[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.58,0:00:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know this is going to sound strange,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.05,0:00:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think robots can inspire us
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.35,0:00:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be better humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.73,0:00:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, I grew up in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.36,0:00:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the home of Bethlehem Steel.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.68,0:00:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My father was an engineer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.76,0:00:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I was growing up, he would teach me
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.61,0:00:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how things worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.77,0:00:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would build projects together,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.59,0:00:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like model rockets and slot cars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.38,0:00:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the go-kart that we built together.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.66,0:00:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's me behind the wheel,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.88,0:00:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with my sister and my best friend at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.70,0:00:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one day,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.82,0:00:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he came home, when I was about 10 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.93,0:00:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the dinner table, he announced
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.24,0:00:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that for our next project, we were going to build a robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.67,0:00:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.78,0:00:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I was thrilled about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.04,0:00:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because at school,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.62,0:00:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a bully named Kevin,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.70,0:00:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was picking on me
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.95,0:01:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I was the only Jewish kid in class.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.36,0:01:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I couldn't wait to get started to work on this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.17,0:01:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I could introduce Kevin to my robot. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.100,0:01:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Robot noises)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.06,0:01:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that wasn't the kind of robot my dad had in mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.93,0:01:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, he owned a chromium plating company,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.66,0:01:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had to move
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.84,0:01:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heavy steel parts between tanks of chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.93,0:01:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so he needed an industrial robot like this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.72,0:01:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could basically do the heavy lifting.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.82,0:01:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But my dad didn't get the kind of robot he wanted, either.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.73,0:01:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He and I worked on it for several years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.32,0:01:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was the 1970s,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.30,0:01:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the technology that was available to amateurs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.83,0:01:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just wasn't there yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.48,0:01:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Dad continued to do this kind of work by hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.23,0:01:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a few years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.50,0:02:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was diagnosed with cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.64,0:02:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, what the robot we were trying to build
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.95,0:02:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was telling him was not about doing the heavy lifting.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.22,0:02:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a warning about his exposure to the toxic chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.52,0:02:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He didn't recognize that at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.50,0:02:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he contracted leukemia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.64,0:02:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he died at the age of 45.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.86,0:02:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was devastated by this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.70,0:02:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I never forgot the robot that he and I tried to build.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.28,0:02:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was in college, I decided to study engineering, like him.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.59,0:02:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I went to Carnegie Mellon, and I earned my PhD in robotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.54,0:02:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been studying robots ever since.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.63,0:02:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I'd like to tell you about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.27,0:02:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are four robot projects
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.98,0:02:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they've inspired me to be a better human.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.02,0:02:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1993, I was a young professor at USC,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.77,0:03:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was just building up my own robotics lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.81,0:03:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was the year that the World Wide Web came out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.40,0:03:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I remember my students were the ones
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.57,0:03:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who told me about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.28,0:03:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we would -- we were just amazed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.90,0:03:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started playing with this, and that afternoon,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.33,0:03:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we realized that we could use this new, universal interface
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.18,0:03:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow anyone in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.72,0:03:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to operate the robot in our lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.77,0:03:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, rather than have it fight or do industrial work,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.48,0:03:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we decided to build a planter,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.97,0:03:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put the robot into the center of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.94,0:03:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we called it the Telegarden.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.30,0:03:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we had put a camera in the gripper of the hand
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.90,0:03:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the robot, and we wrote some special scripts
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.61,0:03:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and software so that anyone in the world could come in
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.77,0:03:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by clicking on the screen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.10,0:03:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could move the robot around
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.27,0:03:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and visit the garden.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.59,0:03:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we also allowed, set up some other software
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.21,0:04:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lets you participate and help us water the garden
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.63,0:04:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remotely, and if you water it a few times,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.67,0:04:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd give you your own seed to plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.26,0:04:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this was a project, an engineering project,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.53,0:04:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we published some papers on the design,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.30,0:04:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the system design of it, but we also thought of it
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.55,0:04:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an art installation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.64,0:04:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was invited, after the first year,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.81,0:04:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Ars Electronica Museum in Austria
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.86,0:04:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have it installed in their lobby,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.86,0:04:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm happy to say it remained online there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.27,0:04:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,24 hours a day, for almost nine years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.26,0:04:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That robot was operated by more people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.06,0:04:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any other robot in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.14,0:04:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, one day,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.70,0:04:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got a call out of the blue
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.01,0:04:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a student,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.03,0:04:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who asked a very simple but profound question.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.70,0:04:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "Is the robot real?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.24,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, everyone else had assumed it was,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we knew it was because we were working with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.33,0:05:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I knew what he meant,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.87,0:05:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it would be possible to take a bunch of pictures
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.46,0:05:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of flowers in a garden and then, basically, index them
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.82,0:05:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a computer system such that it would appear
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.05,0:05:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was a real robot when there wasn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.13,0:05:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more I thought about it, I couldn't think
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.37,0:05:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a good answer for how he could tell the difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.92,0:05:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was right about the time that I was offered a position
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.81,0:05:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here at Berkeley,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.88,0:05:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I got here, I looked up Hubert Dreyfus,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.43,0:05:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's a world-renowned professor of philosophy,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.10,0:05:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I talked with him about this, and he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.47,0:05:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is one of the oldest and most central problems
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.03,0:05:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in philosophy. It goes back to the Skeptics,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.63,0:05:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and up through Descartes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.59,0:05:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the issue of epistemology,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.76,0:05:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the study of how do we know that something is true."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.51,0:05:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he and I started working together,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.74,0:05:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we coined a new term: telepistemology,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.78,0:05:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the study of knowledge at a distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.30,0:06:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We invited leading artists, engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.06,0:06:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and philosophers to write essays about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.12,0:06:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the results, the results are collected in this book
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.46,0:06:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from MIT Press.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.08,0:06:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So thanks to this student who questioned
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.41,0:06:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what everyone else had assumed to be true,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.22,0:06:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this project taught me an important lesson about life,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.42,0:06:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is to always question assumptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.50,0:06:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the second project I'll tell you about
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.14,0:06:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grew out of the Telegarden.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.02,0:06:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it was operating, my students and I were very interested
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.60,0:06:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how people were interacting with each other
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.36,0:06:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they were doing with the garden.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.98,0:06:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we started thinking, what if the robot could leave
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.24,0:06:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the garden and go out into some other
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.33,0:06:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interesting environment?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.32,0:06:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, for example, what if it could go to a dinner party
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.50,0:06:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the White House? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.70,0:06:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, because we were interested more in the system design
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.54,0:06:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the user interface than in the hardware,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.82,0:06:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we decided that, rather than have
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.86,0:07:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a robot replace the human to go to the party,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.54,0:07:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd have a human replace the robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.38,0:07:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We called it the Tele-Actor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.98,0:07:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.01,0:07:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone who's very outgoing and gregarious,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.02,0:07:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she was outfitted with a helmet
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.16,0:07:16.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with various equipment, cameras and microphones,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.73,0:07:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then a backpack with wireless Internet connection,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.47,0:07:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the idea was that she could go into a remote and
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.83,0:07:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interesting environment, and then over the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.64,0:07:30.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people could experience what she was experiencing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.79,0:07:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they could see what she was seeing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.73,0:07:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then, more importantly, they could participate
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.04,0:07:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by interacting with each other
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.99,0:07:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and coming up with ideas about what she should do next
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.69,0:07:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where she should go,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.91,0:07:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then conveying those to the Tele-Actor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.07,0:07:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we got a chance to take the Tele-Actor
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.51,0:07:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Webby Awards in San Francisco,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.13,0:07:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that year, Sam Donaldson was the host.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.24,0:08:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just before the curtain went up, I had about 30 seconds
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.88,0:08:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explain to Mr. Donaldson what we were gonna do,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.34,0:08:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I said, "The Tele-Actor
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.20,0:08:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to be joining you on stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.66,0:08:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a new experimental project,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.86,0:08:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people are watching her on their screens,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.48,0:08:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's got -- there's cameras involved and there's
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.79,0:08:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,microphones and she's got an earbud in her ear,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.70,0:08:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people over the network are giving her advice
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.15,0:08:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what to do next."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.51,0:08:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "Wait a second,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.72,0:08:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's what I do." (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.10,0:08:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he loved the concept,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.03,0:08:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the Tele-Actor walked onstage,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.37,0:08:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she walked right up to him, and she gave him a big kiss
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.19,0:08:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right on the lips. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.30,0:08:45.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were totally surprised.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.43,0:08:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had no idea that would happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.44,0:08:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was great. He just gave her a big hug in return,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.14,0:08:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it worked out great.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.90,0:08:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that night, as we were packing up,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.97,0:08:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked the Tele-Actor, how did the Tele-Directors
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.58,0:09:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decide that they would give a kiss to Sam Donaldson?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.14,0:09:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she said they hadn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.35,0:09:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said, when she was just about to walk on stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.78,0:09:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Tele-Directors were still trying to agree on what to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.09,0:09:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so she just walked on stage and did
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.50,0:09:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what felt most natural. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.02,0:09:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the success of the Tele-Actor that night
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.69,0:09:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was due to the fact that she was a wonderful actor.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.06,0:09:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She knew when to trust her instincts,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.42,0:09:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so that project taught me another lesson about life,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.29,0:09:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that, when in doubt, improvise. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.66,0:09:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the third project grew out of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.74,0:09:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my experience when my father was in the hospital.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.64,0:09:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was undergoing a treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.88,0:09:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chemotherapy treatments, and there's a related treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.51,0:09:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called brachytherapy, where tiny, radioactive seeds
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.56,0:10:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are placed into the body to treat cancerous tumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.77,0:10:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way it's done, as you can see here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.87,0:10:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that surgeons insert needles into the body
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.26,0:10:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deliver the seeds, and all this,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.85,0:10:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these needles are inserted in parallel,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.28,0:10:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's very common that some of the needles
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.26,0:10:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,penetrate sensitive organs, and as a result,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.08,0:10:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the needles damage these organs, cause damage
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.14,0:10:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which leads to trauma and side effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.62,0:10:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my students and I wondered, what if we could
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.12,0:10:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modify the system
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.61,0:10:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the needles could come in at different angles?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.40,0:10:43.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we simulated this, and we developed some
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.17,0:10:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,optimization algorithms and we simulated this,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.76,0:10:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we were able to show that we are able to avoid
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.04,0:10:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the delicate organs and yet still achieve the coverage
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.80,0:10:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the tumors with the radiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.31,0:10:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, we're working with doctors at UCSF
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.81,0:11:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and engineers at Johns Hopkins
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.51,0:11:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're building a robot that has a number of,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.09,0:11:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a specialized design with different joints that can allow
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.35,0:11:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the needles to come in at an infinite variety of angles,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.60,0:11:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as you can see here, they can avoid delicate organs
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.77,0:11:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still reach the targets they're aiming for.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.91,0:11:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, by questioning this assumption that all the needles
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.22,0:11:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to be parallel, this project also taught me
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.17,0:11:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an important lesson: When in doubt --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.47,0:11:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When your path is blocked, pivot.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.84,0:11:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the last project also has to do with medical robotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.24,0:11:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is something that's grown out of a system called
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.28,0:11:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the da Vinci surgical robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.87,0:11:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a commercially available device.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.33,0:11:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's being used in over 2,000 hospitals around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.67,0:11:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the idea is it allows the surgeon
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.19,0:11:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to operate comfortably in his own coordinate frame,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.44,0:12:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many of the subtasks in surgery
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.43,0:12:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are very routine and tedious, like suturing,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.48,0:12:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and currently, all of these are performed
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.85,0:12:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the specific and immediate control of the surgeon,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.27,0:12:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the surgeon becomes fatigued over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.92,0:12:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've been wondering,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.22,0:12:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if we could program the robot
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.48,0:12:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to perform some of these subtasks,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.97,0:12:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thereby free the surgeons to focus
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.69,0:12:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the more complicated parts of the surgery,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.35,0:12:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also cut down on the time that the surgery would take
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.60,0:12:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we could get the robot to do them a little bit faster?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.62,0:12:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's hard to program a robot to do delicate things
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.05,0:12:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this, but it turns out my colleague, Pieter Abbeel,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.13,0:12:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's here at Berkeley, has develeloped
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.55,0:12:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new set of techniques for teaching robots from example.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.17,0:12:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he's gotten robots to fly helicopters,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.94,0:12:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do incredibly interesting, beautiful acrobatics,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.04,0:12:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by watching human experts fly them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.76,0:12:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we got one of these robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.35,0:13:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started working with Pieter and his students,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.53,0:13:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we asked a surgeon to perform
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.19,0:13:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a task, and what we do is we, with the robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.64,0:13:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so what we're doing is asking the robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.71,0:13:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the surgeon to perform the task,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.98,0:13:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we record the motions of the robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.26,0:13:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's an example. I'll use a figure eight,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.38,0:13:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tracing out a figure eight as an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.62,0:13:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's what it looks like when the robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.26,0:13:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what the robot's path looks like,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.57,0:13:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those three examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.75,0:13:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, those are much better than what a novice
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.21,0:13:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like I could do, but they're still jerky and imprecise.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.86,0:13:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we record all these examples, the data,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.94,0:13:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we go through a sequence of steps.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.65,0:13:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we used a technique called dynamic time warping
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.28,0:13:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from speech recognition, and this allows us to
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.46,0:13:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,temporally align all of the examples,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.30,0:13:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we apply Kalman filtering,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.23,0:13:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a technique from control theory, that allows us
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.22,0:13:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to statistically analyze all the noise
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.89,0:14:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and extract the desired trajectory that underlies them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.07,0:14:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, so what we're doing is that we take those
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.06,0:14:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human demonstrations, they're all noisy and imperfect,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.09,0:14:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we extract from them an inferred task trajectory
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.18,0:14:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and control sequence for the robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.18,0:14:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then execute that on the robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.36,0:14:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we observe what happens,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.54,0:14:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we adjust the controls using a sequence of techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.20,0:14:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called iterative learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.13,0:14:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then what we do is, we increase the velocity a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.11,0:14:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We observe the results, adjust the controls again,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.67,0:14:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and observe what happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.19,0:14:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we go through this several rounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.33,0:14:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's the result.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.68,0:14:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the inferred task trajectory,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.53,0:14:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here's the robot moving at the speed of the human.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.99,0:14:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's four times the speed of the human.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.43,0:14:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's seven times.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.00,0:14:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's the robot operating at 10 times
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.64,0:14:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the speed of the human.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.84,0:14:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're able to get a robot to perform a delicate task,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.79,0:14:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a surgical subtask,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.02,0:15:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 10 times the speed of a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.26,0:15:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this project also, because of its involved practicing
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.48,0:15:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and learning, doing something over and over again,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.66,0:15:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this project also has a lesson, which is,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.42,0:15:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want to do something well,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.54,0:15:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no substitute for practice, practice, practice.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.50,0:15:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are four of the lessons that I've learned
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.62,0:15:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from robots over the years,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.75,0:15:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and robotics, the field of robotics has gotten much better
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.12,0:15:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.29,0:15:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, high school students can build robots
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.46,0:15:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the industrial robot my dad and I tried to build.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.48,0:15:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, I have a daughter,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.46,0:15:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named Odessa.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.85,0:15:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's eight years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.68,0:15:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she likes robots, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.11,0:15:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe it runs in the family. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.52,0:16:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wish she could meet my dad.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.17,0:16:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now I get to teach her how things work,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.07,0:16:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we get to build projects together, and I wonder
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.84,0:16:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what kind of lessons that she'll learn from them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.15,0:16:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robots are the most human
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.75,0:16:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our machines.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.98,0:16:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can't solve all of the world's problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.07,0:16:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think they have something important to teach us.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.43,0:16:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I invite all of you to think about the innovations
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.77,0:16:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're interested in,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.44,0:16:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the machines that you wish for,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.66,0:16:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think about what they might be telling you,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.83,0:16:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I have a hunch
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.89,0:16:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of our technological innovations,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.98,0:16:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the devices we dream about,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.64,0:16:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can inspire us to be better humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.60,0:16:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. (Applause)