[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.54,0:00:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know this is going to sound strange,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.38,0:00:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think robots can inspire us\Nto be better humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.24,0:00:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, I grew up in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.36,0:00:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the home of Bethlehem Steel.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.99,0:00:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My father was an engineer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.13,0:00:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I was growing up,\Nhe would teach me how things worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.47,0:00:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would build projects together,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.59,0:00:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like model rockets and slot cars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.73,0:00:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the go-kart that we built together.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.21,0:00:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's me behind the wheel,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.98,0:00:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with my sister and my best\Nfriend at the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.88,0:00:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one day,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.82,0:00:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he came home, when I was\Nabout 10 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.93,0:00:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the dinner table, he announced
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.58,0:00:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that for our next project, \Nwe were going to build ...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.32,0:00:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.60,0:00:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.12,0:00:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I was thrilled about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.21,0:00:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because at school,\Nthere was a bully named Kevin,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.03,0:00:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was picking on me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.95,0:01:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I was the only\NJewish kid in class.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.91,0:01:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I couldn't wait to get\Nstarted to work on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.31,0:01:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I could introduce Kevin to my robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.94,0:01:07.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.100,0:01:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Robot noises)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.55,0:01:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.97,0:01:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that wasn't the kind of robot\Nmy dad had in mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.84,0:01:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.93,0:01:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, he owned a chromium-plating company,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.59,0:01:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had to move heavy steel parts\Nbetween tanks of chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.49,0:01:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so he needed\Nan industrial robot like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.88,0:01:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could basically do the heavy lifting.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.68,0:01:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But my dad didn't get\Nthe kind of robot he wanted, either.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.87,0:01:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He and I worked on it for several years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.32,0:01:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was the 1970s, and the technology\Nthat was available to amateurs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.09,0:01:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just wasn't there yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.99,0:01:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Dad continued to do\Nthis kind of work by hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.60,0:01:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a few years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.73,0:02:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was diagnosed with cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.82,0:02:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.42,0:02:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the robot we were trying\Nto build was telling him
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.04,0:02:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not about doing the heavy lifting.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.22,0:02:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a warning
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.39,0:02:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about his exposure to the toxic chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.18,0:02:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He didn't recognize that at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.50,0:02:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he contracted leukemia.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.83,0:02:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he died at the age of 45.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.35,0:02:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was devastated by this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.70,0:02:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I never forgot the robot\Nthat he and I tried to build.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.20,0:02:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was at college, I decided\Nto study engineering, like him.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.08,0:02:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I went to Carnegie Mellon,\Nand I earned my PhD in robotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.65,0:02:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been studying robots ever since.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.72,0:02:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I'd like to tell you about\Nare four robot projects,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.34,0:02:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they've inspired me\Nto be a better human.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.21,0:02:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1993, I was a young professor at USC,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.84,0:03:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was just building up\Nmy own robotics lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.69,0:03:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was the year\Nthe World Wide Web came out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.49,0:03:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I remember my students\Nwere the ones who told me about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.50,0:03:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we would -- we were just amazed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.84,0:03:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started playing with this,\Nand that afternoon,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.24,0:03:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we realized that we could use\Nthis new, universal interface
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.55,0:03:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow anyone in the world\Nto operate the robot in our lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.34,0:03:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, rather than have it fight\Nor do industrial work,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.41,0:03:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we decided to build a planter,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.97,0:03:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put the robot into the center of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.94,0:03:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we called it the Telegarden.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.74,0:03:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we had put a camera\Nin the gripper of the hand of the robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.28,0:03:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we wrote some\Nspecial scripts and software,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.23,0:03:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that anyone in the world could come in,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.29,0:03:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by clicking on the screen,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.10,0:03:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could move the robot around\Nand visit the garden.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.42,0:03:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we also set up some other software
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.29,0:04:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lets you participate\Nand help us water the garden, remotely.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.64,0:04:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you watered it a few times,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.96,0:04:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd give you your own seed to plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.17,0:04:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this was an engineering project,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.67,0:04:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we published some papers\Non the system design of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.80,0:04:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we also thought of it\Nas an art installation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.64,0:04:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was invited, after the first year,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.81,0:04:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Ars Electronica Museum in Austria,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.86,0:04:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have it installed in their lobby.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.56,0:04:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm happy to say, it remained\Nonline there, 24 hours a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.57,0:04:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for almost nine years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.37,0:04:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That robot was operated by more people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.17,0:04:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any other robot in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.30,0:04:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, one day,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.95,0:04:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got a call out of the blue\Nfrom a student,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.21,0:04:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who asked a very simple\Nbut profound question.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.36,0:04:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "Is the robot real?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.60,0:04:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, everyone else had assumed it was,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.91,0:05:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we knew it was,\Nbecause we were working with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.45,0:05:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I knew what he meant,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.87,0:05:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it would be possible
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.34,0:05:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take a bunch of pictures\Nof flowers in a garden
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.15,0:05:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, basically, index them\Nin a computer system,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.81,0:05:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such that it would appear\Nthat there was a real robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.46,0:05:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when there wasn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.09,0:05:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more I thought about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.64,0:05:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't think of a good answer\Nfor how he could tell the difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.63,0:05:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was right about the time\Nthat I was offered a position
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.45,0:05:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here at Berkeley.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.77,0:05:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I got here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.44,0:05:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I looked up Hubert Dreyfus,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.83,0:05:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's a world-renowned\Nprofessor of philosophy,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.58,0:05:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I talked with him\Nabout this and he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.34,0:05:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is one of the oldest\Nand most central problems in philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.46,0:05:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It goes back to the Skeptics\Nand up through Descartes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.50,0:05:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the issue of epistemology,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.71,0:05:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the study of how do we know\Nthat something is true."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.62,0:05:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he and I started working together,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.65,0:05:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we coined a new term:\N"telepistemology,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.76,0:05:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the study of knowledge at a distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.30,0:06:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We invited leading artists,\Nengineers and philosophers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.82,0:06:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write essays about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.16,0:06:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the results are collected\Nin this book from MIT Press.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.96,0:06:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So thanks to this student,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.08,0:06:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who questioned what everyone else\Nhad assumed to be true,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.42,0:06:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this project taught me\Nan important lesson about life,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.42,0:06:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is to always question assumptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.81,0:06:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the second project\NI'll tell you about
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.01,0:06:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grew out of the Telegarden.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.02,0:06:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it was operating, my students\Nand I were very interested
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.87,0:06:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how people were interacting\Nwith each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.23,0:06:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they were doing with the garden.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.31,0:06:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we started thinking:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.49,0:06:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if the robot could leave the garden
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.48,0:06:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go out into some other\Ninteresting environment?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.32,0:06:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, for example,\Nwhat if it could go to a dinner party
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.08,0:06:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the White House?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.57,0:06:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.40,0:06:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, because we were interested\Nmore in the system design
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.99,0:06:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the user interface\Nthan in the hardware,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.96,0:06:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we decided that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.14,0:07:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than have a robot replace\Nthe human to go to the party,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.65,0:07:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd have a human replace the robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.68,0:07:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We called it the Tele-Actor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.98,0:07:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.01,0:07:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone who's very\Noutgoing and gregarious,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.14,0:07:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she was outfitted with a helmet\Nwith various equipment,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.42,0:07:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cameras and microphones,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.73,0:07:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then a backpack with wireless\NInternet connection.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.88,0:07:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea was that she could go
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.05,0:07:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a remote and interesting environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.52,0:07:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then over the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.56,0:07:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people could experience\Nwhat she was experiencing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.74,0:07:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they could see what she was seeing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.73,0:07:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then, more importantly,\Nthey could participate,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.04,0:07:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by interacting with each other\Nand coming up with ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.81,0:07:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what she should do next\Nand where she should go,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.80,0:07:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then conveying those\Nto the Tele-Actor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.07,0:07:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we got a chance to take the Tele-Actor
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.51,0:07:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Webby Awards in San Francisco.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.13,0:07:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that year, Sam Donaldson was the host.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.29,0:08:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just before the curtain went\Nup, I had about 30 seconds
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.00,0:08:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explain to Mr. Donaldson\Nwhat we were going to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.12,0:08:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "The Tele-Actor\Nis going to be joining you onstage.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.66,0:08:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a new experimental project,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.04,0:08:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people are watching her\Non their screens,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.66,0:08:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's cameras involved\Nand there's microphones
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.97,0:08:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's got an earbud in her ear,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.78,0:08:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people over the network\Nare giving her advice
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.12,0:08:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what to do next."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.30,0:08:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "Wait a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.81,0:08:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what I do."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.00,0:08:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.00,0:08:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he loved the concept,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.90,0:08:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the Tele-Actor walked onstage,\Nshe walked right up to him,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.18,0:08:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she gave him a big kiss\Nright on the lips.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.66,0:08:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.64,0:08:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were totally surprised --\Nwe had no idea that would happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.58,0:08:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was great, he just gave her\Na big hug in return,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.22,0:08:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it worked out great.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.90,0:08:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that night, as we were packing up,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.97,0:08:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked the Tele-Actor,\Nhow did the Tele-Directors decide
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.55,0:09:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they would give\Na kiss to Sam Donaldson?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.14,0:09:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said they hadn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.27,0:09:07.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, when she was\Njust about to walk onstage,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.92,0:09:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Tele-Directors still were trying\Nto agree on what to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.91,0:09:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so she just walked onstage\Nand did what felt most natural.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.04,0:09:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.58,0:09:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the success\Nof the Tele-Actor that night
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.69,0:09:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was due to the fact\Nthat she was a wonderful actor.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.97,0:09:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She knew when to trust her instincts.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.42,0:09:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that project taught me\Nanother lesson about life,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.38,0:09:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that, when in doubt, improvise.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.05,0:09:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.66,0:09:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the third project\Ngrew out of my experience
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.61,0:09:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when my father was in the hospital.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.28,0:09:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was undergoing a treatment --\Nchemotherapy treatments --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.66,0:09:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a related treatment\Ncalled brachytherapy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.96,0:09:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where tiny, radioactive seeds\Nare placed into the body
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.77,0:10:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to treat cancerous tumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.57,0:10:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way it's done,\Nas you can see here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.87,0:10:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that surgeons\Ninsert needles into the body
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.26,0:10:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deliver the seeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.97,0:10:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all these needles\Nare inserted in parallel.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.44,0:10:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's very common that some\Nof the needles penetrate sensitive organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.64,0:10:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a result, the needles damage\Nthese organs, cause damage,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.63,0:10:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which leads to trauma and side effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.58,0:10:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my students and I wondered:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.25,0:10:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if we could modify the system,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.80,0:10:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the needles\Ncould come in at different angles?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.40,0:10:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we simulated this;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.26,0:10:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we developed some optimization\Nalgorithms and we simulated this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.73,0:10:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were able to show
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.91,0:10:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are able to avoid\Nthe delicate organs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.49,0:10:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet still achieve the coverage\Nof the tumors with the radiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.31,0:10:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, we're working with doctors at UCSF
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.81,0:11:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and engineers at Johns Hopkins,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.10,0:11:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're building a robot\Nthat has a number of --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.09,0:11:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a specialized design\Nwith different joints
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.71,0:11:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can allow the needles to come in\Nat an infinite variety of angles.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.48,0:11:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you can see here,\Nthey can avoid delicate organs
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.23,0:11:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still reach the targets\Nthey're aiming for.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.02,0:11:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, by questioning this assumption\Nthat all the needles have to be parallel,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.03,0:11:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this project also taught me\Nan important lesson:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.11,0:11:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When in doubt, when your path\Nis blocked, pivot.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.80,0:11:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the last project\Nalso has to do with medical robotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.19,0:11:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is something\Nthat's grown out of a system
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.78,0:11:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the da Vinci surgical robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.87,0:11:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a commercially\Navailable device.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.33,0:11:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's being used in over 2,000\Nhospitals around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.01,0:11:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is it allows the surgeon\Nto operate comfortably
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.41,0:11:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in his own coordinate frame.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.76,0:12:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of the subtasks in surgery are very\Nroutine and tedious, like suturing,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.56,0:12:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and currently, all of these are performed
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.85,0:12:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the specific and immediate\Ncontrol of the surgeon.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.37,0:12:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the surgeon becomes fatigued over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.09,0:12:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've been wondering,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.55,0:12:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if we could program the robot\Nto perform some of these subtasks,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.94,0:12:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thereby free the surgeon
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.35,0:12:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to focus on the more complicated\Nparts of the surgery,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.60,0:12:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also cut down on the time\Nthat the surgery would take
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.43,0:12:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we could get the robot\Nto do them a little bit faster?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.96,0:12:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's hard to program a robot\Nto do delicate things like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.94,0:12:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out my colleague\NPieter Abbeel, who's here at Berkeley,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.17,0:12:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has developed a new set of techniques\Nfor teaching robots from example.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.17,0:12:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he's gotten robots to fly helicopters,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.94,0:12:53.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do incredibly interesting,\Nbeautiful acrobatics,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.22,0:12:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by watching human experts fly them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.15,0:12:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we got one of these robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.08,0:13:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started working with Pieter\Nand his students.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.65,0:13:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we asked a surgeon\Nto perform a task --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.76,0:13:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.94,0:13:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're doing is asking\Nthe surgeon to perform the task,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.98,0:13:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we record the motions of the robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.04,0:13:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.50,0:13:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll use tracing out\Na figure eight as an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.17,0:13:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's what it looks like\Nwhen the robot --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.83,0:13:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what the robot's path\Nlooks like, those three examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.92,0:13:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, those are much better\Nthan what a novice like me could do,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.08,0:13:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're still jerky and imprecise.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.80,0:13:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we record all these examples, the data,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.76,0:13:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then go through a sequence of steps.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.28,0:13:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we use a technique\Ncalled dynamic time warping
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.43,0:13:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from speech recognition.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.94,0:13:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this allows us to temporally\Nalign all of the examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.92,0:13:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we apply Kalman filtering,\Na technique from control theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.14,0:13:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows us to statistically\Nanalyze all the noise
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.14,0:13:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and extract the desired\Ntrajectory that underlies them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.28,0:14:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we take those human demonstrations --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.86,0:14:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're all noisy and imperfect --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.56,0:14:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we extract from them\Nan inferred task trajectory
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.18,0:14:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and control sequence for the robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.18,0:14:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then execute that on the robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.52,0:14:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we observe what happens,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.57,0:14:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we adjust the controls,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.95,0:14:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using a sequence of techniques\Ncalled iterative learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.13,0:14:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then what we do is we increase\Nthe velocity a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.24,0:14:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We observe the results,\Nadjust the controls again,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.34,0:14:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and observe what happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.14,0:14:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we go through this several rounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.33,0:14:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's the result.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.97,0:14:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the inferred task trajectory,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.73,0:14:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here's the robot\Nmoving at the speed of the human.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.98,0:14:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's four times the speed of the human.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.48,0:14:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's seven times.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.00,0:14:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's the robot operating\Nat 10 times the speed of the human.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.76,0:14:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're able to get a robot\Nto perform a delicate task
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.69,0:14:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a surgical subtask,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.08,0:14:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 10 times the speed of a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.18,0:15:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this project also,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.47,0:15:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of its involved\Npracticing and learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.02,0:15:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing something over and over again,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.80,0:15:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this project also has a lesson, which is:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.40,0:15:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want to do something well,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.08,0:15:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no substitute\Nfor practice, practice, practice.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.19,0:15:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are four of the lessons\Nthat I've learned from robots
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.70,0:15:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the years.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.31,0:15:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the field of robotics\Nhas gotten much better over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.32,0:15:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, high school students\Ncan build robots,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.62,0:15:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the industrial robot\Nmy dad and I tried to build.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.68,0:15:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, it's very -- now ...
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.95,0:15:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, I have a daughter,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.86,0:15:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named Odessa.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.67,0:15:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's eight years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.68,0:15:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she likes robots, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.97,0:15:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe it runs in the family.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.39,0:15:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.65,0:15:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wish she could meet my dad.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.30,0:16:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now I get to teach her\Nhow things work,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.07,0:16:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we get to build projects together.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.32,0:16:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I wonder what kind of lessons\Nshe'll learn from them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.15,0:16:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robots are the most human of our machines.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.98,0:16:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can't solve all\Nof the world's problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.96,0:16:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think they have something\Nimportant to teach us.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.28,0:16:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I invite all of you
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.30,0:16:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think about the innovations\Nthat you're interested in,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.71,0:16:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the machines that you wish for.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.66,0:16:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And think about\Nwhat they might be telling you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.21,0:16:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I have a hunch that many\Nof our technological innovations,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.98,0:16:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the devices we dream about,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.17,0:16:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can inspire us to be better humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.98,0:16:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.16,0:16:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)