared for personal gains,
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5:11 - 5:13even his enemies admitted
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5:13 - 5:14that he fully believed in his cause,
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5:14 - 5:17living modestly and working tirelessly
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5:17 - 5:20from his student days until his too early death.
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5:20 - 5:22He saw how power-hungry Stalin was
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5:22 - 5:24and tried to warn the party,
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5:24 - 5:26but it was too late."
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5:26 - 5:28"And the decades of totalitarianism that followed after?"
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5:28 - 5:30"You could call it that,
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5:30 - 5:33but it was Lenin's efforts that changed Russia
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5:33 - 5:35in a few decades
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5:35 - 5:38from a backward and undeveloped monarchy
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5:38 - 5:40full of illiterate peasants
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5:40 - 5:43to a modern, industrial superpower,
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5:43 - 5:46with one of the world's best educated populations,
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5:46 - 5:49unprecedented opportunities for women,
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5:49 - 5:52and some of the most important scientific advancements
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5:52 - 5:53of the century.
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5:53 - 5:55Life may not have been luxurious,
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5:55 - 5:58but nearly everyone had a roof over their head
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5:58 - 5:59and food on their plate,
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5:59 - 6:01which few countries have achieved."
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6:01 - 6:03"But these advances could still have happened,
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6:03 - 6:05even without Lenin
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6:05 - 6:07and the repressive regime he established."
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6:07 - 6:10"Yes, and I could've been a famous rock and roll singer.
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6:10 - 6:14But how would I have sounded?"
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6:14 - 6:16We can never be sure how things could've unfolded
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6:16 - 6:18if different people were in power
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6:18 - 6:20or different decisions were made,
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6:20 - 6:22but to avoid the mistakes of the past,
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6:22 - 6:24we must always be willing
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6:24 - 6:27to put historical figures on trial.
- Title:
- History vs. Vladimir Lenin - Alex Gendler
- Description:
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View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/history-vs-vladimir-lenin-alex-gendler
Vladimir Lenin overthrew Russian Czar Nicholas II and founded the Soviet Union, forever changing the course of Russian politics. But was he a hero who toppled an oppressive tyranny or a villain who replaced it with another? Alex Gendler puts this controversial figure on trial, exploring both sides of a nearly century-long debate.
Lesson by Alex Gendler, animation by Brett Underhill.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 06:43
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