The evolution of animal genitalia - Menno Schilthuizen
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0:08 - 0:12The evolutionary tango
of animal genitalia. -
0:12 - 0:15Can you guess what you're looking at?
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0:15 - 0:18If you answered "duck vagina,"
you'd be right. -
0:18 - 0:22Although the bird's outward appearance
may not strike you as especially odd, -
0:22 - 0:24it uses this strange, intricate,
-
0:24 - 0:28cork-screw shaped contraption
to reproduce. -
0:28 - 0:31We see similarly unbelievable genitalia
in insects, -
0:31 - 0:32mammals,
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0:32 - 0:33reptiles,
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0:33 - 0:34fish,
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0:34 - 0:35spiders,
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0:35 - 0:37and even snails.
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0:37 - 0:41Apparently, no organs evolve
faster and into more variable shapes -
0:41 - 0:44than those involved in procreation.
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0:44 - 0:50Superficially, it makes sense
because evolution works via reproduction. -
0:50 - 0:54When an animal leaves more offspring,
its genes will spread. -
0:54 - 0:57And since genitalia are an animal's tools
for reproduction, -
0:57 - 1:02any improvement there
will have immediate effect. -
1:02 - 1:06And yet, what's the point of having
such decorative nether regions? -
1:06 - 1:09After all, the function
of genitalia seems simple. -
1:09 - 1:11A penis deposits a bit of sperm
-
1:11 - 1:15and a vagina receives it
and delivers it to the egg. -
1:15 - 1:17A pipette-like thingy on the male
-
1:17 - 1:23and a funnel-like gizmo on the female
should do just fine for any animal. -
1:23 - 1:26And yet, that's not what we see.
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1:26 - 1:30The penis of a chicken flea, for example,
looks nothing like a pipette, -
1:30 - 1:33more like an exploded grandfather clock.
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1:33 - 1:36And the vagina of a featherwing beetle
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1:36 - 1:39resembles something you'd find
in a Dr. Seuss book. -
1:39 - 1:41Throughout the animal kingdom,
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1:41 - 1:44genitalia are very complex things,
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1:44 - 1:48much more complicated than seems
necessary for what they're meant to do. -
1:48 - 1:53That's because genitalia do more than just
deposit and receive sperm. -
1:53 - 2:01Many male animals also use the penis
as courtship device, like crane flies. -
2:01 - 2:03In some South American species,
-
2:03 - 2:06males have a tiny washboard and scraper
on their penis, -
2:06 - 2:10which produces a song that reverberates
throughout the female's body -
2:10 - 2:12when they mate.
-
2:12 - 2:15It's thought that if female crane flies
enjoy this unusual serenade, -
2:15 - 2:19they'll allow the male
to father their offspring. -
2:19 - 2:23This way, the genes of the most
musical penises spread, -
2:23 - 2:28leading to rapid evolution
of insects' phalluses. -
2:28 - 2:32Similarly, some beetles have two little
drumsticks on either side of the penis. -
2:32 - 2:37During mating, they'll rub, slap, or tap
the female with these. -
2:37 - 2:40And some hoofed mammals,
like rams and bulls, -
2:40 - 2:44use a whip-like extension
on the penis's left side -
2:44 - 2:47to create a sensation during mating.
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2:47 - 2:50But how can females really choose
between males -
2:50 - 2:54if she can only assess them after mating?
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2:54 - 2:58This is where the power
of female adaptation comes into play. -
2:58 - 3:01In fact, insemination is different
to conception, -
3:01 - 3:04and the female genitalia exploit
this distinction. -
3:04 - 3:06For instance, in some dung flies,
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3:06 - 3:11the vagina contains pockets
for separating sperm from different males -
3:11 - 3:15depending on how appealing they were.
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3:15 - 3:17Males using their penises for courtship
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3:17 - 3:20and females controlling
their own sperm management -
3:20 - 3:25are two reasons why genitalia evolve
into such complex shapes. -
3:25 - 3:26But there are others
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3:26 - 3:30because genitalia are also where
a sexual conflict is played out. -
3:30 - 3:34A female's interests are best served if
she fertilizes her eggs -
3:34 - 3:37with the sperm of the best fathers
-
3:37 - 3:41and creates genetic variability amongst
her offspring. -
3:41 - 3:44For a male, on the other hand,
this is bad news. -
3:44 - 3:48For him, it would be best if a female
used his sperm -
3:48 - 3:51to fertilize all of her eggs.
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3:51 - 3:56So we see cycles of adaptation
in an evolutionary arms race -
3:56 - 3:58to retain control.
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3:58 - 4:01Black widow spiders
have a disposable penis tip -
4:01 - 4:06that breaks off inside the vagina
blocking the attempts of his rivals, -
4:06 - 4:10and bed bug males bypass a female's
genitalia altogether -
4:10 - 4:17using a syringe-like penis to inject
sperm cells directly into her belly. -
4:17 - 4:18Not to be outdone,
-
4:18 - 4:21females have evolved
their own countermeasures. -
4:21 - 4:23In some bed bug species,
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4:23 - 4:26the females have evolved an entirely
new set of genitalia -
4:26 - 4:31on their right hand flanks
where the males usually pierce them. -
4:31 - 4:35That allows them to maintain
the power to filter out unwanted sperm -
4:35 - 4:37with their genitalia.
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4:37 - 4:41And duck vaginas are shaped
like a clockwise spiral -
4:41 - 4:47so that when the male inflates his long,
counterclockwise coiled penis into her, -
4:47 - 4:48and she disapproves,
-
4:48 - 4:51all she needs to do
is flex her vaginal muscles -
4:51 - 4:55and the penis just flubs out.
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4:55 - 4:59So, genitalia differs so much,
not just to fascinate us, -
4:59 - 5:01but because in every species,
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5:01 - 5:05they're the result of
a furious evolutionary tango of sex -
5:05 - 5:08that has been going on
for millions of years -
5:08 - 5:11and will continue for millions
of years to come.
- Title:
- The evolution of animal genitalia - Menno Schilthuizen
- Speaker:
- Menno Schilthuizen
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-evolution-of-animal-genitalia-menno-schilthuizen
Genitals are the fastest-evolving organs in the animal kingdom. But why is this so? And what’s the point of having decorative private parts? Menno Schilthuizen explains how the evolutionary biology of nature's nether regions uncovers a hidden world of seduction, conflict, and rivalry.
Lesson by Menno Schilthuizen, animation by Mette Ilene Holmriis.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 05:36
Jessica Ruby approved English subtitles for The evolution of animal genitalia | ||
Jessica Ruby accepted English subtitles for The evolution of animal genitalia | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for The evolution of animal genitalia | ||
Jennifer Cody edited English subtitles for The evolution of animal genitalia |