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(Spanish) Good afternoon
and thank you very much.

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Thank you very much for inviting me
to this great TEDx event Cordoba 2012.

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I'm highly honored to be here
among you to share an idea.

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An idea unfortunately
which is not mine.

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An idea that has been conceived
two or three decades back

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in this small Himalayan
Kingdom of Bhutan.

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This idea of Gross National
Happiness and pursuing

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a development philosophy based
on the happiness of people.

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Something which was very unconventional

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at the time when we started off.

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So, this is the idea that I've come
to share with you in the spirit

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of the theme of the event:
"Ideas that move ideas."

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Ladies and gentlemen,
the architect of the philosophy

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of Gross National Happiness
is no other than

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the fourth King of Bhutan,
His Majesty Jigme Singye Wangchuck.

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So the picture you will see
is the forth king.

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And his thesis was that GNH
is more important than GDP.

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And understanding what human beings

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need to be happy
is vital to the society.

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So this was the conviction upon which

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he conceived the idea.

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The topic of my talk, well,
will be primarily focused

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on the Gross National Happiness.

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I'll try to give it an international flavor
by seeing how happiness

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could be applied
in other parts of the world.

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And to redefine
and look what development

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could mean and whether
if we can pursue

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a development with a different
vision and a policy.

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When you talk about development,

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what comes to your mind?

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Economics, right?

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So, essentially, development
actually means growth.

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But what has happened conventionally

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is that growth has not been
pursued in its true sense.

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It has essentially meant development

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which is associated with economic growth.

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And it is my opinion
and belief that growth

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does not necessary mean
just financial or economic growth,

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it has other parameters
and other requirements.

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Material growth alone
is not reflective

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true nature of growth.

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And there are evidence, which say,
that there's a minimum correlation

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or non-correlation
between economic prosperity

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and happiness or well-being of the people.

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Having pursued development with the vision

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of pure material or GDP-based vision,

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the world is facing a series of problems and --
what are the consequences?

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The world, to my belief,
is in a mad pursuit of economic gains.

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And this has cost a series of conflicts.

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Today, as you'll agree with me,

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the entire world is actually in conflict.

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We are facing conflict of crisis.

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Social crisis, cultural crisis,
economic crisis, financial crisis.

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And above all,
the most defining issue of the crisis

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that we as humanity face,
as Mrs. Marina Silva once put it,

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the crisis of ethics and values.

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The current pattern of the alarming rate

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at which the consumption and production

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is growing is not sustainable.

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We need to look for a solution.

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We need to look for an alternative.

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It is easy to say that we need to look,

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it is easy to say that we are in a problem.

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So, what is the solution?

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This is the question that we need to ask.

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To do that we go back
to the drawing board and ask ourselves,

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what should be the relation
between a state and its people?

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To me, in my belief,
a state without its people is not a state.

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Therefore, there is a saying, which says,

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"As I am, so is my Nation",
which clearly defines

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that the most important matter or factor

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in a state is its people.

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Therefore, it's individual
citizens that collectively

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define the character of a state,

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and hence, is the people that matters.

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The duty of the state?
It should solely be to serve its people.

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Now, let's look out.

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If the people [are] the center of development,

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and this is what we should do,

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what should the state be doing?

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Are the states doing 
what they are supposed to do?

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To my belief, the primary
responsibility of the state

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should be to pursue development goals

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that matter to the people.

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And what matters to the people,
in my belief and opinion,

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is not just material growth.

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There are other requirements as human beings.

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The state should also make the right policies

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that promote happiness and well-being.

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And happiness and well-being
is a universal flavor

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which appeals to every individual

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whether you are from Latin America,

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or whether you are from North America,

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or whether you are from Asia.

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So the most [important] factors
that promote happiness in an individual,

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is beyond the control of an individual.

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So, therefore, the important role of the state.

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The policy decisions that the state makes

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has a tremendous influence

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on how the individual can grow
or promote his happiness.

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Therefore, there is an important factor

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that the state has to play.

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And the best way to do it is to put people

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at the center of the development policies.

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Let's look at the conventional development goals

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which has been pursued as I said,

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it is either to increase your GDP,
you are talking about savings,

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and increasing or decreasing
your financial deficit.

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These ways or approaches,
are conventional approaches,

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that have been pursued.

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To my belief, are only means
to a greater end.

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And that end, ladies and gentlemen,
I believe is Happiness.

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Now, having said that happiness
is the central theme

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or the single most important
factor for individual

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and, therefore, the duty of the state
to promote those conditions

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which promote happiness on the individuals,

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can we consider development vision

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and policy, and base them on happiness?

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Is this possible?

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Many people wouldn't agree with me
and say that happiness

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is very subjective and relative and is something

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that cannot be objectively verified, or measured.

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Therefore, it is not possible.

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But, ladies and gentlemen, the experience
that I've come to share with you

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is something which should tell me,
or tell you, that it is possible.

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Let's look at what has been happening
in the few months and years

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since the world has been confronted
with a series of problems.

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If you know, and if you agree --

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I think some of you would have heard --

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the former French President,
Sarkozy commissioned,

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what is called the Sarkozy Commission,
or Sarkozy Report,

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which was looking at alternative ways

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of measuring the country's well-being.

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So, he was primarily looking
at happiness as one aspect.

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There are also NGOs
and independent organizations

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which try to measure the happiness

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of countries and try to rank them.

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And the Happy Planet Index
is one way of doing that.

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The latest of one being
the David Cameron Report on Happiness

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that is trying to see if Britain, as a country,

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and the British citizens
are in the measure of happiness.

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Then, of course, from Bhutan,

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we have had this philosophy
of Gross National Happiness

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for the last four, five decades

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and we felt that it was
our humble duty to try and share

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the experiences that we have had,
such a long experience.

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And therefore we put it forward
to the UN to adopt a resolution

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which declares happiness and well-being

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as a fundamental human right or a goal.

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Then, I believe there is something
called "El club de la felicidad",

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somewhere in Brazil,
which is also encouraging.

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So, ladies and gentlemen,
let's see if Bhutan's experiences

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would be one way forward to look

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at an alternative development paradigm.

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I've been talking about
the evolution of the concept.

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I will then touch upon development
of happiness indicators,

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and then, try to convince the skeptics

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who feel that happiness [is]
a subject that cannot be measured.

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We will also look up at the
operationalization of GNH.

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So, ladies and gentlemen,
let's take a minute

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and join me and let's take
a voyage towards Bhutan.

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Oh, my sound is missing.

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Anyway, this is the map of Bhutan.

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A very small Himalayan country.

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We are in between China and India,

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you'll see, and most of the
challenges that we face are,

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as a small Himalayan country,

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sandwiched between the two giants of India.

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You'll see the pictures on the site.

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This is to give you
a bird's-eye view of Bhutan.

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The architectures is very intact.

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The country profile,
43,038 thousands km2,

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with 0.65 million people, very small,

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half of the population
of Cordoba, I believe.

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Let's look at the evolution.

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As I mentioned, the concept
of Gross National Happiness concept

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was conceived by a great leader
with unmatched vision

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and unmatched statesmanship,

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and that was the fourth King of Bhutan.

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And he was [already] a proponent
as way back as 1970

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when he as a young teenager
at the age of 17

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had to take the reign of the
country and became the king,

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when his father died an untimely death.

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He has consistently pursued
this policy and put the people

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at the center of development.

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And, so much so, even today
when we are constructing

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a democratic monarchy,

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we still have the requirement
of pursuing happiness

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as a development objective.

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The rationale, as I said, human beings

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need more complex than material needs.

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GDP growth does not necessarily
lead to increased

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well-being and happiness.

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Evidence also suggests that.

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So, just to give a pictorial explanation.

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If you pursue development
purely based on GDP

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or financial growth you
will have the balance tilted.

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On the other hand, if you have
just non-material, it'll also be tilted.

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So what we are looking
at is a balance between

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the material and the non-material
to achieve happiness.

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What is then,
Gross National Happiness?

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To us, Gross National Happiness
is a development approach

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that seeks to achieve
a harmonious balance between

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material well-being, spiritual, emotional

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and cultural needs of a society.

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And it is based on a belief
that happiness "is" the ultimate desire

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of every citizen and 
it is a purpose of development

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to create enabling conditions
for the people.

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So how do we define happiness?

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Or how have we been looking at happiness?

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What have been the defining pillars
which have guided us

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in these thirty or forty years

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of the kingdom's development process?

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We have four pillars: equitable social
and economic development

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preserve and promote culture,
conserve the environment

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and then, of course, good governance.

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We feel that as long as you have
these four pillars in mind

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we should be able to achieve GNH
in any pursuit that we go.

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In terms of operationalizing this concept,
what have we done?

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We have a 5-year planning system.

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And the central planning agency is the agency

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which is primarily responsible
to develop plans.

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So, therefore,
we have now what is called

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the Gross National Happiness Commission,

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which maintains and mainstreams GNH
into development policies.

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We have also developed indicators
which help us to measure the GNH.

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So, what's the GNH Index?

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It's a composite statistic to measure

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Bhutan's progress enhancement in happiness.

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It is consisting of 9 domains,
33 indicators and 124 variables.

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Excuse me, I'm running fast
because I'm running out of time.

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So, what are these 9 domains?

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We have conventional ways of measuring

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the progress of the country,

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and they are the ones 
which are highlighted in red.

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These are the conventional approaches.

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And we have non-conventional [ways]
which are the following:

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psychological well-being,
time use, community vitality

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and then, of course,
cultural diversity and resilience.

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So, we have 9 domains,
within which we have

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some 33 indicators and 124 variables.

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We conduct an annual survey
-- a 2-year survey --

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to assess where we are going,
and based on the results of the survey

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we make policy interventions
to correct in areas

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where we feel we are
not doing so well.

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To give an example of how
we are using the indicators.

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For example, let's say
psychological well-being, education

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and community vitality...
In the survey results stands

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that there is a decrease in them,
then what do we do

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as a state policy,
state interventions?

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We need to design and come out
with policies and measures

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to help uplift the psychological well-being.

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Similarly, in education,
we do interventions

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so that we improve
in the education domain.

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Then, we have
the community vitality interventions

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that are state policy decisions
that need to be designed and promoted.

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And a case example,
is in the education sector.

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When we look at the education sector
without the GNH lens,

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from a conventional way
of looking at it, it was perfect.

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We have an education system 
which are doing very well,

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the growth of enrollment ratio was 120%,
or so, and so...

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But then when we put
the GNH lens into it, we realize,

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"Wait, look, you are not doing too well."

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So this is how the GNH Index helps
to give a more wholesome approach

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and allows the government
to have policy interventions.

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We also have what we call
the GNH Policy Screening tool.

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And I'm not sure if any other country
has this sort of screening tool,

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where every major policy decision
that is taken by the country

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in the context of any development intervention,

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is subjected to this screening tool.

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So, as long as the policy screening
passes the minimum threshold,

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the policy gets through.

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But the policy -- if it does not meet
the minimum requirement,

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then, the policy is rejected
and it is sent back to the agency

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which is proposing that policy,
and make the recommendations

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to make the necessary changes
which will help to make or promote

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happiness in the country.

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So, in conclusion,
ladies and gentlemen,

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actually, Im not doing it too bad...
in time... I thought I was doing very bad.

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Happiness, as I said,
is a universal human aspiration.

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And, hence, it is my belief
should be pursued

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as a state development policy.

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And don't just look
at the mad economic race

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of pursuing material prosperity.

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And, in order to do that, and apply
what we have done in Bhutan,

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in terms of pursuing GNH,
we have to look at different contexts

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depending on the original cultural
and religious sensitivity involved.

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And, ask yourselves,
what does it mean to be a happy society

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or what are the parameters
that would define happiness for you.

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For Bhutan, as I said,
we have looked at the 4 pillars,

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the 9 domains, and then the 83 indicators,

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which essentially reflect this happiness
of the Bhutanese society.

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So, for it to be applied
internationally or replicated

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in other parts of the world,
those states who wish to do that

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need to look at themselves and see

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what are the parameters
that would define happiness.

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(Applause)

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How many of you are happy today?

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I would say 90 percent are happy because
you are the lucky 100 lottery winners, right?

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Good luck. Thank you.

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Muchas gracias.

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(Applause)