[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.14,0:00:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well good afternoon everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.24,0:00:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you all very much for coming along today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.20,0:00:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to begin my talk with a story.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.90,0:00:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a story that begins but does not end
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.45,0:00:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a mathematician named Tim Gowers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.54,0:00:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gowers is one of the world's\Nmost renowned mathematicians,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.94,0:00:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he is a professor at Cambridge University\Nand the recipient
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.84,0:00:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Fields Medal, often called\Nthe Nobel Prize of Mathematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.44,0:00:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gowers is also a blogger
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.83,0:00:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in January of 2009\Nhe used his blog
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.54,0:00:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pose a very striking question:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.02,0:00:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is massively collaborative mathematics possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.35,0:00:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what he was proposing in this post\Nwas to use his
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.89,0:01:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blog to attack a difficult unsolved\Nmathematical problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.14,0:01:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a problem which he said\Nhe "would love to solve"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.49,0:01:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely in the open,\Nusing his blog to post
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.49,0:01:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his ideas and his partial progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.10,0:01:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's more, he issued an open invitation
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.54,0:01:18.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inviting anybody in the world who thought that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.83,0:01:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had an idea to contribute to post their idea
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.12,0:01:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the comment section of the blog.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.20,0:01:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His hope was that by combining the ideas\Nof many minds
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.50,0:01:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he could make easy work\Nof his hard mathematical problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.16,0:01:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He called this experiment the Polymath Project.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.28,0:01:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the Polymath Project got off to a slow start.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.32,0:01:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first 7 hours nobody posted any comments.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.59,0:01:46.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, a mathematician from\Nthe University of British Columbia
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.100,0:01:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named Joseph Somolosie\Nposted a short comment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.32,0:01:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he seemed to break the ice\Nbecause a few minutes later
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.60,0:01:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a high school teacher\Nnamed Jason Dyer posted
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.33,0:01:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a suggestion.\NAnd a few minutes after that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.87,0:02:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another mathematician\Nnamed Terence Tao,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.08,0:02:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also a "Fields" medalist,\Nposted an idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.33,0:02:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And things really started to move\Nquickly at this point.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.05,0:02:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the next 37 days\N27 different people would post
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.79,0:02:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,800 substantive comments\Ncontaining 170,000 words.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.97,0:02:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was not a serious participant\Nbut I was following along closely from the start.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.54,0:02:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was just amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.76,0:02:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The speed with which an idea\Nwould be tentatively proposed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.100,0:02:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then really rapidly developed\Nby other people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.02,0:02:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and improved sometimes discarded.\NIt's just amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.15,0:02:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gowers described the process as being
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.83,0:02:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ordinary research as driving is to pushing a car.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.08,0:02:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end of the 37 days,\NGowers used his blog to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.61,0:02:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,announce that they had solved\Nthe core problem, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.36,0:02:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had solved a harder\Ngeneralization of the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.59,0:02:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Polymath Project had succeeded.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.85,0:03:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what the Polymath Project suggests,\Nat least to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.82,0:03:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we can use the internet to build tools
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.84,0:03:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually expand our ability to solve
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.61,0:03:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most challenging intellectual problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.73,0:03:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or to put it in another way,\Nwe can build tools which actively
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.52,0:03:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amplify our collective intelligence\Nin much the same way
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.68,0:03:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as for millennia we've used\Nphysical tools to amplify
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.32,0:03:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our strength. OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.64,0:03:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what I'd like to talk about today,\Nwhat I'd like
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.31,0:03:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explore today,\Nis what this means for science.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.05,0:03:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's much more important than just\Nsolving a single mathematical problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.30,0:03:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means an expansion in the range of scientific
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.19,0:03:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problems we can hope to attack at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.39,0:03:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means potentially an acceleration\Nin the rate of scientific discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.94,0:03:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means a change in the way\Nwe construct knowledge itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.61,0:03:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, before I get too over-excited, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.82,0:03:58.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like to talk about some of the challenges,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.57,0:03:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.78,0:04:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Particularly, I'd like to describe\Na failure of this approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.96,0:04:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it occurred in 2005, or started in 2005,\Na grad student
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.04,0:04:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Caltech, named John Stockton,\Nhad a very good idea
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.13,0:04:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for what he called the "Quantum Wiki"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.26,0:04:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "Qwiki" for short. OK?\NIt's a great idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.73,0:04:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What he did with the Qwiki, was --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.36,0:04:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of the Qwiki was that it was going to be
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.29,0:04:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a great repository of human knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.14,0:04:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much like Wikipedia.\NBut instead of being focused
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.10,0:04:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on general knowledge\Nit was gonna be focused on
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.37,0:04:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specialist knowledge\Nin quantum computing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.73,0:04:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was gonna be a kind\Nof a super textbook for the field,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.42,0:04:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with information about\Nall the latest research,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.97,0:04:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what the big open problems\Nin the field were,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.02,0:04:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people's speculation about how to solve\Nthe problems and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.59,0:04:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like Wikipedia, the intention was\Nthat it would be written
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.03,0:04:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the users, in this case,\Nby experts in quantum computing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.93,0:05:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was present at the conference\Nof Caltech in 2005
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.25,0:05:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it was announced\Nand some of the people who I spoke to
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.22,0:05:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were very skeptical,\Nbut some of the people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.91,0:05:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were very excited about the idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.85,0:05:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were impressed\Nby the implementation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.60,0:05:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were impressed\Nby the amount of initial
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.55,0:05:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seed material\Nwhich had been put on the site
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.76,0:05:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of all\Nthey were excited by the vision.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.67,0:05:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just because they were excited
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.62,0:05:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't mean they wanted\Nto take the time themselves to contribute.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.97,0:05:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They hoped that other people would do so.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.13,0:05:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the end,\Nnobody, essentially,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.88,0:05:33.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was really all that interested\Nin contributing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.67,0:05:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look today,\Nexcept in a few small corners,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.48,0:05:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Qwiki is essentially dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.06,0:05:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sad to say,\Nthis is quite a common story.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.72,0:05:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many scientists,\Nin fields ranging from genetics
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.75,0:05:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to String Theory,\Nhave tried to start science-wikis
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.62,0:05:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along very similar lines.\NAnd typically they've failed,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.30,0:05:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for essentially the same reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.08,0:05:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just science-wikis either.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.85,0:05:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inspired by Facebook,\Nmany organizations have tried
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.08,0:06:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create social networks\Nfor scientists which will
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.52,0:06:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connect scientists to other people\Nwith similar interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.35,0:06:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they can share things like data\Nor code their ideas and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.07,0:06:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, it sounds like a good idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.17,0:06:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you join one of these sites,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.54,0:06:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will quickly discover\Nthat they are essentially empty.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.34,0:06:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are virtual ghost towns.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.87,0:06:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's going on?\NWhat's the problem here?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.23,0:06:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are these promising sites failing?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.87,0:06:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, imagine that you are\Nan ambitious young scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.76,0:06:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I know some of you here are\Nambitious young scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.24,0:06:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine you are\Nan ambitious young scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.92,0:06:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would really like to get a good job,\Na permanent job,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.50,0:06:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a good job, doing the work that you love.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.02,0:06:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's incredibly competitive to get such jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.08,0:06:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often there will be hundreds
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.62,0:06:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of very highly qualified applicants for positions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.32,0:06:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so you find yourself working,\N60, 70, 80 hours a week
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.44,0:07:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing the one thing that you know\Nwill get you such a job.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.95,0:07:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is writing scientific papers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.58,0:07:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might think that the Qwiki\Nis a wonderful idea in principle,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.13,0:07:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you also know that writing\Na single mediocre paper
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.48,0:07:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would yield much more\Nfor your career in your job prospects
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.60,0:07:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a long series of brilliant contributions\Nto such a site.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.74,0:07:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even though you may like the idea,\Nyou may think
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.39,0:07:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it will advance science more quickly,\Nyou just can't
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.48,0:07:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conceive of it as being part of your job.\NIt's not.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.06,0:07:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only things which can succeed\Nin this kind of environment
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.51,0:07:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are projects like the Polymath Project,\Nwhich even though
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.68,0:07:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they employ an unconventional means to an end
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.39,0:07:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have an essential conservatism about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.61,0:07:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The end product of the Polymath Project
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.58,0:07:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was still a scientific paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.76,0:07:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it was several papers.\NRight?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.07,0:07:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So unconventional means\Nbut conventional ends.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.35,0:07:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is a kind of conservatism about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.53,0:07:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't get me wrong,\Nthe Polymath Project is terrific
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.31,0:08:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is a pity that scientists can only
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.20,0:08:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use tools which have\Nthis kind of conservative nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.71,0:08:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me tell you a story about an instance
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.74,0:08:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we moved away from this conservatism.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.86,0:08:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a rare story where the conservatism\Nhas been broken.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.44,0:08:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It occurred in the 1990s when,\Nas you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.08,0:08:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first time biologists\Nwere taking large amounts
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.07,0:08:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of genetic data to collect\Nin the Human Genome Project.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.24,0:08:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there were sites online\Nwhich would allow biologists
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.70,0:08:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to upload that data so it can be shared\Nwith other people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.79,0:08:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the world\Nand analyzed by other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.97,0:08:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably the best one of these\Nis the site GenBank
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.72,0:08:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which some of you may have heard of or used.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.13,0:08:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these sites, like GenBank,\Nhad the problem in common
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.58,0:08:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Qwiki that scientists, they're not paid\Nor rewarded for sharing their data.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.42,0:08:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's all about publishing papers.\NSo there was
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.06,0:09:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a considerable reluctance\Nto actually upload the data.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.63,0:09:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody could see\Nthat this was silly but it was
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.56,0:09:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obvious that this was\Nthe right thing to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.85,0:09:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just because this was obvious\Ndidn't mean
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.67,0:09:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people were actually doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.46,0:09:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a meeting was convened\Nin Bermuda in 1996
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.83,0:09:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of many of the world's\Nleading molecular biologists.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.47,0:09:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they sat and they discussed\Nthe problem
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.79,0:09:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for several days and they came up with,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.08,0:09:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are now called the Bermuda Principles,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.58,0:09:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which state that:\Nfirst -- once human genetic data
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.10,0:09:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is taken in the lab,\Nit should be immediately uploaded
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.32,0:09:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a site like Gene Bank,\Nand two --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.88,0:09:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the data would be in the public domain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.11,0:09:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these principles were given teeth because
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.87,0:09:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were taken by the big\Nscientific grant agencies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.88,0:09:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the US National Institutes of Health,\Nthe UK Wellcome Trust
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.44,0:09:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually baked into policy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.47,0:09:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it meant that if you were a scientist
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.48,0:09:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wanted to work on the Human Genome,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.31,0:09:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you had to agree to abide by these principles,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.32,0:09:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And today, I'm very pleased to say, as a result,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.30,0:10:00.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can go online -- anybody here -- and download
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.13,0:10:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the human genome.\NSo that's a terrific story.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.92,0:10:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Human Genome\Nis just a tiny fraction
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.78,0:10:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all scientific knowledge.\NRight?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.19,0:10:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even just in other parts of genetics,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.90,0:10:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is so much knowledge\Nthat is still locked up.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.44,0:10:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I spoke with one bioinformatician who told me
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.04,0:10:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he'd been "sitting on the genome\Nof an entire species
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.88,0:10:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for more than a year."\NAn entire species --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.83,0:10:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in other parts of science,\Nit is routine
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.47,0:10:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that scientists hoard their data,\Nthey hoard the computer code
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.91,0:10:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they write,\Nthat could be useful potentially
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.05,0:10:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to other people,\Nthey hoard their best ideas and they often
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.62,0:10:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hoard even the descriptions of the problems
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.55,0:10:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they think are most interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.74,0:10:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what I and other people\Nin the Open Science Movement
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.18,0:10:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would like to do is\Nwe'd like to change this situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.04,0:10:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would like to change\Nthe culture of science
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.43,0:10:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that scientists become\Nmuch more strongly motivated
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.27,0:10:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to share all of these\Ndifferent kinds of knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.81,0:11:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to change the values\Nof individual scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.34,0:11:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they start to see it\Nas part of their job to be sharing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.28,0:11:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their data, to be sharing their code.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.91,0:11:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be sharing their best ideas\Nand their problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.29,0:11:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if we can do this,\Nthis kind of change in values,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.62,0:11:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we will indeed start\Nto see these individual scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.54,0:11:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rewarded for doing these things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.32,0:11:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They will be incentives to do them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.64,0:11:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a difficult thing to do, however.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.11,0:11:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're talking about changing the culture\Nof entire large parts of science.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.47,0:11:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it has happened before once in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.80,0:11:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right back at the dawn of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.53,0:11:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galileo, 1609, he points his telescope\Nup at the sky
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.88,0:11:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards Saturn, and he sees\Nfor the first time in history
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.74,0:11:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we now know are the rings of Saturn.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.43,0:11:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does he tell everybody in the world?\NNo.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.56,0:11:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He doesn't do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.76,0:12:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He writes down a description, privately,\Nand then he scrambles
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.12,0:12:06.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the letters in the description\Ninto an anagram and he sends
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.100,0:12:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that anagram to several\Nof his astronomer rivals.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.59,0:12:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what this ensures is that\Nif they later make the same discovery,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.41,0:12:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he can reveal the anagram and get the credit
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.50,0:12:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the meantime he hasn't given up\Nany knowledge at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.94,0:12:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm sad to say that he was\Nno uncommon at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.12,0:12:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Newton, Huygens, Hooke, Leonardo,\Nthey all used similar devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.37,0:12:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The printing press had been around\Nfor 150 years by this time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.41,0:12:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet there was a great battle\Nin the 17th and 18th centuries
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.98,0:12:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change the culture of science\Nso that it became
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.50,0:12:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expected that when a scientist\Nmade a discovery
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.38,0:12:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would would reveal it in a journal.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.04,0:12:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's great. That change has happened.\NTerrific!
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.54,0:12:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today we have new technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.80,0:13:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new opportunities to share our knowledge\Nin new ways
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.08,0:13:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the ability to create\Ntools that actually allow us
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.13,0:13:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve problems in entirely new ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.76,0:13:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need to have a second\NOpen Science Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.69,0:13:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is my belief that any publicly funded science
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.96,0:13:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be open science.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.18,0:13:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we achieve this change?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.16,0:13:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you are a scientist\N-- and I know many of you
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.18,0:13:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not scientists\N-- but if you are a scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.86,0:13:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then there are things that you can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.98,0:13:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can get involved\Nin an open science project
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.69,0:13:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if it's just for a small fraction\Nof your time.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.12,0:13:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can find forums online\Nwhere you can share
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.71,0:13:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your knowledge in new ways,\Nways that allow
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.97,0:13:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other people to build on that knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.81,0:13:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also,\Nif you are more ambitious,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.65,0:13:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start an open science project of your own.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.15,0:13:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're really bold you may wish\Nto experiment with
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.79,0:14:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entirely new ways of collaborating in much
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.15,0:14:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same way as the Polymath Project did.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.78,0:14:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But above all, what you should do,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.13,0:14:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is be very generous in giving credit\Nto those of your colleagues
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.12,0:14:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are practicing science in the open\Nand to promote their work.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.89,0:14:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These only conservative\Nscientific values that look down
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.29,0:14:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on these activities --\Nthe sharing of data, the blogging,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.64,0:14:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or using the wikis and so on --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.66,0:14:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can reject those\Nconservative values and engage
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.06,0:14:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your scientific colleagues in conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.42,0:14:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to promote the value of these\Nnew ways of working,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.62,0:14:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to emphasize that it takes\Nbravery to do these things
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.83,0:14:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly by young scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.59,0:14:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's through such conversation\Nthat the culture of science
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.33,0:14:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be changed.\NSo if you are not a scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.93,0:14:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are also things that you can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.76,0:14:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My belief is that the single most important thing
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.51,0:14:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can do to give impetus\Nto open science,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.32,0:15:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to create a general awareness\Namongst the population
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.59,0:15:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the issue of open science\Nand of its critical importance.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.51,0:15:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there is that general awareness,\Nthen the scientific
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.41,0:15:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,community will inevitably find,\Nit will be dragged
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.45,0:15:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the population at large\Nin the right direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.06,0:15:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are simple things you can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.50,0:15:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can talk to your friends and acquaintances
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.38,0:15:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are scientists and just ask them
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.26,0:15:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are they doing to work more openly.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.14,0:15:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or you can use your imagination\Nand your personal power
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.04,0:15:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to raise awareness in other ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.63,0:15:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're talking about changing\Nnot just what scientists do
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.29,0:15:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what grant agencies do,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.10,0:15:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what universities do\Nand what governments do.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.92,0:15:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can influence all of those things.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.77,0:15:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our society faces a fundamental question:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.46,0:15:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What kinds of knowledge are we going to expect
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.60,0:15:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and incentivise our scientists to share?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.35,0:15:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will we continue as we have done in the past
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.49,0:16:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or will we embrace new kinds\Nof sharing which lead
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.67,0:16:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to new methods for solving problems\Nand an acceleration
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.64,0:16:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the process of science\Nentirely across the board.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.12,0:16:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My hope is that we will embrace open science
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.91,0:16:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really seize this opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.20,0:16:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have to reinvent discovery itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.52,0:16:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.\N(Applause)