[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.39,0:00:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is covered in invisible ecosystems
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.11,0:00:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made of tiny lifeforms: bacteria, viruses and fungi.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.59,0:00:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our desks, our computers, our pencils, our buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.70,0:00:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all harbor resident microbial landscapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.15,0:00:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we design these things, we could be thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.91,0:00:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about designing these invisible worlds,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.73,0:00:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also thinking about how they interact
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.97,0:00:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with our personal ecosystems.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.73,0:00:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our bodies are home to trillions of microbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.37,0:00:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these creatures define who we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.73,0:00:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The microbes in your gut can influence your weight and your moods.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.61,0:00:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The microbes on your skin can help boost your immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.07,0:00:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The microbes in your mouth can freshen your breath,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.08,0:00:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.55,0:00:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the key thing is that our personal ecosystems
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.53,0:00:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interact with ecosystems on everything we touch.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.59,0:00:53.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, when you touch a pencil,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.19,0:00:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,microbial exchange happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.02,0:01:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we can design the invisible ecosystems in our surroundings,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.91,0:01:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this opens a path to influencing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.54,0:01:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our health in unprecedented ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.93,0:01:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I get asked all of the time from people,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.39,0:01:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Is it possible to really design microbial ecosystems?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.46,0:01:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I believe the answer is yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.01,0:01:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we're doing it right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.94,0:01:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're doing it unconsciously.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.04,0:01:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to share data with you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.01,0:01:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one aspect of my research focused on architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.74,0:01:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that demonstrates how, through both conscious
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.86,0:01:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unconscious design,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.07,0:01:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're impacting these invisible worlds.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.08,0:01:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Lillis Business Complex at the University of Oregon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.31,0:01:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I worked with a team of architects and biologists
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.99,0:01:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sample over 300 rooms in this building.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.17,0:01:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We wanted to get something like a fossil record of the building,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.18,0:01:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to do this, we sampled dust.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.49,0:01:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the dust, we pulled out bacterial cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.40,0:02:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,broke them open, and compared their gene sequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.80,0:02:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that people in my group
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.53,0:02:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were doing a lot of vacuuming during this project.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.84,0:02:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a picture of Tim, who,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.36,0:02:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right when I snapped this picture, reminded me,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.81,0:02:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said, "Jessica, the last lab group I worked in
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.38,0:02:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was doing fieldwork in the Costa Rican rainforest,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.36,0:02:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and things have changed dramatically for me."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.11,0:02:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to show you now first what we found in the offices,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.86,0:02:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're going to look at the data through a visualization tool
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.94,0:02:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've been working on in partnership with Autodesk.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.48,0:02:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way that you look at this data is,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.95,0:02:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first, look around the outside of the circle.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.53,0:02:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll see broad bacterial groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.55,0:02:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you look at the shape of this pink lobe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.39,0:02:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it tells you something about the relative abundance of each group.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.41,0:02:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at 12 o'clock, you'll see that offices have a lot of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.90,0:02:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alphaproteobacteria, and at one o'clock
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.46,0:02:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll see that bacilli are relatively rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.66,0:02:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look at what's going on in different space types in this building.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.02,0:03:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look inside the restrooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.04,0:03:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they all have really similar ecosystems,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.18,0:03:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you were to look inside the classrooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.50,0:03:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those also have similar ecosystems.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.37,0:03:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you look across these space types,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.78,0:03:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see that they're fundamentally different
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.18,0:03:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one another.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.34,0:03:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like to think of bathrooms like a tropical rainforest.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.33,0:03:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I told Tim, "If you could just see the microbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.82,0:03:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's kind of like being in Costa Rica. Kind of."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.85,0:03:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I also like to think of offices as being a temperate grassland.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.38,0:03:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This perspective is a really powerful one for designers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.59,0:03:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you can bring on principles of ecology,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.02,0:03:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a really important principle of ecology is dispersal,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.93,0:03:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way organisms move around.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.66,0:03:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that microbes are dispersed around by people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.84,0:03:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by air.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.91,0:03:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the very first thing we wanted to do in this building
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.75,0:03:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was look at the air system.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.60,0:03:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mechanical engineers design air handling units
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.83,0:03:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make sure that people are comfortable,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.02,0:04:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the air flow and temperature is just right.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.58,0:04:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do this using principles of physics and chemistry,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.12,0:04:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they could also be using biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.50,0:04:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.61,0:04:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one of the air handling units in this building,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.66,0:04:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll see that they're all very similar to one another.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.65,0:04:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you compare this to the microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.18,0:04:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a different air handling unit,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.33,0:04:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll see that they're fundamentally different.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.04,0:04:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rooms in this building are like islands in an archipelago,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.59,0:04:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what that means is that mechanical engineers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.45,0:04:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are like eco-engineers, and they have the ability
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.12,0:04:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to structure biomes in this building the way that they want to.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.71,0:04:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another facet of how microbes get around is by people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.82,0:04:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and designers often cluster rooms together
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.98,0:04:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to facilitate interactions among people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.04,0:04:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the sharing of ideas, like in labs and in offices.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.51,0:04:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Given that microbes travel around with people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.18,0:04:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might expect to see rooms that are close together
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.86,0:05:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have really similar biomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.11,0:05:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is exactly what we found.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.59,0:05:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at classrooms right adjacent to one another,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.76,0:05:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have very similar ecosystems,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.96,0:05:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you go to an office
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.10,0:05:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is a farther walking distance away,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.14,0:05:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ecosystem is fundamentally different.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.88,0:05:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I see the power that dispersal has
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.42,0:05:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on these biogeographic patterns,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.70,0:05:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes me think that it's possible
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.26,0:05:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tackle really challenging problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like hospital-acquired infections.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.46,0:05:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe this has got to be, in part,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.07,0:05:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a building ecology problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.71,0:05:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, I'm going to tell you one more story about this building.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.50,0:05:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am collaborating with Charlie Brown.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.97,0:05:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's an architect,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.51,0:05:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Charlie is deeply concerned about global climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.84,0:05:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's dedicated his life to sustainable design.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.78,0:06:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he met me and realized that it was possible for him
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.88,0:06:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to study in a quantitative way
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.06,0:06:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how his design choices impacted
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.63,0:06:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ecology and biology of this building,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.59,0:06:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he got really excited, because it added a new dimension to what he did.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.10,0:06:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He went from thinking just about energy
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.97,0:06:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to also starting to think about human health.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.46,0:06:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He helped design some of the air handling systems
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.32,0:06:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this building and the way it was ventilated.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.51,0:06:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I'm first going to show you is
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.24,0:06:30.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,air that we sampled outside of the building.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.79,0:06:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're looking at is a signature of bacterial communities
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.96,0:06:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the outdoor air, and how they vary over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.94,0:06:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next I'm going to show you what happened
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.92,0:06:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we experimentally manipulated classrooms.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.57,0:06:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We blocked them off at night
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.19,0:06:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they got no ventilation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.46,0:06:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of buildings are operated this way,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.63,0:06:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably where you work,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.38,0:06:56.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and companies do this to save money on their energy bill.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.35,0:07:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found is that these rooms remained relatively stagnant
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.28,0:07:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until Saturday, when we opened the vents up again.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.34,0:07:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you walked into those rooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.92,0:07:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they smelled really bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.90,0:07:09.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our data suggests that it had something to do with
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.100,0:07:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving behind the airborne bacterial soup
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.07,0:07:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from people the day before.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.74,0:07:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Contrast this to rooms
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.92,0:07:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were designed using a sustainable passive design strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.20,0:07:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where air came in from the outside through louvers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.98,0:07:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In these rooms, the air tracked the outdoor air relatively well,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.78,0:07:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when Charlie saw this, he got really excited.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.91,0:07:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He felt like he had made a good choice
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.02,0:07:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the design process
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.76,0:07:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was both energy efficient
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.15,0:07:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it washed away the building's resident microbial landscape.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.44,0:07:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The examples that I just gave you are about architecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.48,0:07:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're relevant to the design of anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.99,0:07:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine designing with the kinds of microbes that we want
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.16,0:07:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a plane
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.58,0:07:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or on a phone.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.52,0:08:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a new microbe, I just discovered it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.97,0:08:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called BLIS, and it's been shown
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.85,0:08:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to both ward off pathogens
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.03,0:08:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give you good breath.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.18,0:08:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wouldn't it be awesome if we all had BLIS on our phones?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.20,0:08:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A conscious approach to design,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.57,0:08:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm calling it bioinformed design,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.45,0:08:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think it's possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.93,0:08:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.37,0:08:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)