[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.79,0:00:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how many of you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.42,0:00:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have ever been in a cave before?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.58,0:00:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, a few of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.98,0:00:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you think of a cave,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.96,0:00:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of you think of a tunnel
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.03,0:00:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going through solid rock.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.71,0:00:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, that's how most caves are.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.64,0:00:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around this half of the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.16,0:00:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of your caves are made of limestone.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.68,0:00:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back where I'm from,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.98,0:00:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of our caves are made from lava rock
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.88,0:00:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have a lot of volcanoes out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.10,0:00:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the caves I want to share with you today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.52,0:00:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are made completely of ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.23,0:00:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically glacier ice
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.95,0:00:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as formed in the side of the tallest mountain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.78,0:00:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the state of Oregon
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.06,0:00:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called Mount Hood.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.93,0:00:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Mount Hood's only one hour's drive
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.58,0:00:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Portland,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.28,0:00:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the largest city in Oregon
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.61,0:00:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where over two million people live.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.91,0:00:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the most exciting thing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.17,0:00:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a cave explorer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.27,0:00:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to find a new cave
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.64,0:00:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be the first human to ever go into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.14,0:00:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second most exciting thing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.44,0:00:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a cave explorer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.21,0:00:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to be the first one to make a map of a cave.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.49,0:00:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these days,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.22,0:01:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with so many people hiking around,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.60,0:01:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's pretty hard to find a new cave,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.85,0:01:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can imagine how excited
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.99,0:01:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were to find three new caves
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.80,0:01:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within sight of Oregon's largest city
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.16,0:01:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and realize that they have never been explored
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.06,0:01:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or mapped before.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.41,0:01:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was kind of like being an astronaut
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.76,0:01:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we were getting to see things
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.30,0:01:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go places
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.72,0:01:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that no one had ever seen or gone before.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.50,0:01:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what is a glacier?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.18,0:01:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, those of you that have ever seen
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.42,0:01:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or touched snow,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.43,0:01:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know that it's really light
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.49,0:01:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's just a bunch of tiny ice crystals
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.84,0:01:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clumped together
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.88,0:01:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's mostly air.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.35,0:01:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you squish a handful of snow
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.71,0:01:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make a snowball,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.76,0:01:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gets really small, hard, and dense.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.89,0:01:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in a mountain like Hood
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.96,0:01:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it snows over twenty feet a year,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.14,0:01:37.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it crushes the air out of it
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.45,0:01:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gradually forms it into hard, blue ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.35,0:01:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, each year more and more ice
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.09,0:01:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stacks up on top of it
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.30,0:01:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually gets so heavy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.12,0:01:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it starts to slide down the mountain
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.18,0:01:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under its own weight,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.55,0:01:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forming a slow-moving river of ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.80,0:01:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When an ice pack like that starts to move,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.14,0:01:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call it a glacier
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.39,0:01:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we give it a name.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.46,0:01:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The name of the glacier these caves were formed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.02,0:01:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the Sandy Glacier.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.83,0:02:02.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, each year as new snow lands on the glacier,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.27,0:02:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it melts in the summer sun,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.89,0:02:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it forms little rivers of water
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.69,0:02:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the flow along the ice
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.86,0:02:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they start to melt
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.98,0:02:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bore their way down through the glacier,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.56,0:02:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forming big networks of caves,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.78,0:02:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes going all the way down
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.12,0:02:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the underlying bedrock.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.97,0:02:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the crazy thing about glacier caves
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.43,0:02:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that each year new tunnels form,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.41,0:02:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different waterfalls pop up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.52,0:02:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or move around from place to place
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.90,0:02:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the cave.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.29,0:02:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Warm water from the top of the ice
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.79,0:02:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is boring its way down,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.27,0:02:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and warm air from below the mountain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.32,0:02:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually rises up,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.56,0:02:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gets into the cave,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.71,0:02:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and melts the ceilings back taller and taller.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.60,0:02:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the weirdest thing about glacier caves
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.39,0:02:38.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the entire cave is moving
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.47,0:02:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's formed inside a block of ice
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.43,0:02:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the size of a small city
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.14,0:02:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's slowly sliding down the mountain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.02,0:02:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is Brent McGregor,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.45,0:02:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my cave exploration partner.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.39,0:02:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He and I have both been exploring caves a long time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.67,0:02:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've been climbing mountains a long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.97,0:02:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but neither of us have ever really explored
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.47,0:02:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a glacier cave before.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.19,0:02:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in 2011, Brent saw a YouTube video
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.26,0:03:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a couple of hikers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.30,0:03:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that stumbled across the entrance
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.64,0:03:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to one of these caves.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.81,0:03:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were no GPS coordinates for it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.70,0:03:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all we knew was that it was somewhere
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.14,0:03:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out on the Sandy Glacier.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.20,0:03:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in July of that year,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.11,0:03:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we went out on the glacier,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.40,0:03:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we found a big crack in the ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.73,0:03:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had to build snow and ice anchors,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.86,0:03:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could tie off ropes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.10,0:03:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and repel down into the hole.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.15,0:03:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is me looking into the entrance crevasse.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.61,0:03:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end of this hole,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.73,0:03:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found a huge tunnel
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.21,0:03:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going right up the mountain
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.56,0:03:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,underneath thousands of tons of glacier ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.27,0:03:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We followed this cave back
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.52,0:03:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for about a half mile until it came to an end.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.27,0:03:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then with the help of our survey tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.33,0:03:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we made a three-dimensional map of the cave
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.41,0:03:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our way back out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.11,0:03:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how do you map a cave?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.11,0:03:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, cave maps aren't like trail maps or road maps
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.73,0:03:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have pits and holes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.28,0:03:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to overlapping levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.02,0:03:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make a cave map,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.10,0:03:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to set up survey stations
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.48,0:03:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every few feet inside the cave,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.28,0:03:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you use a laser to measure the distance
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.40,0:03:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between those stations.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.94,0:03:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you use a compass and an inclinometer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.62,0:03:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to measure the direction the cave is headed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.15,0:03:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and measure the slope of the floor and the ceilings.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.90,0:04:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, those of you taking trigonometry,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.61,0:04:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that particular type of math
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.14,0:04:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is very useful for making maps like this
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.27,0:04:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it allows you to measure
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.43,0:04:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heights and distances
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.60,0:04:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without actually having to go there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.68,0:04:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the more I mapped and studied caves,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.03,0:04:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more useful I found all that math
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.86,0:04:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I originally hated in school to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.10,0:04:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, when you're done surveying,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.83,0:04:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you take all this data,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.97,0:04:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you punch it into the computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.57,0:04:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you find someone
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.14,0:04:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can draw really well,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.81,0:04:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have them draft up a map
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.45,0:04:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that looks something like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.37,0:04:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it will show you both
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.40,0:04:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bird's eye view of the passage
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.22,0:04:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as a profile view of the passage,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.95,0:04:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of like an ant farm view.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.61,0:04:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We named this cave Snow Dragon Cave
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.53,0:04:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was like a big dragon
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.98,0:04:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sleeping under the snow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.64,0:04:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, later this summer
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.65,0:04:41.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as more snow melted off the glacier,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.31,0:04:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found more caves,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.43,0:04:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we realized they were all connected.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.91,0:04:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not long after we mapped Snow Dragon,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.86,0:04:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brent discovered this new cave
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.56,0:04:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not very far away.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.90,0:04:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The inside of it was coated with ice
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.10,0:04:53.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we had to wear big spikes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.57,0:04:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our feet called crampons,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.23,0:04:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could walk around without slipping.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.45,0:04:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This cave was amazing!
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.31,0:05:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ice in the ceiling was glowing blue and green
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.78,0:05:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the sunlight from far above
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.28,0:05:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was shining through the ice
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.74,0:05:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lighting it all up.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.43,0:05:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we couldn't understand why this cave
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.70,0:05:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was so much colder than Snow Dragon
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.94,0:05:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we got to the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.23,0:05:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we found out why.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.79,0:05:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a huge pit or shaft called a moulin
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.73,0:05:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going a 130 feet straight up
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.74,0:05:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the surface of the glacier.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.40,0:05:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cold air from the top of the mountain
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.94,0:05:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was flowing down this hole,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.53,0:05:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blasting through the cave,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.93,0:05:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,freezing everything inside of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.15,0:05:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were so excited about finding this new pit,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.20,0:05:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually came back in January the following year
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.61,0:05:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we could be the first ones to explore it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.15,0:05:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was so cold outside,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.60,0:05:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually had to sleep inside the cave.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.11,0:05:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's our camp on the left side
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.94,0:05:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this entrance room.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.78,0:05:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next morning we climbed out of the cave
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.82,0:05:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hiked all the way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.03,0:05:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the top of the glacier
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.32,0:05:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we finally rigged and repelled this pit
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.60,0:05:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the very first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.33,0:05:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brent named this cave Pure Imagination, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.68,0:05:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the beautiful sights we saw in there
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.30,0:05:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were beyond what we could have ever imagined.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.88,0:05:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, besides really cool ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.30,0:05:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what else is inside these caves?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.13,0:06:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, not too much lives in them
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.97,0:06:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're so cold,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.93,0:06:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the entrance is actually covered up with snow
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.68,0:06:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for about eight months of the year,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.61,0:06:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are some really cool things in there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.63,0:06:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's weird bacteria living in the water
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.90,0:06:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually eat and digest rocks
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.94,0:06:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make their own food
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.34,0:06:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to live under this ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.10,0:06:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, this past summer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.35,0:06:18.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists collected samples of water and ice
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.100,0:06:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically to see if things called extremophiles,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.93,0:06:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tiny lifeforms that have evolved
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.68,0:06:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to live in a completely hostile conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.77,0:06:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be living under the ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.62,0:06:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of like what they hope to find
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.79,0:06:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the polar ice caps of Mars some day.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.18,0:06:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another really cool thing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.28,0:06:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that as seeds and birds land
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.83,0:06:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the surface of the glacier and die,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.73,0:06:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they get buried in the snow
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.14,0:06:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gradually become part of the glacier,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.19,0:06:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sinking deeper and deeper into the ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.47,0:06:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As these caves form
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.69,0:06:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and melt their way up into the ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.38,0:06:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they make these artifacts rain down from the ceiling
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.90,0:06:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fall into the cave floor
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.44,0:06:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we end up finding them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.88,0:06:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, this is a nodal first seed we found.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.88,0:06:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's been frozen in ice for over a hundred years,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.30,0:06:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's just now starting to sprout.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.64,0:07:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This mallard duck feather was found over 1800 feet
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.18,0:07:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the back of Snow Dragon Cave.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.10,0:07:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This duck died on the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.33,0:07:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the glacier long, long ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.86,0:07:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its feathers have finally made it down
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.56,0:07:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through over a hundred feet of ice
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.28,0:07:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before falling inside the cave.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.57,0:07:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this beautiful quartz crystal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.86,0:07:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was also found in the back of Snow Dragon.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.09,0:07:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even now Brent and I find it hard to believe
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.43,0:07:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all these discoveries
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.59,0:07:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were essentially in our own backyard,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.65,0:07:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hidden away just waiting to be found.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.17,0:07:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like I said earlier,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.43,0:07:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea of discovery
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.45,0:07:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this busy world we live in
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.93,0:07:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of seems like something
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.90,0:07:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can only do with space travel now,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.16,0:07:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's not true.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.43,0:07:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every year new caves get discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.66,0:07:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that no one has ever been in before.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.72,0:07:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's actually not too late
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.71,0:07:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for one of you to become a discoverer yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.85,0:07:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just have to be willing to look
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.35,0:07:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go where people don't often go
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.89,0:07:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and focus your eyes and your mind
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.32,0:07:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to recognize the discovery when you see it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.43,0:07:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it might be in your own backyard.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.83,0:07:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.