What is a gift economy? - Alex Gendler
-
0:06 - 0:08This holiday season,
-
0:08 - 0:11people around the world will give
and receive presents. -
0:11 - 0:13You might even get
a knitted sweater from an aunt. -
0:13 - 0:17But what if instead of saying "thanks"
before consigning it to the closet, -
0:17 - 0:19the polite response expected from you
-
0:19 - 0:23was to show up to her house
in a week with a better gift? -
0:23 - 0:26Or to vote for her in the town election?
-
0:26 - 0:28Or let her adopt your firstborn child?
-
0:28 - 0:31All of these things might not
sound so strange -
0:31 - 0:34if you are involved in a gift economy.
-
0:34 - 0:36This phrase might seem contradictory.
-
0:36 - 0:39After all, isn't a gift given for free?
-
0:39 - 0:43But in a gift economy,
gifts given without explicit conditions -
0:43 - 0:47are used to foster a system
of social ties and obligations. -
0:47 - 0:50While the market economies we know
are formed by relationships -
0:50 - 0:52between the things being traded,
-
0:52 - 0:54a gift economy consists
of the relationships -
0:54 - 0:57between the people doing the trading.
-
0:57 - 1:01Gift economies have existed
throughout human history. -
1:01 - 1:02The first studies of the concept
-
1:02 - 1:07came from anthropologists
Bronislaw Malinowski and Marcel Mauss -
1:07 - 1:09who describe the natives
of the Trobriand islands -
1:09 - 1:12making dangerous canoe journeys
across miles of ocean -
1:12 - 1:16to exchange shell necklaces
and arm bands. -
1:16 - 1:19The items traded through this process,
known as the kula ring, -
1:19 - 1:21have no practical use,
-
1:21 - 1:23but derive importance
from their original owners -
1:23 - 1:27and carry an obligation
to continue the exchange. -
1:27 - 1:30Other gift economies
may involve useful items, -
1:30 - 1:33such as the potlatch feast
of the Pacific Northwest, -
1:33 - 1:38where chiefs compete for prestige
by giving away livestock and blankets. -
1:38 - 1:40We might say that instead
of accumulating material wealth, -
1:40 - 1:45participants in a gift economy
use it to accumulate social wealth. -
1:45 - 1:49Though some instances of gift economies
may resemble barter, -
1:49 - 1:53the difference is that the original gift
is given without any preconditions -
1:53 - 1:55or haggling.
-
1:55 - 1:57Instead, the social norm of reciprocity
-
1:57 - 2:01obligates recipients to voluntarily
return the favor. -
2:01 - 2:05But the rules for how and when to do so
vary between cultures, -
2:05 - 2:09and the return on a gift
can take many forms. -
2:09 - 2:11A powerful chief giving
livestock to a poor man -
2:11 - 2:14may not expect goods in return,
-
2:14 - 2:17but gains social prestige
at the debtor's expense. -
2:17 - 2:20And among the Toraja people of Indonesia,
-
2:20 - 2:25the status gained from gift ceremonies
even determines land ownership. -
2:25 - 2:27The key is to keep the gift cycle going,
-
2:27 - 2:30with someone always
indebted to someone else. -
2:30 - 2:31Repaying a gift immediately,
-
2:31 - 2:34or with something of exactly equal value,
-
2:34 - 2:37may be read as ending
the social relationship. -
2:37 - 2:41So, are gift economies exclusive
to small-scale societies -
2:41 - 2:43outside the industrialized world?
-
2:43 - 2:44Not quite.
-
2:44 - 2:46For one thing, even in these cultures,
-
2:46 - 2:50gift economies function alongside
a market system for other exchanges. -
2:50 - 2:52And when we think about it,
-
2:52 - 2:56parts of our own societies
work in similar ways. -
2:56 - 2:58Communal spaces, such as Burning Man,
-
2:58 - 3:00operate as a mix of barter
and a gift economy, -
3:00 - 3:04where selling things
for money is strictly taboo. -
3:04 - 3:05In art and technology,
-
3:05 - 3:09gift economies are emerging
as an alternative to intellectual property -
3:09 - 3:10where artists,
-
3:10 - 3:11musicians,
-
3:11 - 3:13and open-source developers
-
3:13 - 3:16distribute their creative works,
not for financial profit, -
3:16 - 3:20but to raise their social profile
or establish their community role. -
3:20 - 3:22And even potluck dinners
and holiday gift traditions -
3:22 - 3:26involve some degree
of reciprocity and social norms. -
3:26 - 3:28We might wonder if a gift is truly a gift
-
3:28 - 3:32if it comes with obligations
or involves some social pay off. -
3:32 - 3:34But this is missing the point.
-
3:34 - 3:38Our idea of a free gift
without social obligations -
3:38 - 3:42prevails only if we already think
of everything in market terms. -
3:42 - 3:43And in a commericalized world,
-
3:43 - 3:47the idea of strengthening bonds
through giving and reciprocity -
3:47 - 3:50may not be such a bad thing,
wherever you may live.
- Title:
- What is a gift economy? - Alex Gendler
- Speaker:
- Alex Gendler
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-is-a-gift-economy-alex-gendler
What if, this holiday season, instead of saying "thank you" to your aunt for her gift of a knitted sweater, the polite response expected from you was to show up at her house in a week with a better gift? Or to vote for her in the town election? Or let her adopt your firstborn child? Alex Gendler explains how all of these things might not sound so strange if you were involved in a gift economy.
Lesson by Alex Gendler, animation by Avi Ofer.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 04:06
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OLGA DANILENKO
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