[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.66,0:00:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strap yourselves in,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.50,0:00:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.61,0:00:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not just a few astronauts --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.66,0:00:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of people\Nare going to colonize Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.94,0:00:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I am telling you that they're\Ngoing to do this soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.81,0:00:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of you will end up\Nworking on projects on Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.66,0:00:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I guarantee that some of your\Nchildren will end up living there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.02,0:00:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That probably sounds preposterous,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.35,0:00:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'm going to share with you\Nhow and when that will happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.96,0:00:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But first I want to discuss\Nthe obvious question:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.18,0:00:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why the heck should we do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.85,0:00:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.10,0:00:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I gave a TED talk on 10 ways\Nthe world could end suddenly.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.91,0:00:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are incredibly vulnerable\Nto the whims of our own galaxy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.74,0:00:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A single, large astroid\Ncould take us out forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.38,0:00:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To survive we have to reach\Nbeyond the home planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.67,0:00:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think what a tragedy it would be
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.02,0:00:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if all that humans have accomplished\Nwere suddenly obliterated.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.83,0:00:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's another reason we should go:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.99,0:01:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exploration is in our DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.94,0:01:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two million years ago\Nhumans evolved in Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.28,0:01:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then slowly but surely\Nspread out across the entire planet
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.22,0:01:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by reaching into the wilderness\Nthat was beyond their horizons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.74,0:01:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This stuff is inside us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.04,0:01:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they prospered doing that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.51,0:01:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the greatest advances\Nin civilization and technology
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.36,0:01:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came because we explored.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.22,0:01:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, we could do a lot of good
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.72,0:01:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the money it will take to establish\Na thriving colony on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.20,0:01:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes we should all be taking\Nfar better care of our own home planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.27,0:01:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.18,0:01:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I worry we could screw up Mars\Nthe way we've screwed up Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.57,0:01:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But think for a moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.24,0:01:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we had when John F. Kennedy\Ntold us we would put a human on the moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.07,0:01:52.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He excited an entire generation to dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.58,0:01:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think how inspired we will be\Nto see a landing on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.53,0:01:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps then we will look back at Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.36,0:02:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see that that is one\Npeople instead of many
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.77,0:02:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps then we\Nwill look back at Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.20,0:02:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we struggle to survive on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.60,0:02:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and realize how precious\Nthe home planet is.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.75,0:02:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me tell you about the extraordinary\Nadventure we're about to undertake.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.28,0:02:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But first,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.56,0:02:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few fascinating facts\Nabout where we're going.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.28,0:02:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This picture actually represents\Nthe true size of Mars compared to Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.61,0:02:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars is not our sister planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.65,0:02:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's far less than half\Nthe size of the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.27,0:02:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet despite the fact\Nthat it's smaller,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.45,0:02:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the surface area of Mars\Nthat you can stand on
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.04,0:02:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is equivalent to the surface area\Nof the Earth that you can stand on,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.97,0:02:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the Earth\Nis mostly covered by water.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.28,0:02:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The atmosphere on Mars is really thin --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.57,0:02:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 times thinner than on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.08,0:02:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not breathable,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.40,0:02:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's 96 percent carbon dioxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.02,0:02:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really cold there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.72,0:02:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The average temperature\Nis minus 81 degrees,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.61,0:03:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although there is a quite\Na range of temperature.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.52,0:03:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A day on Mars is about\Nas long as a day on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.99,0:03:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plus about 39 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.68,0:03:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seasons and years on Mars\Nare twice as long as they are on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.20,0:03:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for anybody who wants to strap\Non some wings and go flying one day,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.89,0:03:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars has a lot less gravity than on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.67,0:03:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the kind of place
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.94,0:03:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can jump over your car\Ninstead of walk around it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.56,0:03:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now as you can see,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.75,0:03:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars isn't exactly Earth-like,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.05,0:03:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's by far the most livable other\Nplace in our entire solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.56,0:03:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.02,0:03:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars is a long way away,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.44,0:03:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thousand times farther away\Nfrom us than our own moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.90,0:03:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Moon is 250,000 miles away
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.50,0:03:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it took Apollo astronauts\Nthree days to get there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars is 250 million miles away
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.07,0:03:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will take us\Neight months to get there --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.33,0:03:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,240 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.33,0:04:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's only if we launch\Non a very specific day,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.86,0:04:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a very specific time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.58,0:04:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once every two years,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.57,0:04:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Mars and the Earth\Nare aligned just so,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.90,0:04:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the distance that the rocket\Nwould have to travel will be the shortest.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.95,0:04:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,240 days is a long time to spend\Ntrapped with your colleagues in a tin can.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.01,0:04:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And meanwhile,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.02,0:04:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our track record\Nof getting to Mars is lousy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We and the Russians,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.21,0:04:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Europeans,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.20,0:04:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Japanese,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.20,0:04:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Chinese
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.21,0:04:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Indians,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.21,0:04:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have actually sent 44 rockets there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.20,0:04:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vast majority of them\Nhave either missed or crashed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.34,0:04:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only about a third of the missions\Nto Mars have been successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.97,0:04:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we don't at the moment have\Na rocket big enough to get there anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.22,0:04:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We once had that rocket,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.58,0:04:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Saturn V.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.58,0:04:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple of Saturn Fives\Nwould have gotten us there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.12,0:04:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the most magnificent\Nmachine ever built by humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.45,0:04:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was the rocket\Nthat took us to the Moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.42,0:04:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the last Saturn V was used in 1973\Nto launch the Skylab space station,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.32,0:05:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we decided to do\Nsomething called the shuttle
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.55,0:05:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of continuing on to Mars\Nafter we landed on the Moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.86,0:05:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biggest rocket we have now
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.37,0:05:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is only half big enough\Nto get us anything to Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.41,0:05:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So getting to Mars\Nis not going to be easy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.42,0:05:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that brings up a really\Ninteresting question ...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.69,0:05:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how soon will the first humans\Nactually land here?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.62,0:05:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now some [pundits] think\Nif we got there by 2050,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.57,0:05:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that'd be a pretty good achievement.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.96,0:05:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These days,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.96,0:05:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NASA seems to be saying that it can\Nget humans to Mars by 2040.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.56,0:05:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe they can.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.84,0:05:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that they can get human\Nbeings into Mars orbit by 2035,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.85,0:05:46.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but frankly,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.100,0:05:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think they're going to bother\Nin 2035 to send a rocket to Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.96,0:05:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we will already be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.07,0:05:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to land on Mars in 2027.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.44,0:05:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason is,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.44,0:06:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this man is determined\Nto make that happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.71,0:06:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His name is Elon Musk,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.01,0:06:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's the CEO of Tesla Motors and SpaceX.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.20,0:06:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now he actually told me\Nthat we would land on Mars by 2025,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.18,0:06:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Elon Musk is more\Noptimistic than I am --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.29,0:06:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's going aways --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.78,0:06:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'm giving him a couple\Nof years of slack.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.23,0:06:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still ...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.61,0:06:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got to ask yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.00,0:06:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can this guy really do this\Nby 2025 or 2027?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.91,0:06:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well let's put a decade with Elon Musk\Ninto a little perspective.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.34,0:06:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where was this 10 years ago?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.63,0:06:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the Tesla electric automobile.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.79,0:06:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2005,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.19,0:06:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of people in the automobile\Nindustry were saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.76,0:06:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would not have a decent\Nelectric car for 50 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.65,0:06:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And where was that?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.45,0:06:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.56,0:06:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lifting six tons of supplies\Nto the International Space Station.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.02,0:06:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.03,0:07:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SpaceX had not launched anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.62,0:07:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or fired a rocket to anywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.87,0:07:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think it's a pretty good bet
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.40,0:07:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the person who is revolutionizing\Nthe automobile industry
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.57,0:07:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in less than 10 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.86,0:07:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the person who created an entire\Nrocket company in less than 10 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.45,0:07:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will get us to Mars by 2027.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.05,0:07:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you need to know this:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.95,0:07:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government and robots\Nno longer control this game.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.25,0:07:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Private companies are leaping into space
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.62,0:07:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they will be happy\Nto take you to Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.04,0:07:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that raises a really big question.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.55,0:07:39.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we actually live there?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.92,0:07:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, NASA may not be able\Nto get us there until 2040,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.10,0:07:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or we may get there\Na long time before NASA,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.32,0:07:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but NASA has taken a huge responsibility\Nin figuring out how we can live on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.04,0:07:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at the problem this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.99,0:07:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what you need to live on Earth:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.90,0:08:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,food, water, shelter and clothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.43,0:08:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's what you need to live on Mars:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.93,0:08:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the above, plus oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.29,0:08:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's look at the most\Nimportant thing on this list first.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.51,0:08:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Water is the basis of all\Nlife as we know it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.59,0:08:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's far too heavy for us to carry\Nwater from the Earth to Mars to live,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.14,0:08:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have to find water if our life\Nis going to succeed on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.95,0:08:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look at Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.67,0:08:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks really dry,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.73,0:08:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks like the entire\Nplanet is a desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.46,0:08:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out that it's not.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.47,0:08:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The soil alone on Mars contains\Nup to 60 percent water,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.63,0:08:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a number of orbiters that we still\Nhave flying around Mars has shown us --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.62,0:08:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by the way that's\Na real photograph --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.10,0:08:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lots of craters on Mars have\Na sheet of water ice in them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.43,0:08:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a bad place to start a colony.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.92,0:08:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now here's a view of a little dig\Nthe Phoenix Lander did in 2008,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.28,0:08:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing that just below\Nthe surface of the soil is ice --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.83,0:09:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that white stuff is ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.07,0:09:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the second picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.44,0:09:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is four days later\Nthan the first picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.68,0:09:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see that\Nsome of it is evaporating.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.31,0:09:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Orbiters also tell us
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.68,0:09:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are huge amounts\Nof underground water on Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.06,0:09:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as glaciers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.19,0:09:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.19,0:09:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if only the water ice\Nat the poles on Mars melted,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.58,0:09:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the planet would be\Nunder 30 feet of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.21,0:09:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's plenty of water there,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.23,0:09:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most of it's ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.56,0:09:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of it's underground,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.89,0:09:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes a lot of energy to get it
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.85,0:09:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of human labor.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.28,0:09:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a device cooked up at the\NUniversity of Washington back in 1998.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.02,0:09:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's basically a low-tech dehumidifier.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.06,0:09:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out the Mars atmosphere\Nis often 100 percent humid.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.19,0:09:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this device can extract\Nall the water that humans will need
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.51,0:09:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply from the atmosphere on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.41,0:09:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next we have to worry about\Nwhat we will breathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.34,0:09:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Frankly, I was really shocked
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.31,0:10:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find out that NASA\Nhas this problem worked out.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.48,0:10:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a scientist at MIT\Nnamed Michael Hecht.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.38,0:10:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's developed this machine, Moxie.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.04,0:10:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love this thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.06,0:10:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a reverse fuel cell essentially,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.71,0:10:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sucks in the Martian atmosphere\Nand pumps out oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.50,0:10:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you have to remember that CO2 --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.43,0:10:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carbon dioxide,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.43,0:10:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is 96 percent of Mars' atmosphere --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.38,0:10:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CO2 is basically 78 percent oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.20,0:10:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the next big rover that NASA\Nsends to Mars in 2020
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.49,0:10:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to have one\Nof these devices aboard,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.66,0:10:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will be able\Nto produce enough oxygen
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.53,0:10:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep one person alive indefinitely.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.04,0:10:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the secret to this --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.29,0:10:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's just for testing --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.01,0:10:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the secret to this
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.25,0:10:43.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this thing was\Ndesigned from the getgo
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.39,0:10:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be scalable by a factor of 100.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.15,0:10:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, what will we eat?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.22,0:10:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well we'll use hydroponics to grow food,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.20,0:10:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're not going to be able to grow
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.02,0:10:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than 15 to 20 percent\Nof our food there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.14,0:10:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least not until water is running\Non the surface of Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.73,0:11:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we actually have the probability\Nand the capability of planting crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.83,0:11:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the meantime,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.11,0:11:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of our food will arrive from Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.17,0:11:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will be dried.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.73,0:11:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we need some shelter.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.38,0:11:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first we can use inflatable,\Npressurized buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.02,0:11:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the landers themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.25,0:11:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this really only works\Nduring the daytime.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.23,0:11:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is too much solar radiation
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.25,0:11:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and too much radiation from cosmic rays.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.42,0:11:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we really have to go underground.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.56,0:11:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it turns out that the soil on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.15,0:11:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by and large,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.25,0:11:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is perfect for making bricks.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.35,0:11:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And NASA has figured this one out, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.48,0:11:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're going to throw some\Npolymer plastic into the bricks,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.42,0:11:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shove them in a microwave oven,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.12,0:11:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you will be able to build\Nbuildings with really thick walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.37,0:11:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or we may choose to live underground\Nin caves or in lava tubes,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.50,0:11:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which there are plenty.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.15,0:11:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally there's clothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.45,0:11:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On Earth we have miles\Nof atmosphere piled up on us,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.64,0:12:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which creates 15 pounds of pressure\Non our bodies at all times,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.80,0:12:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're constantly\Npushing out against that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.12,0:12:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On Mars there's hardly any\Natmospheric pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.90,0:12:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Dava Newman,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.91,0:12:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a scientist at MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.47,0:12:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has created this sleek space suit.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.55,0:12:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will keep us together,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.83,0:12:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,block radiation
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.01,0:12:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and keep us warm.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.24,0:12:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's think about this for a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.34,0:12:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Food, shelter, clothing, water, oxygen ...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.16,0:12:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.84,0:12:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We really can.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.99,0:12:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's still a little complicated\Nand a little difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.13,0:12:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that leads to the next big --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.94,0:12:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really big step --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.57,0:12:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in living the good life on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.44,0:12:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's terraforming the planet:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.90,0:12:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it more like Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.77,0:12:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,re-engineering an entire planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.43,0:12:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That sounds like a lot of hubris,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.36,0:12:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the truth is
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.47,0:12:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the technology to do everything\NI'm about to tell you already exists.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.47,0:12:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First we've got to warm it up.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.64,0:13:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars is incredibly cold because\Nit has a very thin atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.22,0:13:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer lies here at the south pole\Nand at the north pole of Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.57,0:13:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both of which are covered
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.78,0:13:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an incredible amount\Nof frozen carbon dioxide --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.03,0:13:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dry ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.57,0:13:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we heat it up,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.02,0:13:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sublimes directly into the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.59,0:13:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thickens the atmosphere\Nthe same way it does on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.43,0:13:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we know,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.51,0:13:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CO2 is an incredibly\Npotent greenhouse gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.06,0:13:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now my favorite way of doing this
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.22,0:13:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to erect a very, very large solar sail
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.92,0:13:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and focus --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.92,0:13:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it essentially serves as a mirror --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.67,0:13:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and focus it on the south\Npole of Mars at first.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.38,0:13:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the planet spins,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.80,0:13:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will heat up all that dry ice,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.67,0:13:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sublime it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.53,0:13:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will go into the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.70,0:13:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually won't take long for\Nthe temperature on Mars to start rising,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.53,0:13:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably less than 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.80,0:13:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.80,0:13:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a perfect day at the equator,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.05,0:13:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle of summer on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.21,0:13:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,temperatures can actually\Nreach 70 degrees,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.58,0:14:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then they go down\Nto minus 100 at night.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.34,0:14:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.60,0:14:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we're shooting for\Nis a runaway greenhouse effect:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.03,0:14:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enough temperature rise to see\Na lot of that ice on Mars --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.84,0:14:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially the ice in the ground --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.77,0:14:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,melt.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.21,0:14:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we get some real magic.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.29,0:14:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the atmosphere gets thicker,\Neverything gets better.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.46,0:14:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We get more protection from radiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.96,0:14:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more atmosphere makes us warmer,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.28,0:14:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes the planet warmer,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.49,0:14:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we get running water
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.97,0:14:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that makes crops possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.21,0:14:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then more water vapor goes into the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.26,0:14:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forming yet another potent greenhouse gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.26,0:14:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will rain and it will snow on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.37,0:14:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a thicker atmosphere\Nwill create enough pressure
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.49,0:14:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can throw\Naway those space suits.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.14,0:14:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We only need about five pounds\Nof pressure to survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.65,0:14:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.76,0:14:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars will be made to feel\Na lot like British Columbia.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.23,0:14:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll still be left with\Nthe complicated problem
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.62,0:14:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of making the atmosphere breathable,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.39,0:15:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frankly that could take\N1,000 years to accomplish.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.09,0:15:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But humans are amazingly smart\Nand incredibly adaptable.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.12,0:15:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no telling what our future\Ntechnology will be able to accomplish
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.21,0:15:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no telling what we can do\Nwith our own bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.96,0:15:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.09,0:15:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in biology right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.35,0:15:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are on the very verge of being\Nable to control our own genetics,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.80,0:15:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the genes in our own bodies are doing
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.29,0:15:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and certainly,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.45,0:15:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.45,0:15:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our own evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.30,0:15:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could end up with a species\Nof human being on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.92,0:15:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is slightly different from\Nthe species of human beings on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.46,0:15:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what would you do there?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.79,0:15:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How would you live?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.99,0:15:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to be the same\Nas it is on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.82,0:15:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somebody's going to start a restaurant,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.08,0:15:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somebody's going to build an iron foundry.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.12,0:15:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Someone will make\Ndocumentary movies of Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.28,0:15:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sell them on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.67,0:15:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some idiot will start a reality TV show.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.80,0:15:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.100,0:16:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There will be software companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.15,0:16:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will be hotels,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.35,0:16:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will be bars.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.95,0:16:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This much is certain:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.44,0:16:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will be the most disruptive\Nevent in our lifetimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.61,0:16:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think it will be the most inspiring.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.11,0:16:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ask any 10-year-old girl\Nif she wants to go to Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.09,0:16:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Children who are now in elementary school\Nare going to choose to live there.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.48,0:16:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember when we landed\Nhumans on the Moon?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.54,0:16:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When that happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.60,0:16:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people looked at each other and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.46,0:16:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If we can do this, we can do anything."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.94,0:16:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are they going to think
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.30,0:16:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we actually form a colony on Mars?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.21,0:16:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.58,0:16:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will make us a spacefaring species.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.06,0:16:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that means humans will survive\Nno matter what happens on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.47,0:16:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will never be the last of our kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.50,0:16:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.74,0:16:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)