WEBVTT 00:00:13.449 --> 00:00:16.012 (Spanish) Good afternoon and thank you very much. 00:00:16.047 --> 00:00:21.444 Thank you very much for inviting me to this great TEDx event Cordoba 2012. 00:00:21.479 --> 00:00:25.087 I'm highly honored to be here among you to share an idea. 00:00:25.122 --> 00:00:28.863 An idea unfortunately which is not mine. 00:00:28.898 --> 00:00:32.633 An idea that has been conceived two or three decades back 00:00:32.668 --> 00:00:35.568 in this small Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan. 00:00:35.603 --> 00:00:38.602 This idea of Gross National Happiness and pursuing 00:00:38.637 --> 00:00:42.062 a development philosophy based on the happiness of people. 00:00:42.097 --> 00:00:44.548 Something which was very unconventional 00:00:44.583 --> 00:00:46.503 at the time when we started off. 00:00:46.538 --> 00:00:49.078 So, this is the idea that I've come to share with you in the spirit 00:00:49.113 --> 00:00:55.068 of the theme of the event: "Ideas that move ideas." 00:00:55.103 --> 00:00:59.274 Ladies and gentlemen, the architect of the philosophy 00:00:59.309 --> 00:01:01.318 of Gross National Happiness is no other than 00:01:01.353 --> 00:01:08.432 the fourth King of Bhutan, His Majesty Jigme Singye Wangchuck. 00:01:08.467 --> 00:01:11.089 So the picture you will see is the forth king. 00:01:11.124 --> 00:01:15.420 And his thesis was that GNH is more important than GDP. 00:01:15.455 --> 00:01:17.564 And understanding what human beings 00:01:17.599 --> 00:01:20.310 need to be happy is vital to the society. 00:01:20.345 --> 00:01:22.199 So this was the conviction upon which 00:01:22.234 --> 00:01:24.666 he conceived the idea. 00:01:24.701 --> 00:01:28.983 The topic of my talk, well, will be primarily focused 00:01:29.018 --> 00:01:30.654 on the Gross National Happiness. 00:01:30.689 --> 00:01:34.549 I'll try to give it an international flavor by seeing how happiness 00:01:34.584 --> 00:01:37.053 could be applied in other parts of the world. 00:01:37.088 --> 00:01:39.389 And to redefine and look what development 00:01:39.424 --> 00:01:41.649 could mean and whether if we can pursue 00:01:41.654 --> 00:01:45.125 a development with a different vision and a policy. 00:01:45.125 --> 00:01:46.399 When you talk about development, 00:01:46.434 --> 00:01:48.675 what comes to your mind? 00:01:50.710 --> 00:01:53.376 Economics, right? 00:01:53.411 --> 00:01:56.735 So, essentially, development actually means growth. 00:01:56.770 --> 00:02:00.001 But what has happened conventionally 00:02:00.001 --> 00:02:02.439 is that growth has not been pursued in its true sense. 00:02:02.444 --> 00:02:04.619 It has essentially meant development 00:02:04.654 --> 00:02:06.966 which is associated with economic growth. 00:02:07.001 --> 00:02:09.924 And it is my opinion and belief that growth 00:02:09.959 --> 00:02:13.639 does not necessary mean just financial or economic growth, 00:02:13.643 --> 00:02:16.655 it has other parameters and other requirements. 00:02:16.690 --> 00:02:18.534 Material growth alone is not reflective 00:02:18.539 --> 00:02:19.967 true nature of growth. 00:02:20.002 --> 00:02:23.506 And there are evidence, which say, that there's a minimum correlation 00:02:23.511 --> 00:02:26.461 or non-correlation between economic prosperity 00:02:26.496 --> 00:02:30.000 and happiness or well-being of the people. 00:02:31.370 --> 00:02:34.895 Having pursued development with the vision 00:02:34.930 --> 00:02:39.319 of pure material or GDP-based vision, 00:02:39.354 --> 00:02:43.057 the world is facing a series of problems and -- what are the consequences? 00:02:43.092 --> 00:02:49.606 The world, to my belief, is in a mad pursuit of economic gains. 00:02:49.611 --> 00:02:52.225 And this has cost a series of conflicts. 00:02:52.260 --> 00:02:54.309 Today, as you'll agree with me, 00:02:54.309 --> 00:02:56.481 the entire world is actually in conflict. 00:02:56.516 --> 00:02:58.966 We are facing conflict of crisis. 00:02:59.001 --> 00:03:03.437 Social crisis, cultural crisis, economic crisis, financial crisis. 00:03:03.472 --> 00:03:06.985 And above all, the most defining issue of the crisis 00:03:07.020 --> 00:03:10.677 that we as humanity face, as Mrs. Marina Silva once put it, 00:03:10.712 --> 00:03:13.529 the crisis of ethics and values. 00:03:13.564 --> 00:03:16.648 The current pattern of the alarming rate 00:03:16.683 --> 00:03:18.425 at which the consumption and production 00:03:18.460 --> 00:03:20.046 is growing is not sustainable. 00:03:20.046 --> 00:03:21.419 We need to look for a solution. 00:03:21.419 --> 00:03:23.421 We need to look for an alternative. 00:03:23.441 --> 00:03:25.372 It is easy to say that we need to look, 00:03:25.372 --> 00:03:27.791 it is easy to say that we are in a problem. 00:03:27.810 --> 00:03:28.960 So, what is the solution? 00:03:28.960 --> 00:03:30.981 This is the question that we need to ask. 00:03:31.016 --> 00:03:35.286 To do that we go back to the drawing board and ask ourselves, 00:03:35.286 --> 00:03:37.676 what should be the relation between a state and its people? 00:03:37.681 --> 00:03:43.088 To me, in my belief, a state without its people is not a state. 00:03:43.123 --> 00:03:45.558 Therefore, there is a saying, which says, 00:03:45.593 --> 00:03:48.470 "As I am, so is my Nation", which clearly defines 00:03:48.505 --> 00:03:51.124 that the most important matter or factor 00:03:51.159 --> 00:03:52.944 in a state is its people. 00:03:52.979 --> 00:03:55.593 Therefore, it's individual citizens that collectively 00:03:55.593 --> 00:03:57.756 define the character of a state, 00:03:57.756 --> 00:03:59.780 and hence, is the people that matters. 00:03:59.785 --> 00:04:04.381 The duty of the state? It should solely be to serve its people. 00:04:04.416 --> 00:04:06.060 Now, let's look out. 00:04:06.095 --> 00:04:07.836 If the people [are] the center of development, 00:04:07.836 --> 00:04:09.210 and this is what we should do, 00:04:09.210 --> 00:04:10.995 what should the state be doing? 00:04:11.030 --> 00:04:12.796 Are the states doing what they are supposed to do? 00:04:12.801 --> 00:04:16.178 To my belief, the primary responsibility of the state 00:04:16.213 --> 00:04:18.419 should be to pursue development goals 00:04:18.419 --> 00:04:20.203 that matter to the people. 00:04:20.203 --> 00:04:22.395 And what matters to the people, in my belief and opinion, 00:04:22.395 --> 00:04:24.044 is not just material growth. 00:04:24.049 --> 00:04:26.595 There are other requirements as human beings. 00:04:26.630 --> 00:04:29.180 The state should also make the right policies 00:04:29.215 --> 00:04:31.581 that promote happiness and well-being. 00:04:31.616 --> 00:04:34.626 And happiness and well-being is a universal flavor 00:04:34.661 --> 00:04:36.496 which appeals to every individual 00:04:36.501 --> 00:04:38.005 whether you are from Latin America, 00:04:38.010 --> 00:04:39.386 or whether you are from North America, 00:04:39.421 --> 00:04:41.383 or whether you are from Asia. 00:04:41.418 --> 00:04:44.620 So the most [important] factors that promote happiness in an individual, 00:04:44.655 --> 00:04:46.845 is beyond the control of an individual. 00:04:46.880 --> 00:04:49.225 So, therefore, the important role of the state. 00:04:49.260 --> 00:04:51.442 The policy decisions that the state makes 00:04:51.477 --> 00:04:53.076 has a tremendous influence 00:04:53.100 --> 00:04:57.174 on how the individual can grow or promote his happiness. 00:04:57.209 --> 00:04:59.489 Therefore, there is an important factor 00:04:59.489 --> 00:05:01.025 that the state has to play. 00:05:01.025 --> 00:05:03.416 And the best way to do it is to put people 00:05:03.451 --> 00:05:06.575 at the center of the development policies. 00:05:06.610 --> 00:05:09.314 Let's look at the conventional development goals 00:05:09.314 --> 00:05:10.715 which has been pursued as I said, 00:05:10.750 --> 00:05:14.180 it is either to increase your GDP, you are talking about savings, 00:05:14.215 --> 00:05:18.366 and increasing or decreasing your financial deficit. 00:05:18.401 --> 00:05:21.780 These ways or approaches, are conventional approaches, 00:05:21.815 --> 00:05:22.954 that have been pursued. 00:05:22.959 --> 00:05:25.996 To my belief, are only means to a greater end. 00:05:26.031 --> 00:05:32.655 And that end, ladies and gentlemen, I believe is Happiness. 00:05:32.690 --> 00:05:35.805 Now, having said that happiness is the central theme 00:05:35.840 --> 00:05:38.485 or the single most important factor for individual 00:05:38.520 --> 00:05:42.025 and, therefore, the duty of the state to promote those conditions 00:05:42.025 --> 00:05:43.863 which promote happiness on the individuals, 00:05:43.863 --> 00:05:47.059 can we consider development vision 00:05:47.094 --> 00:05:50.335 and policy, and base them on happiness? 00:05:50.335 --> 00:05:51.657 Is this possible? 00:05:51.657 --> 00:05:54.986 Many people wouldn't agree with me and say that happiness 00:05:55.021 --> 00:05:57.486 is very subjective and relative and is something 00:05:57.521 --> 00:06:00.061 that cannot be objectively verified, or measured. 00:06:00.096 --> 00:06:02.000 Therefore, it is not possible. 00:06:02.035 --> 00:06:04.676 But, ladies and gentlemen, the experience that I've come to share with you 00:06:04.711 --> 00:06:08.830 is something which should tell me, or tell you, that it is possible. 00:06:12.473 --> 00:06:17.812 Let's look at what has been happening in the few months and years 00:06:17.817 --> 00:06:23.524 since the world has been confronted with a series of problems. 00:06:23.559 --> 00:06:25.050 If you know, and if you agree -- 00:06:25.050 --> 00:06:26.374 I think some of you would have heard -- 00:06:26.394 --> 00:06:29.201 the former French President, Sarkozy commissioned, 00:06:29.236 --> 00:06:32.128 what is called the Sarkozy Commission, or Sarkozy Report, 00:06:32.128 --> 00:06:33.661 which was looking at alternative ways 00:06:33.661 --> 00:06:35.747 of measuring the country's well-being. 00:06:35.752 --> 00:06:38.810 So, he was primarily looking at happiness as one aspect. 00:06:38.845 --> 00:06:42.081 There are also NGOs and independent organizations 00:06:42.116 --> 00:06:45.322 which try to measure the happiness 00:06:45.357 --> 00:06:47.731 of countries and try to rank them. 00:06:47.766 --> 00:06:50.811 And the Happy Planet Index is one way of doing that. 00:06:50.846 --> 00:06:53.974 The latest of one being the David Cameron Report on Happiness 00:06:54.009 --> 00:06:56.742 that is trying to see if Britain, as a country, 00:06:56.777 --> 00:07:01.150 and the British citizens are in the measure of happiness. 00:07:01.150 --> 00:07:02.699 Then, of course, from Bhutan, 00:07:02.704 --> 00:07:06.412 we have had this philosophy of Gross National Happiness 00:07:06.447 --> 00:07:08.207 for the last four, five decades 00:07:08.212 --> 00:07:11.377 and we felt that it was our humble duty to try and share 00:07:11.412 --> 00:07:14.550 the experiences that we have had, such a long experience. 00:07:14.585 --> 00:07:18.569 And therefore we put it forward to the UN to adopt a resolution 00:07:18.604 --> 00:07:22.533 which declares happiness and well-being 00:07:22.568 --> 00:07:25.378 as a fundamental human right or a goal. 00:07:28.000 --> 00:07:31.563 Then, I believe there is something called "El club de la felicidad", 00:07:31.598 --> 00:07:35.837 somewhere in Brazil, which is also encouraging. 00:07:35.872 --> 00:07:39.049 So, ladies and gentlemen, let's see if Bhutan's experiences 00:07:39.084 --> 00:07:41.132 would be one way forward to look 00:07:41.167 --> 00:07:45.986 at an alternative development paradigm. 00:07:46.021 --> 00:07:49.199 I've been talking about the evolution of the concept. 00:07:49.234 --> 00:07:51.797 I will then touch upon development of happiness indicators, 00:07:51.832 --> 00:07:53.677 and then, try to convince the skeptics 00:07:53.712 --> 00:07:57.121 who feel that happiness [is] a subject that cannot be measured. 00:07:57.156 --> 00:07:59.394 We will also look up at the operationalization of GNH. 00:08:04.645 --> 00:08:06.696 So, ladies and gentlemen, let's take a minute 00:08:06.731 --> 00:08:10.000 and join me and let's take a voyage towards Bhutan. 00:08:14.621 --> 00:08:16.822 Oh, my sound is missing. 00:08:16.857 --> 00:08:18.381 Anyway, this is the map of Bhutan. 00:08:18.416 --> 00:08:20.368 A very small Himalayan country. 00:08:20.403 --> 00:08:22.637 We are in between China and India, 00:08:22.672 --> 00:08:25.025 you'll see, and most of the challenges that we face are, 00:08:25.025 --> 00:08:26.631 as a small Himalayan country, 00:08:26.631 --> 00:08:29.319 sandwiched between the two giants of India. 00:08:29.354 --> 00:08:32.519 You'll see the pictures on the site. 00:08:32.554 --> 00:08:34.809 This is to give you a bird's-eye view of Bhutan. 00:08:34.844 --> 00:08:37.154 The architectures is very intact. 00:08:37.189 --> 00:08:42.485 The country profile, 43,038 thousands km2, 00:08:42.520 --> 00:08:44.546 with 0.65 million people, very small, 00:08:44.581 --> 00:08:47.684 half of the population of Cordoba, I believe. 00:08:47.684 --> 00:08:49.490 Let's look at the evolution. 00:08:49.495 --> 00:08:52.707 As I mentioned, the concept of Gross National Happiness concept 00:08:52.742 --> 00:08:56.005 was conceived by a great leader with unmatched vision 00:08:56.040 --> 00:08:59.716 and unmatched statesmanship, 00:08:59.720 --> 00:09:01.426 and that was the fourth King of Bhutan. 00:09:01.426 --> 00:09:04.275 And he was [already] a proponent as way back as 1970 00:09:04.310 --> 00:09:07.176 when he as a young teenager at the age of 17 00:09:07.211 --> 00:09:10.324 had to take the reign of the country and became the king, 00:09:10.359 --> 00:09:14.763 when his father died an untimely death. 00:09:14.798 --> 00:09:17.626 He has consistently pursued this policy and put the people 00:09:17.626 --> 00:09:18.978 at the center of development. 00:09:18.978 --> 00:09:21.059 And, so much so, even today when we are constructing 00:09:21.094 --> 00:09:22.482 a democratic monarchy, 00:09:22.517 --> 00:09:25.178 we still have the requirement of pursuing happiness 00:09:25.213 --> 00:09:27.734 as a development objective. 00:09:27.769 --> 00:09:29.862 The rationale, as I said, human beings 00:09:29.897 --> 00:09:32.562 need more complex than material needs. 00:09:32.597 --> 00:09:34.850 GDP growth does not necessarily lead to increased 00:09:34.850 --> 00:09:36.086 well-being and happiness. 00:09:36.106 --> 00:09:38.459 Evidence also suggests that. 00:09:38.494 --> 00:09:41.989 So, just to give a pictorial explanation. 00:09:42.024 --> 00:09:44.090 If you pursue development purely based on GDP 00:09:44.125 --> 00:09:47.161 or financial growth you will have the balance tilted. 00:09:47.196 --> 00:09:50.746 On the other hand, if you have just non-material, it'll also be tilted. 00:09:50.781 --> 00:09:52.784 So what we are looking at is a balance between 00:09:52.819 --> 00:09:56.043 the material and the non-material to achieve happiness. 00:09:56.078 --> 00:09:57.883 What is then, Gross National Happiness? 00:09:57.888 --> 00:10:00.873 To us, Gross National Happiness is a development approach 00:10:00.908 --> 00:10:02.933 that seeks to achieve a harmonious balance between 00:10:02.968 --> 00:10:05.132 material well-being, spiritual, emotional 00:10:05.167 --> 00:10:07.102 and cultural needs of a society. 00:10:07.137 --> 00:10:10.094 And it is based on a belief that happiness "is" the ultimate desire 00:10:10.129 --> 00:10:13.391 of every citizen and it is a purpose of development 00:10:13.426 --> 00:10:17.794 to create enabling conditions for the people. 00:10:17.794 --> 00:10:19.502 So how do we define happiness? 00:10:19.507 --> 00:10:22.320 Or how have we been looking at happiness? 00:10:22.355 --> 00:10:26.326 What have been the defining pillars which have guided us 00:10:26.361 --> 00:10:28.699 in these thirty or forty years 00:10:28.734 --> 00:10:30.767 of the kingdom's development process? 00:10:30.802 --> 00:10:34.315 We have four pillars: equitable social and economic development 00:10:34.350 --> 00:10:38.360 preserve and promote culture, conserve the environment 00:10:38.395 --> 00:10:40.176 and then, of course, good governance. 00:10:40.176 --> 00:10:43.039 We feel that as long as you have these four pillars in mind 00:10:43.074 --> 00:10:46.670 we should be able to achieve GNH in any pursuit that we go. 00:10:46.705 --> 00:10:50.768 In terms of operationalizing this concept, what have we done? 00:10:50.803 --> 00:10:53.570 We have a 5-year planning system. 00:10:53.605 --> 00:10:56.599 And the central planning agency is the agency 00:10:56.634 --> 00:10:59.452 which is primarily responsible to develop plans. 00:10:59.487 --> 00:11:01.799 So, therefore, we have now what is called 00:11:01.834 --> 00:11:03.680 the Gross National Happiness Commission, 00:11:03.715 --> 00:11:07.149 which maintains and mainstreams GNH into development policies. 00:11:07.184 --> 00:11:13.079 We have also developed indicators which help us to measure the GNH. 00:11:13.114 --> 00:11:14.925 So, what's the GNH Index? 00:11:14.960 --> 00:11:16.893 It's a composite statistic to measure 00:11:16.928 --> 00:11:18.961 Bhutan's progress enhancement in happiness. 00:11:18.996 --> 00:11:24.379 It is consisting of 9 domains, 33 indicators and 124 variables. 00:11:24.414 --> 00:11:27.659 Excuse me, I'm running fast because I'm running out of time. 00:11:27.694 --> 00:11:30.293 So, what are these 9 domains? 00:11:30.328 --> 00:11:33.242 We have conventional ways of measuring 00:11:33.277 --> 00:11:35.072 the progress of the country, 00:11:35.107 --> 00:11:37.475 and they are the ones which are highlighted in red. 00:11:37.510 --> 00:11:40.031 These are the conventional approaches. 00:11:40.066 --> 00:11:44.896 And we have non-conventional [ways] which are the following: 00:11:44.931 --> 00:11:49.930 psychological well-being, time use, community vitality 00:11:49.965 --> 00:11:53.543 and then, of course, cultural diversity and resilience. 00:11:53.578 --> 00:11:56.108 So, we have 9 domains, within which we have 00:11:56.143 --> 00:11:59.392 some 33 indicators and 124 variables. 00:11:59.427 --> 00:12:03.728 We conduct an annual survey -- a 2-year survey -- 00:12:03.763 --> 00:12:07.192 to assess where we are going, and based on the results of the survey 00:12:07.227 --> 00:12:10.157 we make policy interventions to correct in areas 00:12:10.162 --> 00:12:16.150 where we feel we are not doing so well. 00:12:16.185 --> 00:12:19.267 To give an example of how we are using the indicators. 00:12:19.302 --> 00:12:22.375 For example, let's say psychological well-being, education 00:12:22.410 --> 00:12:25.344 and community vitality... In the survey results stands 00:12:25.379 --> 00:12:28.233 that there is a decrease in them, then what do we do 00:12:28.268 --> 00:12:30.506 as a state policy, state interventions? 00:12:30.541 --> 00:12:34.643 We need to design and come out with policies and measures 00:12:34.678 --> 00:12:37.692 to help uplift the psychological well-being. 00:12:37.727 --> 00:12:40.187 Similarly, in education, we do interventions 00:12:40.222 --> 00:12:42.846 so that we improve in the education domain. 00:12:42.881 --> 00:12:46.254 Then, we have the community vitality interventions 00:12:46.289 --> 00:12:50.351 that are state policy decisions that need to be designed and promoted. 00:12:50.386 --> 00:12:54.013 And a case example, is in the education sector. 00:12:54.048 --> 00:12:57.000 When we look at the education sector without the GNH lens, 00:12:57.035 --> 00:13:01.239 from a conventional way of looking at it, it was perfect. 00:13:01.274 --> 00:13:04.536 We have an education system which are doing very well, 00:13:04.571 --> 00:13:07.960 the growth of enrollment ratio was 120%, or so, and so... 00:13:07.995 --> 00:13:10.950 But then when we put the GNH lens into it, we realize, 00:13:10.985 --> 00:13:13.256 "Wait, look, you are not doing too well." 00:13:13.291 --> 00:13:17.526 So this is how the GNH Index helps to give a more wholesome approach 00:13:17.561 --> 00:13:21.055 and allows the government to have policy interventions. 00:13:21.090 --> 00:13:25.820 We also have what we call the GNH Policy Screening tool. 00:13:25.855 --> 00:13:29.172 And I'm not sure if any other country has this sort of screening tool, 00:13:29.207 --> 00:13:32.558 where every major policy decision that is taken by the country 00:13:32.593 --> 00:13:35.441 in the context of any development intervention, 00:13:35.476 --> 00:13:38.825 is subjected to this screening tool. 00:13:38.860 --> 00:13:44.739 So, as long as the policy screening passes the minimum threshold, 00:13:44.739 --> 00:13:46.135 the policy gets through. 00:13:46.135 --> 00:13:50.161 But the policy -- if it does not meet the minimum requirement, 00:13:50.196 --> 00:13:54.464 then, the policy is rejected and it is sent back to the agency 00:13:54.499 --> 00:13:57.752 which is proposing that policy, and make the recommendations 00:13:57.787 --> 00:14:02.322 to make the necessary changes which will help to make or promote 00:14:02.357 --> 00:14:05.819 happiness in the country. 00:14:05.854 --> 00:14:07.938 So, in conclusion, ladies and gentlemen, 00:14:08.000 --> 00:14:11.387 actually, Im not doing it too bad... in time... I thought I was doing very bad. 00:14:11.422 --> 00:14:14.986 Happiness, as I said, is a universal human aspiration. 00:14:15.021 --> 00:14:17.849 And, hence, it is my belief should be pursued 00:14:17.884 --> 00:14:19.658 as a state development policy. 00:14:19.693 --> 00:14:23.176 And don't just look at the mad economic race 00:14:23.211 --> 00:14:25.781 of pursuing material prosperity. 00:14:25.816 --> 00:14:30.182 And, in order to do that, and apply what we have done in Bhutan, 00:14:30.217 --> 00:14:34.857 in terms of pursuing GNH, we have to look at different contexts 00:14:34.892 --> 00:14:40.800 depending on the original cultural and religious sensitivity involved. 00:14:40.835 --> 00:14:44.597 And, ask yourselves, what does it mean to be a happy society 00:14:44.632 --> 00:14:48.341 or what are the parameters that would define happiness for you. 00:14:48.376 --> 00:14:51.546 For Bhutan, as I said, we have looked at the 4 pillars, 00:14:51.581 --> 00:14:54.579 the 9 domains, and then the 83 indicators, 00:14:54.614 --> 00:14:59.341 which essentially reflect this happiness of the Bhutanese society. 00:14:59.376 --> 00:15:03.385 So, for it to be applied internationally or replicated 00:15:03.420 --> 00:15:08.065 in other parts of the world, those states who wish to do that 00:15:08.100 --> 00:15:09.906 need to look at themselves and see 00:15:09.906 --> 00:15:14.843 what are the parameters that would define happiness. 00:15:14.878 --> 00:15:27.292 (Applause) 00:15:27.327 --> 00:15:31.055 How many of you are happy today? 00:15:31.090 --> 00:15:36.901 I would say 90 percent are happy because you are the lucky 100 lottery winners, right? 00:15:36.936 --> 00:15:39.285 Good luck. Thank you. 00:15:39.285 --> 00:15:40.847 Muchas gracias. 00:15:40.852 --> 00:15:43.456 (Applause)