Where did Russia come from? - Alex Gendler
-
0:10 - 0:12Where did Russia come from,
-
0:12 - 0:13why is it so big,
-
0:13 - 0:17and what are the differences
between it and its neighbors? -
0:17 - 0:20The answers lie in an epic story
of seafaring warriors, -
0:20 - 0:23nomadic invaders,
-
0:23 - 0:29and the rise and fall of a medieval state
known as Kievan Rus. -
0:29 - 0:30In the first millennium,
-
0:30 - 0:34a large group of tribes spread through
the dense woodlands of Eastern Europe. -
0:34 - 0:37Because they had no writing system,
-
0:37 - 0:41much of what we know about them
comes from three main sources: -
0:41 - 0:42archaeological evidence,
-
0:42 - 0:47accounts from literate scholars
of the Roman Empire and the Middle East, -
0:47 - 0:52and, lastly, an epic history called
the Primary Chronicle -
0:52 - 0:56compiled in the 12th century
by a monk named Nestor. -
0:56 - 1:00What they tell us is that these tribes
who shared a common Slavic language -
1:00 - 1:02and polytheistic religion
-
1:02 - 1:08had by the 7th century split into
western, southern and eastern branches, -
1:08 - 1:10the latter stretching from
the Dniester River -
1:10 - 1:13to the Volga and the Baltic Sea.
-
1:13 - 1:18As Nestor's story goes, after years of
subjugation by Vikings from the north, -
1:18 - 1:22who, by the way, did not wear
horned helmets in battle, -
1:22 - 1:27the region's tribes revolted
and drove back the Northmen, -
1:27 - 1:30but left to their own devices,
they turned on each other. -
1:30 - 1:33Such chaos ensued that, ironically,
-
1:33 - 1:37the tribes reached out to the foreigners
they had just expelled, -
1:37 - 1:40inviting them to return
and establish order. -
1:40 - 1:46The Vikings accepted, sending a prince
named Rurik and his two brothers to rule. -
1:46 - 1:50With Rurik's son, Oleg,
expanding his realm into the south, -
1:50 - 1:53and moving the capitol to Kiev,
-
1:53 - 1:55a former outpost of the Khazar Empire,
-
1:55 - 1:58the Kievan Rus was born,
-
1:58 - 2:03"Rus" most likely deriving from
an old Norse word for "the men who row." -
2:03 - 2:07The new princedom had complex relations
with its neighbors, -
2:07 - 2:12alternating between alliance and warfare
with the Khazar and Byzantine Empires, -
2:12 - 2:14as well as neighboring tribes.
-
2:14 - 2:17Religion played an important
role in politics, -
2:17 - 2:20and as the legend goes, in 987,
-
2:20 - 2:25the Rus prince Vladamir I decided
it was time to abandon Slavic paganism, -
2:25 - 2:29and sent emissaries
to explore neighboring faiths. -
2:29 - 2:32Put off by Islam's prohibition on alcohol
-
2:32 - 2:35and Judaism's expulsion
from its holy land, -
2:35 - 2:38the ruler settled on Orthodox Christianity
-
2:38 - 2:42after hearing odd accounts
of its ceremonies. -
2:42 - 2:46With Vladimir's conversion and marriage
to the Byzantine emperor's sister, -
2:46 - 2:49as well as continued trade
along the Volga route, -
2:49 - 2:53the relationship between
the two civilizations deepened. -
2:53 - 2:56Byzantine missionaries created an alphabet
for Slavic languages -
2:56 - 2:59based on a modified Greek script
-
2:59 - 3:04while Rus Viking warriors served as the
Byzantine Emperor's elite guard. -
3:04 - 3:05For several generations,
-
3:05 - 3:10the Kievan Rus flourished
from its rich resources and trade. -
3:10 - 3:13Its noblemen and noblewomen married
prominent European rulers, -
3:13 - 3:16while residents of some cities
enjoyed great culture, -
3:16 - 3:21literacy, and even democratic freedoms
uncommon for the time. -
3:21 - 3:24But nothing lasts forever.
-
3:24 - 3:29Fratricidal disputes over succession
began to erode central power -
3:29 - 3:35as increasingly independent cities
ruled by rival princes vied for control. -
3:35 - 3:37The Fourth Crusade
and decline of Constantinople -
3:37 - 3:42devastated the trade integral
to Rus wealth and power, -
3:42 - 3:45while Teutonic crusaders
threatened northern territories. -
3:45 - 3:49The final blow, however, would
come from the east. -
3:49 - 3:51Consumed by their squabbles,
-
3:51 - 3:54Rus princes paid little attention
to the rumors -
3:54 - 3:56of a mysterious unstoppable hoard
-
3:56 - 4:04until 1237, when 35,000 mounted
archers led by Batu Khan -
4:04 - 4:06swept through the Rus cities,
-
4:06 - 4:11sacking Kiev before continuing
on to Hungary and Poland. -
4:11 - 4:15The age of Kievan Rus had come to an end,
its people now divided. -
4:15 - 4:18In the east, which remained
under Mongol rule, -
4:18 - 4:21a remote trading post, known as Moscow,
-
4:21 - 4:24would grow to challenge
the power of the Khans, -
4:24 - 4:26conquering parts
of their fragmenting empire, -
4:26 - 4:29and, in many ways, succeeding it.
-
4:29 - 4:32As it absorbed other
eastern Rus territories, -
4:32 - 4:36it reclaimed the old name
in its Greek form, Ruscia. -
4:36 - 4:40Meanwhile, the western regions
whose leaders had avoided destruction -
4:40 - 4:43through political maneuvering
until the hoard withdrew -
4:43 - 4:46came under the influence of Poland
and Lithuania. -
4:46 - 4:48For the next few centuries,
-
4:48 - 4:50the former lands of Kievan Rus
-
4:50 - 4:52populated by Slavs,
-
4:52 - 4:53ruled by Vikings,
-
4:53 - 4:54taught by Greeks,
-
4:54 - 4:56and split by Mongols
-
4:56 - 5:01would develop differences in society,
culture and language -
5:01 - 5:02that remain to the present day.
- Title:
- Where did Russia come from? - Alex Gendler
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/where-did-russia-come-from-alex-gendler
Russia is the biggest country in the world, spanning one-eighth of the earth’s landmass. But where did it all begin? Alex Gendler explores the epic history of the Kievan Rus, where characters ranging from Viking raiders and Western crusaders to Byzantine missionaries and Mongol hordes all played a role to create a unique civilization standing at the crossroads of culture and geography.
Lesson by Alex Gendler, animation by Draško Ivezić.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 05:20
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Jennifer Cody edited English subtitles for Where did Russia come from? - Alex Gendler |