[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.95,0:00:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to have you look at this pencil.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.55,0:00:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a thing. It's a legal thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.41,0:00:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so are books you might have\Nor the cars you own.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.32,0:00:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're all legal things.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.26,0:00:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The great apes that you'll see behind me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.88,0:00:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they too are legal things.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.55,0:00:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I can do that to a legal thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.82,0:00:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can do whatever I want\Nto my book or my car.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.63,0:00:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These great apes, you'll see.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.53,0:00:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The photographs are taken by a man\Nnamed James Mollison
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.42,0:00:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wrote a book called\N"James & Other Apes."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.46,0:00:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he tells in his book\Nhow every single one them,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.23,0:00:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost every one of them, is an orphan
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.52,0:00:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who saw his mother and father\Ndie before his eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.11,0:00:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're legal things.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.75,0:00:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for centuries, there's been\Na great legal wall
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.44,0:00:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that separates legal things\Nfrom legal persons.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.78,0:00:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one hand, legal things\Nare invisible to judges.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.57,0:00:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't count in law.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.52,0:01:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't have any legal rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.22,0:01:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't have\Nthe capacity for legal rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.70,0:01:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are the slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.84,0:01:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other side of that legal wall\Nare the legal persons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.66,0:01:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Legal persons are very visible to judges.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.61,0:01:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They count in law.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.31,0:01:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may have many rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.24,0:01:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have the capacity\Nfor an infinite number of rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.14,0:01:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're the masters.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.30,0:01:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now, all nonhuman animals\Nare legal things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.78,0:01:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All human beings are legal persons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.66,0:01:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But being human and being a legal person
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.47,0:01:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has never been, and is not today,\Nsynonymous with a legal person.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.11,0:01:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans and legal persons\Nare not synonymous.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.48,0:01:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the one side,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.36,0:01:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there have been many human beings\Nover the centuries
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.49,0:01:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have been legal things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.46,0:01:50.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Slaves were legal things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.100,0:01:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women, children,\Nwere sometimes legal things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.50,0:01:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, a great deal of civil rights\Nstruggle over the last centuries
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.15,0:02:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been to punch a hole\Nthrough that wall and begin to feed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.66,0:02:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these human things through the wall\Nand have them become legal persons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.71,0:02:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But alas, that hole has closed up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.77,0:02:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, on the other side are legal persons,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.82,0:02:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they've never only been\Nlimited to human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.95,0:02:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are, for example, there are many\Nlegal persons who are not even alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.94,0:02:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.55,0:02:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're aware of the fact\Nthat corporations are legal persons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.54,0:02:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In pre-independence India,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.52,0:02:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a court held that a Hindu idol\Nwas a legal person,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.14,0:02:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a mosque was a legal person.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.20,0:02:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2000, the Indian Supreme Court
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.63,0:02:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,held that the holy books\Nof the Sikh religion was a legal person,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.17,0:02:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in 2012, just recently,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.47,0:02:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a treaty between\Nthe indigenous peoples of New Zealand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.23,0:02:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the crown, in which it was agreed\Nthat a river was a legal person
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.48,0:02:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who owned its own riverbed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.52,0:02:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I read Peter Singer's book in 1980,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.78,0:03:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I had a full head\Nof lush, brown hair,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.50,0:03:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed I was moved by it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.09,0:03:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I had become a lawyer because\NI wanted to speak for the voiceless,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.62,0:03:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,defend the defenseless,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.85,0:03:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd never realized how voiceless\Nand defenseless the trillions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.26,0:03:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,billions of nonhuman animals are.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.77,0:03:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I began to work\Nas an animal protection lawyer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.79,0:03:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by 1985, I realized that I was trying\Nto accomplish something
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.66,0:03:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was literally impossible,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.59,0:03:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reason being that all of my clients,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.22,0:03:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the animals whose interests\NI was trying to defend,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.70,0:03:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were legal things; they were invisible.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.18,0:03:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was not going to work, so I decided
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.10,0:03:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the only thing that was going to work\Nwas they had, at least some of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.07,0:03:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to also be moved through a hole\Nthat we could open up again in that wall
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.86,0:03:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and begin feeding the appropriate\Nnonhuman animals through that hole
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.44,0:03:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto the other side\Nof being legal persons.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.99,0:03:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, at that time, there was\Nvery little known about or spoken about
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.43,0:03:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,truly animal rights,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.79,0:04:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the idea of having legal personhood\Nor legal rights for a nonhuman animal,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.24,0:04:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I knew it was going\Nto take a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.00,0:04:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, in 1985, I figured that it\Nwould take about 30 years
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.40,0:04:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we'd be able to even begin\Na strategic litigation,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.93,0:04:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long-term campaign, in order to be able\Nto punch another hole through that wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.72,0:04:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turned out that I was pessimistic,\Nthat it only took 28.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.80,0:04:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we had to do in order\Nto begin was not only
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.24,0:04:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write law review articles\Nand teach classes, write books,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.92,0:04:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we had to then begin\Nto get down to the nuts and bolts
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.89,0:04:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how you litigate that kind of case.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.88,0:04:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the first things we needed to do\Nwas figure out what a cause of action was,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.91,0:04:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a legal cause of action.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.37,0:04:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a legal cause of action\Nis a vehicle that lawyers use
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.26,0:04:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to put their arguments in front of courts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.84,0:04:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out there's\Na very interesting case
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.74,0:05:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had occurred almost 250 years ago\Nin London called Somerset vs. Stewart,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.35,0:05:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereby a black slave\Nhad used the legal system
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.44,0:05:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had moved from a legal thing\Nto a legal person.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.32,0:05:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was so interested in it that I\Neventually wrote an entire book about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.39,0:05:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,James Somerset was an eight-year-old boy\Nwhen he was kidnapped from West Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.77,0:05:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He survived the Middle Passage,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.72,0:05:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was sold to a Scottish businessman\Nnamed Charles Stewart in Virginia.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.89,0:05:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, 20 years later, Stewart\Nbrought James Somerset to London,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.10,0:05:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after he got there, James decided\Nhe was going to escape.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.98,0:05:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so one of the first things he did\Nwas to get himself baptized,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.62,0:05:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he wanted to get\Na set of godparents,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.90,0:05:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because to an 18th-century slave,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.71,0:05:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they knew that one of the major\Nresponsibilities of godfathers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.87,0:05:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to help you escape.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.98,0:05:52.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so in the fall of 1771,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.100,0:05:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,James Somerset had a confrontation\Nwith Charles Stewart.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.64,0:06:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know exactly what happened,\Nbut then James dropped out of sight.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.31,0:06:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An enraged Charles Stewart\Nthen hired slave catchers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.31,0:06:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to canvass the city of London,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.55,0:06:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find him, bring him\Nnot back to Charles Stewart,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.15,0:06:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to a ship, the Ann and Mary,\Nthat was floating in London Harbour,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.17,0:06:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was chained to the deck,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.79,0:06:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the ship was to set sail for Jamaica
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.80,0:06:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where James was to be sold\Nin the slave markets
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.82,0:06:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be doomed to the three to five\Nyears of life that a slave had
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.30,0:06:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,harvesting sugar cane in Jamaica.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.15,0:06:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well now James' godparents\Nswung into action.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.36,0:06:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They approached the most powerful judge,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.87,0:06:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lord Mansfield, who was chief judge\Nof the court of King's Bench,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.51,0:06:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they demanded that he issue\Na common law writ of habeus corpus
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.16,0:06:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on behalf of James Somerset.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.99,0:06:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the common law is the kind of law\Nthat English-speaking judges can make
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.96,0:06:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're not cabined in\Nby statutes or constitutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.10,0:06:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a writ of habeus corpus\Nis called the Great Writ,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.70,0:06:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,capital G, capital W,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.76,0:06:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's meant to protect any of us\Nwho are detained against our will.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.29,0:07:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A writ of habeus corpus is issued.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.26,0:07:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The detainer is required\Nto bring the detainee in
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.70,0:07:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give a legally sufficient reason\Nfor depriving him of his bodily liberty.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.58,0:07:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Lord Mansfield had to make\Na decision right off the bat,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.57,0:07:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if James Somerset\Nwas a legal thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.35,0:07:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was not eligible\Nfor a writ of habeus corpus,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.42,0:07:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only if he could be a legal person.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.44,0:07:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Lord Mansfield decided\Nthat he would assume,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.46,0:07:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without deciding, that James Somerset\Nwas indeed a legal person,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.56,0:07:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he issued the writ of habeus corpus,\Nand James's body was brought in
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.97,0:07:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the captain of the ship.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.48,0:07:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were a series of hearings\Nover the next six months.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.18,0:07:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On June 22, 1772, Lord Mansfield\Nsaid that slavery was so odious,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.01,0:07:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he used the word "odious,"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.84,0:07:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the common law would not support it,\Nand he ordered James free.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.72,0:07:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that moment, James Somerset\Nunderwent a legal transubstantiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.88,0:07:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The free man who walked\Nout of the courtroom
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.94,0:07:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looked exactly like the slave\Nwho had walked in,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.19,0:08:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as far as the law was concerned,\Nthey had nothing whatsoever in common.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.79,0:08:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next thing we did is that\Nthe Nonhuman Rights Project,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.74,0:08:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I founded, then began to look at\Nwhat kind of values and principles
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.25,0:08:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do we want to put before the judges?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.13,0:08:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What values and principles\Ndid they imbibe with their mother's milk,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.01,0:08:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were they taught in law school,\Ndo they use every day,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.09,0:08:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do they believe with all their hearts --\Nand we chose liberty and equality.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.78,0:08:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, liberty right is the kind of right\Nto which you're entitled\N
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.81,0:08:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of how you're put together,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.15,0:08:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a fundamental liberty right\Nprotects a fundamental interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.49,0:08:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the supreme interest in the common law
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.72,0:08:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the rights to autonomy\Nand self-determination.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.02,0:08:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they are so powerful that\Nin a common law country,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.80,0:08:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you go to a hospital and you refuse\Nlife-saving medical treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.39,0:08:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a judge will not order it forced upon you,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.64,0:08:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they will respect\Nyour self-determination and your autonomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.45,0:09:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, an equality right is the kind\Nof right to which you're entitled
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.71,0:09:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you resemble someone else\Nin a relevant way,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.61,0:09:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's the rub, relevant way.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.60,0:09:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you are that, then because\Nthey have the right, you're like them,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.34,0:09:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're entitled to the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.68,0:09:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, courts and legislatures\Ndraw lines all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.85,0:09:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some are included, some are excluded.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.12,0:09:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you have to,\Nat the bare minimum you must --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.26,0:09:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that line has to be a reasonable means\Nto a legitimate end.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.70,0:09:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nonhuman Rights Project\Nargues that drawing a line
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.44,0:09:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to enslave an autonomous\Nand self-determining being
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.74,0:09:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like you're seeing behind me,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.53,0:09:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that that's a violation of equality.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.27,0:09:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then searched through 80 jurisdictions,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.82,0:09:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it took us seven years,\Nto find the jurisdiction
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.06,0:09:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we wanted to begin\Nfiling our first suit.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.27,0:09:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We chose the state of New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.77,0:09:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we decided upon\Nwho our plaintiffs are going to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.39,0:09:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We decided upon chimpanzees,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.26,0:09:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just because Jane Goodall\Nwas on our board of directors,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.11,0:09:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because they, Jane and others,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.86,0:10:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have studied chimpanzees\Nintensively for decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.58,0:10:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know the extraordinary\Ncognitive capabilities that they have,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.16,0:10:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they also resemble the kind\Nthat human beings have.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.29,0:10:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we chose chimpanzees,\Nand we began to then canvass the world
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.42,0:10:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find the experts\Nin chimpanzee cognition.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.26,0:10:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found them in Japan, Sweden, Germany,\NScotland, England and the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.76,0:10:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and amongst them, they wrote\N100 pages of affidavits
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.52,0:10:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which they set out more than 40 ways
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.32,0:10:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which their complex\Ncognitive capability,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.12,0:10:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either individually or together,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.14,0:10:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all added up to autonomy\Nand self-determination.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.43,0:10:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these included, for example,\Nthat they were conscious.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.94,0:10:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they're also conscious\Nthat they're conscious.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.28,0:10:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They know they have a mind.\NThey know that others have minds.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.14,0:10:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They know they're individuals,\Nand that they can live.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.68,0:10:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They understand that they lived yesterday\Nand they will live tomorrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.98,0:10:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They engage in mental time travel.\NThey remember what happened yesterday.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.42,0:10:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can anticipate tomorrow,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.87,0:10:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why it's so terrible to imprison\Na chimpanzee, especially alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.59,0:11:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the thing that we do\Nto our worst criminals,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.18,0:11:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we do that to chimpanzees\Nwithout even thinking about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.72,0:11:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have some kind of moral capacity.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.43,0:11:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they play economic games\Nwith human beings,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.35,0:11:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll spontaneously make fair offers,\Neven when they're not required to do so.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.39,0:11:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are numerate.\NThey understand numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.42,0:11:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can do some simple math.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.80,0:11:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can engage in language --\Nor to stay out of the language wars,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.87,0:11:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're involved in intentional\Nand referential communication
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.23,0:11:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which they pay attention\Nto the attitudes of those
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.72,0:11:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with whom they are speaking.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.25,0:11:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.90,0:11:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a material culture,\Na social culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.50,0:11:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a symbolic culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.92,0:11:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists in the Taï Forests\Nin the Ivory Coast
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.82,0:11:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found chimpanzees who were using\Nthese rocks to smash open
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.35,0:11:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the incredibly hard hulls of nuts.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.13,0:11:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes a long time\Nto learn how to do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.43,0:11:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they excavated the area\Nand they found
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.54,0:11:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this material culture,\Nthis way of doing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.38,0:11:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these rocks, had passed down\Nfor at least 4,300 years
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.72,0:12:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through 225 chimpanzee generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.71,0:12:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now we needed to find our chimpanzee.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.10,0:12:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our chimpanzee,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.28,0:12:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first we found two of them\Nin the state of New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.19,0:12:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both of them would die before\Nwe could even get our suits filed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.39,0:12:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we found Tommy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.27,0:12:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tommy is a chimpanzee.\NYou see him behind me.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.38,0:12:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tommy was a chimpanzee.\NWe found him in that cage.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.89,0:12:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found him in a small room\Nthat was filled with cages
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.35,0:12:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a larger warehouse structure on a used\Ntrailer lot in central New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.54,0:12:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found Kiko, who is partially deaf.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.71,0:12:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kiko was in the back of a cement\Nstorefront in western Massachusetts.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.35,0:12:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we found Hercules and Leo.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.25,0:12:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're two young male chimpanzees
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.95,0:12:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are being used for biomedical,\Nanatomical research at Stony Brook.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.37,0:12:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.67,0:12:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so on the last week of December 2013,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.38,0:12:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Nonhuman Rights Project filed three\Nsuits all across the state of New York
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.32,0:12:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the same common law\Nwrit of habeus corpus argument
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.80,0:13:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had been used with James Somerset,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.53,0:13:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we demanded that the judges issue\Nthese common law writs of habeus corpus.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.62,0:13:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We wanted the chimpanzees out,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.73,0:13:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we wanted them brought\Nto Save the Chimps,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.51,0:13:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a tremendous chimpanzee\Nsanctuary in South Florida
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.46,0:13:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which involves an artificial lake\Nwith 12 or 13 islands --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.55,0:13:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are two or three acres\Nwhere two dozen chimpanzees live
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.41,0:13:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on each of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.57,0:13:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these chimpanzees would then live\Nthe life of a chimpanzee,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.52,0:13:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with other chimpanzees in an environment\Nthat was as close to Africa as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.92,0:13:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, all these cases are still going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.82,0:13:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have not yet run into\Nour Lord Mansfield.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.62,0:13:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We shall. We shall.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.23,0:13:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a long-term strategic\Nlitigation campaign. We shall.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.11,0:13:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to quote Winston Churchill,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.22,0:13:52.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way we view our cases\Nis that they're not the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.39,0:13:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not even the beginning of the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.44,0:13:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are perhaps\Nthe end of the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.58,0:14:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.50,0:14:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)