Can you really tell if a kid is lying?
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0:01 - 0:02Hi.
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0:02 - 0:05Let me ask the audience a question:
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0:05 - 0:07Did you ever lie as a child?
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0:07 - 0:10If you did, could you please
raise your hand? -
0:11 - 0:15Wow! This is the most honest
group of people I've ever met. -
0:15 - 0:17(Laughter)
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0:17 - 0:18So for the last 20 years,
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0:18 - 0:22I've been studying
how children learn to tell lies. -
0:22 - 0:24And today, I'm going to share with you
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0:24 - 0:26some of the discoveries we have made.
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0:27 - 0:32But to begin, I'm going to tell you
a story from Mr. Richard Messina, -
0:32 - 0:35who is my friend and an elementary
school principal. -
0:35 - 0:37He got a phone call one day.
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0:39 - 0:40The caller says,
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0:40 - 0:44"Mr. Messina, my son Johnny
will not come to school today -
0:44 - 0:46because he's sick."
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0:46 - 0:48Mr. Messina asks,
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0:48 - 0:50"Who am I speaking to, please?"
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0:51 - 0:52And the caller says,
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0:52 - 0:54"I am my father."
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0:54 - 0:57(Laughter)
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0:58 - 1:00So this story --
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1:00 - 1:01(Laughter)
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1:01 - 1:06sums up very nicely
three common beliefs we have -
1:06 - 1:08about children and lying.
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1:08 - 1:13One, children only come to tell lies
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1:13 - 1:15after entering elementary school.
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1:16 - 1:18Two, children are poor liars.
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1:18 - 1:21We adults can easily detect their lies.
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1:21 - 1:25And three, if children lie
at a very young age, -
1:25 - 1:28there must be some
character flaws with them, -
1:28 - 1:32and they are going to become
pathological liars for life. -
1:33 - 1:35Well, it turns out
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1:35 - 1:37all of the three beliefs are wrong.
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1:39 - 1:41We have been playing guessing games
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1:41 - 1:43with children all over the world.
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1:43 - 1:45Here is an example.
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1:45 - 1:49So in this game, we asked children
to guess the numbers on the cards. -
1:50 - 1:53And we tell them if they win the game,
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1:53 - 1:55they are going to get a big prize.
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1:56 - 1:57But in the middle of the game,
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1:57 - 2:00we make an excuse and leave the room.
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2:02 - 2:04And before we leave the room,
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2:04 - 2:07we tell them not to peek at the cards.
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2:08 - 2:09Of course,
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2:09 - 2:11we have hidden cameras in the room
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2:11 - 2:13to watch their every move.
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2:14 - 2:18Because the desire
to win the game is so strong, -
2:18 - 2:21more than 90 percent of children will peek
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2:21 - 2:23as soon as we leave the room.
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2:23 - 2:25(Laughter)
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2:25 - 2:27The crucial question is:
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2:27 - 2:30When we return and ask the children
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2:30 - 2:32whether or not they have peeked,
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2:32 - 2:35will the children who peeked confess
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2:35 - 2:38or lie about their transgression?
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2:40 - 2:44We found that regardless
of gender, country, religion, -
2:45 - 2:47at two years of age,
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2:47 - 2:4930 percent lie,
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2:49 - 2:5370 percent tell the truth
about their transgression. -
2:53 - 2:55At three years of age,
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2:55 - 2:5950 percent lie and 50 percent
tell the truth. -
2:59 - 3:01At four years of age,
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3:01 - 3:03more than 80 percent lie.
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3:04 - 3:07And after four years of age,
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3:07 - 3:08most children lie.
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3:09 - 3:11So as you can see,
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3:11 - 3:14lying is really a typical part
of development. -
3:14 - 3:17And some children begin to tell lies
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3:17 - 3:19as young as two years of age.
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3:20 - 3:24So now, let's take a closer look
at the younger children. -
3:25 - 3:29Why do some but not all
young children lie? -
3:30 - 3:34In cooking, you need good ingredients
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3:34 - 3:35to cook good food.
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3:36 - 3:40And good lying requires
two key ingredients. -
3:41 - 3:45The first key ingredient
is theory of mind, -
3:45 - 3:47or the mind-reading ability.
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3:48 - 3:50Mind reading is the ability to know
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3:50 - 3:54that different people have
different knowledge about the situation -
3:55 - 3:58and the ability to differentiate
between what I know -
3:58 - 4:00and what you know.
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4:00 - 4:02Mind reading is important for lying
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4:02 - 4:06because the basis of lying is that I know
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4:06 - 4:07you don't know
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4:07 - 4:08what I know.
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4:08 - 4:10Therefore, I can lie to you.
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4:11 - 4:16The second key ingredient
for good lying is self-control. -
4:16 - 4:20It is the ability to control your speech,
your facial expression -
4:20 - 4:22and your body language,
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4:22 - 4:24so that you can tell a convincing lie.
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4:25 - 4:29And we found that those young children
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4:29 - 4:34who have more advanced mind-reading
and self-control abilities -
4:34 - 4:36tell lies earlier
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4:36 - 4:38and are more sophisticated liars.
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4:40 - 4:46As it turns out, these two abilities
are also essential for all of us -
4:46 - 4:48to function well in our society.
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4:49 - 4:53In fact, deficits in mind-reading
and self-control abilities -
4:53 - 4:57are associated with serious
developmental problems, -
4:57 - 5:00such as ADHD and autism.
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5:02 - 5:07So if you discover your two-year-old
is telling his or her first lie, -
5:07 - 5:09instead of being alarmed,
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5:09 - 5:11you should celebrate --
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5:11 - 5:12(Laughter)
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5:12 - 5:18because it signals that your child
has arrived at a new milestone -
5:18 - 5:20of typical development.
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5:21 - 5:24Now, are children poor liars?
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5:25 - 5:28Do you think you can easily
detect their lies? -
5:29 - 5:30Would you like to give it a try?
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5:31 - 5:32Yes? OK.
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5:32 - 5:35So I'm going to show you two videos.
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5:35 - 5:36In the videos,
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5:36 - 5:39the children are going to respond
to a researcher's question, -
5:39 - 5:41"Did you peek?"
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5:41 - 5:42So try to tell me
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5:42 - 5:44which child is lying
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5:44 - 5:46and which child is telling the truth.
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5:46 - 5:48Here's child number one.
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5:49 - 5:50Are you ready?
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5:51 - 5:53(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
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5:54 - 5:56Kang Lee: And this is child number two.
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5:58 - 6:00(Video) Adult: Did you peek? Child: No.
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6:01 - 6:05KL: OK, if you think
child number one is lying, -
6:05 - 6:07please raise your hand.
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6:08 - 6:12And if you think child number two
is lying, please raise your hand. -
6:14 - 6:16OK, so as a matter of fact,
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6:16 - 6:19child number one is telling the truth,
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6:19 - 6:21child number two is lying.
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6:22 - 6:25Looks like many of you are terrible
detectors of children's lies. -
6:25 - 6:28(Laughter)
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6:28 - 6:31Now, we have played similar kinds of games
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6:31 - 6:36with many, many adults
from all walks of life. -
6:37 - 6:39And we show them many videos.
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6:39 - 6:42In half of the videos, the children lied.
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6:42 - 6:45In the other half of the videos,
the children told the truth. -
6:47 - 6:49And let's find out
how these adults performed. -
6:50 - 6:54Because there are as many liars
as truth tellers, -
6:54 - 6:57if you guess randomly,
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6:57 - 7:01there's a 50 percent chance
you're going to get it right. -
7:01 - 7:04So if your accuracy is around 50 percent,
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7:04 - 7:08it means you are a terrible detector
of children's lies. -
7:08 - 7:13So let's start with undergrads
and law school students, -
7:13 - 7:17who typically have
limited experience with children. -
7:18 - 7:20No, they cannot detect children's lies.
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7:20 - 7:22Their performance is around chance.
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7:22 - 7:27Now how about social workers
and child-protection lawyers, -
7:28 - 7:30who work with children on a daily basis?
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7:30 - 7:32Can they detect children's lies?
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7:34 - 7:35No, they cannot.
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7:35 - 7:36(Laughter)
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7:36 - 7:37What about judges,
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7:37 - 7:39customs officers
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7:39 - 7:41and police officers,
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7:41 - 7:44who deal with liars on a daily basis?
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7:44 - 7:46Can they detect children's lies?
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7:47 - 7:48No, they cannot.
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7:48 - 7:50What about parents?
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7:50 - 7:53Can parents detect other children's lies?
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7:54 - 7:55No, they cannot.
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7:56 - 7:59What about, can parents
detect their own children's lies? -
8:01 - 8:02No, they cannot.
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8:02 - 8:06(Laughter) (Applause)
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8:06 - 8:07So now you may ask
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8:09 - 8:12why children's lies
are so difficult to detect. -
8:13 - 8:16Let me illustrate this
with my own son, Nathan. -
8:16 - 8:18This is his facial expression
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8:18 - 8:20when he lies.
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8:20 - 8:22(Laughter)
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8:22 - 8:23So when children lie,
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8:23 - 8:27their facial expression
is typically neutral. -
8:27 - 8:31However, behind this neutral expression,
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8:31 - 8:34the child is actually experiencing
a lot of emotions, -
8:34 - 8:38such as fear, guilt, shame
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8:38 - 8:41and maybe a little bit of liar's delight.
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8:41 - 8:44(Laughter)
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8:44 - 8:49Unfortunately, such emotions
are either fleeting or hidden. -
8:49 - 8:52Therefore, it's mostly invisible to us.
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8:52 - 8:53So in the last five years,
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8:53 - 8:57we have been trying to figure out a way
to reveal these hidden emotions. -
8:57 - 8:58Then we made a discovery.
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8:59 - 9:02We know that underneath our facial skin,
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9:02 - 9:06there's a rich network of blood vessels.
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9:06 - 9:08When we experience different emotions,
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9:08 - 9:11our facial blood flow changes subtly.
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9:12 - 9:16And these changes are regulated
by the autonomic system -
9:16 - 9:18that is beyond our conscious control.
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9:18 - 9:22By looking at facial blood flow changes,
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9:22 - 9:25we can reveal people's hidden emotions.
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9:25 - 9:30Unfortunately, such emotion-related
facial blood flow changes -
9:30 - 9:33are too subtle to detect by our naked eye.
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9:34 - 9:37So to help us reveal
people's facial emotions, -
9:37 - 9:40we have developed a new imaging technology
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9:40 - 9:44we call "transdermal optical imaging."
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9:45 - 9:49To do so, we use a regular
video camera to record people -
9:49 - 9:52when they experience
various hidden emotions. -
9:52 - 9:56And then, using our image
processing technology, -
9:57 - 10:02we can extract transdermal images
of facial blood flow changes. -
10:04 - 10:09By looking at transdermal video images,
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10:09 - 10:11now we can easily see
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10:12 - 10:17facial blood flow changes associated
with the various hidden emotions. -
10:18 - 10:20And using this technology,
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10:20 - 10:24we can now reveal the hidden emotions
associated with lying, -
10:24 - 10:27and therefore detect people's lies.
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10:27 - 10:30We can do so noninvasively,
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10:30 - 10:32remotely, inexpensively,
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10:32 - 10:36with an accuracy at about 85 percent,
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10:36 - 10:38which is far better than chance level.
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10:39 - 10:43And in addition, we discovered
a Pinocchio effect. -
10:44 - 10:46No, not this Pinocchio effect.
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10:46 - 10:47(Laughter)
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10:47 - 10:50This is the real Pinocchio effect.
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10:50 - 10:51When people lie,
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10:51 - 10:55the facial blood flow
on the cheeks decreases, -
10:55 - 10:58and the facial blood flow
on the nose increases. -
10:59 - 11:03Of course, lying is not the only situation
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11:03 - 11:06that will evoke our hidden emotions.
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11:06 - 11:08So then we asked ourselves,
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11:08 - 11:10in addition to detecting lies,
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11:10 - 11:12how can our technology be used?
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11:13 - 11:17One application is in education.
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11:17 - 11:21For example, using this technology,
we can help this mathematics teacher -
11:21 - 11:24to identify the student in his classroom
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11:24 - 11:29who may experience high anxiety
about the topic he's teaching -
11:29 - 11:30so that he can help him.
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11:31 - 11:34And also we can use this in health care.
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11:34 - 11:37For example, every day I Skype my parents,
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11:37 - 11:40who live thousands of miles away.
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11:40 - 11:42And using this technology,
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11:42 - 11:46I can not only find out
what's going on in their lives -
11:46 - 11:52but also simultaneously monitor
their heart rate, their stress level, -
11:52 - 11:55their mood and whether or not
they are experiencing pain. -
11:56 - 11:58And perhaps in the future,
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11:58 - 12:01their risks for heart attack
or hypertension. -
12:02 - 12:03And you may ask:
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12:03 - 12:09Can we use this also to reveal
politicians' emotions? -
12:09 - 12:11(Laughter)
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12:11 - 12:12For example, during a debate.
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12:13 - 12:15Well, the answer is yes.
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12:15 - 12:17Using TV footage,
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12:17 - 12:21we could detect
the politicians' heart rate, -
12:21 - 12:23mood and stress,
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12:23 - 12:27and perhaps in the future,
whether or not they are lying to us. -
12:27 - 12:30We can also use this
in marketing research, -
12:31 - 12:32for example, to find out
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12:32 - 12:37whether or not people like
certain consumer products. -
12:37 - 12:39We can even use it in dating.
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12:40 - 12:41So for example,
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12:41 - 12:44if your date is smiling at you,
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12:44 - 12:46this technology can help you to determine
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12:47 - 12:49whether she actually likes you
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12:49 - 12:51or she is just trying to be nice to you.
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12:52 - 12:54And in this case,
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12:54 - 12:55she is just trying to be nice to you.
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12:55 - 12:58(Laughter)
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12:59 - 13:03So transdermal optical imaging technology
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13:03 - 13:06is at a very early stage of development.
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13:06 - 13:10Many new applications will come about
that we don't know today. -
13:10 - 13:13However, one thing I know for sure
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13:13 - 13:17is that lying will never
be the same again. -
13:17 - 13:18Thank you very much.
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13:18 - 13:19Xiè xie.
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13:19 - 13:23(Applause)
- Title:
- Can you really tell if a kid is lying?
- Speaker:
- Kang Lee
- Description:
-
Are children poor liars? Do you think you can easily detect their lies? Developmental researcher Kang Lee studies what happens physiologically to children when they lie. They do it a lot, starting as young as two years old, and they're actually really good at it. Lee explains why we should celebrate when kids start to lie and presents new lie-detection technology that could someday reveal our hidden emotions.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 13:36
Natsuhiko Mizutani commented on English subtitles for Can you really tell if a kid is lying? | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Can you really tell if a kid is lying? | ||
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for Can you really tell if a kid is lying? | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Can you really tell if a kid is lying? | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Can you really tell if a kid is lying? | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Can you really tell if a kid is lying? | ||
Camille Martínez accepted English subtitles for Can you really tell if a kid is lying? | ||
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for Can you really tell if a kid is lying? |
Natsuhiko Mizutani
13:16.53
Xiè xie.
should be transcribed as
(Chinese) Thank you.
6:31.29
walks should be works.
— Hiroko Kawano 2016-06-18