[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.48,0:00:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strap yourselves in,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.40,0:00:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.40,0:00:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not just a few astronauts --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.52,0:00:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of people\Nare going to colonize Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.68,0:00:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I am telling you\Nthat they're going to do this soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.64,0:00:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of you will end up\Nworking on projects on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.56,0:00:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I guarantee that some\Nof your children will end up living there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.76,0:00:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That probably sounds preposterous,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.16,0:00:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'm going to share with you\Nhow and when that will happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.76,0:00:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But first I want to discuss\Nthe obvious question:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.00,0:00:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why the heck should we do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.64,0:00:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.88,0:00:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I gave a TED talk on 10 ways\Nthe world could end suddenly.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.72,0:00:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are incredibly vulnerable\Nto the whims of our own galaxy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.52,0:00:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A single, large asteroid\Ncould take us out forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.12,0:00:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To survive we have to reach\Nbeyond the home planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.60,0:00:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think what a tragedy it would be
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.84,0:00:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if all that humans have accomplished\Nwere suddenly obliterated.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.72,0:00:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's another reason we should go:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.76,0:01:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exploration is in our DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.72,0:01:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two million years ago\Nhumans evolved in Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.20,0:01:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then slowly but surely\Nspread out across the entire planet
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.04,0:01:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by reaching into the wilderness\Nthat was beyond their horizons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.56,0:01:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This stuff is inside us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.84,0:01:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they prospered doing that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.24,0:01:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the greatest advances\Nin civilization and technology
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.16,0:01:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came because we explored.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.08,0:01:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, we could do a lot of good
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.56,0:01:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the money it will take\Nto establish a thriving colony on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.88,0:01:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes we should all be taking\Nfar better care of our own home planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.12,0:01:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yes, I worry we could screw up Mars\Nthe way we've screwed up Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.32,0:01:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But think for a moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.96,0:01:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we had when John F. Kennedy\Ntold us we would put a human on the moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.92,0:01:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He excited an entire generation to dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.40,0:01:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think how inspired we will be\Nto see a landing on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.36,0:01:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps then we will look back at Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.12,0:02:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see that that is\None people instead of many
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.52,0:02:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps then\Nwe will look back at Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.08,0:02:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we struggle to survive on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.52,0:02:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and realize how precious\Nthe home planet is.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.52,0:02:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me tell you about the extraordinary\Nadventure we're about to undertake.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.04,0:02:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But first,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.32,0:02:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few fascinating facts\Nabout where we're going.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.04,0:02:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This picture actually represents\Nthe true size of Mars compared to Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.44,0:02:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars is not our sister planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.36,0:02:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's far less than half\Nthe size of the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.16,0:02:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet despite the fact\Nthat it's smaller,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.20,0:02:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the surface area of Mars\Nthat you can stand on
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.92,0:02:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is equivalent to the surface area\Nof the Earth that you can stand on,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.88,0:02:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the Earth\Nis mostly covered by water.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The atmosphere on Mars is really thin --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.32,0:02:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 times thinner than on Earth --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.92,0:02:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not breathable,\Nit's 96 percent carbon dioxide.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.76,0:02:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really cold there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.40,0:02:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The average temperature\Nis minus 81 degrees,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.40,0:03:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although there is\Nquite a range of temperature.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.32,0:03:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A day on Mars is about as long\Nas a day on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.92,0:03:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plus about 39 minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.44,0:03:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seasons and years on Mars\Nare twice as long as they are on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.00,0:03:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for anybody who wants to strap\Non some wings and go flying one day,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.68,0:03:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars has a lot less gravity than on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.52,0:03:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the kind of place
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.80,0:03:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can jump over your car\Ninstead of walk around it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.12,0:03:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as you can see,\NMars isn't exactly Earth-like,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.80,0:03:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's by far the most livable\Nother place in our entire solar system.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.36,0:03:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.88,0:03:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars is a long way away,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.08,0:03:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thousand times farther away\Nfrom us than our own moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.56,0:03:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Moon is 250,000 miles away
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.36,0:03:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it took Apollo astronauts\Nthree days to get there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.72,0:03:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars is 250 million miles away
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.88,0:03:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will take us\Neight months to get there --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.16,0:03:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,240 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.08,0:04:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's only if we launch\Non a very specific day,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.68,0:04:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a very specific time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.44,0:04:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once every two years,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.44,0:04:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Mars and the Earth\Nare aligned just so,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.64,0:04:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the distance that the rocket\Nwould have to travel will be the shortest.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.64,0:04:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,240 days is a long time to spend\Ntrapped with your colleagues in a tin can.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.80,0:04:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And meanwhile, our track record\Nof getting to Mars is lousy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.88,0:04:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We and the Russians,\Nthe Europeans, the Japanese,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.72,0:04:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Chinese and the Indians,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.08,0:04:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have actually sent 44 rockets there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.68,0:04:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vast majority of them\Nhave either missed or crashed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.24,0:04:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only about a third of the missions\Nto Mars have been successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.76,0:04:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we don't at the moment have\Na rocket big enough to get there anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.08,0:04:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We once had that rocket, the Saturn V.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.20,0:04:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A couple of Saturn Vs\Nwould have gotten us there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.84,0:04:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the most magnificent\Nmachine ever built by humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.32,0:04:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was the rocket\Nthat took us to the Moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.12,0:04:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the last Saturn V was used in 1973\Nto launch the Skylab space station,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.16,0:05:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we decided to do\Nsomething called the shuttle
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.28,0:05:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of continuing on to Mars\Nafter we landed on the Moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.68,0:05:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biggest rocket we have now
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.16,0:05:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is only half big enough\Nto get us anything to Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.20,0:05:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So getting to Mars is not going to be easy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.24,0:05:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that brings up\Na really interesting question ...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.56,0:05:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how soon will the first humans\Nactually land here?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.16,0:05:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, some pundits think\Nif we got there by 2050,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.52,0:05:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that'd be a pretty good achievement.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.84,0:05:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These days, NASA seems to be saying\Nthat it can get humans to Mars by 2040.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.28,0:05:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe they can.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.60,0:05:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that they can get\Nhuman beings into Mars orbit by 2035.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.72,0:05:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But frankly,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.00,0:05:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think they're going to bother\Nin 2035 to send a rocket to Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.76,0:05:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we will already be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.76,0:05:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to land on Mars in 2027.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.28,0:05:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason is
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.52,0:06:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this man is determined\Nto make that happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.60,0:06:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His name is Elon Musk,\Nhe's the CEO of Tesla Motors and SpaceX.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.92,0:06:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, he actually told me\Nthat we would land on Mars by 2025,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.00,0:06:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Elon Musk is more\Noptimistic than I am --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.92,0:06:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's going a ways --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.44,0:06:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'm giving him\Na couple of years of slack.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.96,0:06:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still ...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.40,0:06:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got to ask yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.76,0:06:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can this guy really do this\Nby 2025 or 2027?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.76,0:06:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let's put a decade with Elon Musk\Ninto a little perspective.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.20,0:06:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where was this 10 years ago?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.36,0:06:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the Tesla electric automobile.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.64,0:06:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2005, a lot of people\Nin the automobile industry were saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.32,0:06:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would not have\Na decent electric car for 50 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.28,0:06:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And where was that?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.12,0:06:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.32,0:06:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lifting six tons of supplies\Nto the International Space Station.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.72,0:06:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.96,0:07:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SpaceX had not launched anything,\Nor fired a rocket to anywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.60,0:07:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think it's a pretty good bet
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.16,0:07:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the person who is revolutionizing\Nthe automobile industry
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.24,0:07:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in less than 10 years
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.48,0:07:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the person who created an entire\Nrocket company in less than 10 years
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.32,0:07:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will get us to Mars by 2027.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.76,0:07:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you need to know this:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.76,0:07:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,governments and robots\Nno longer control this game.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.04,0:07:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Private companies are leaping into space
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.44,0:07:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they will be happy\Nto take you to Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.80,0:07:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that raises a really big question.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.40,0:07:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we actually live there?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.68,0:07:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, NASA may not be able\Nto get us there until 2040,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.88,0:07:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or we may get there\Na long time before NASA,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.00,0:07:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but NASA has taken a huge responsibility\Nin figuring out how we can live on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.88,0:07:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at the problem this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.92,0:07:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what you need to live on Earth:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.80,0:08:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,food, water, shelter and clothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.24,0:08:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's what you need to live on Mars:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.76,0:08:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the above, plus oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.16,0:08:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's look at the most\Nimportant thing on this list first.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.28,0:08:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Water is the basis\Nof all life as we know it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.32,0:08:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's far too heavy for us to carry\Nwater from the Earth to Mars to live,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.92,0:08:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have to find water\Nif our life is going to succeed on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.84,0:08:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look at Mars,\Nit looks really dry,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.36,0:08:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks like the entire\Nplanet is a desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.20,0:08:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out that it's not.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.24,0:08:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The soil alone on Mars\Ncontains up to 60 percent water.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.48,0:08:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a number of orbiters that we still\Nhave flying around Mars have shown us --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.44,0:08:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by the way,\Nthat's a real photograph --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.00,0:08:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lots of craters on Mars\Nhave a sheet of water ice in them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.16,0:08:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a bad place to start a colony.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.86,0:08:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, here's a view of a little dig\Nthe Phoenix Lander did in 2008,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.04,0:08:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing that just below\Nthe surface of the soil is ice --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.60,0:09:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that white stuff is ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.88,0:09:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the second picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.16,0:09:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is four days later\Nthan the first picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.44,0:09:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see that\Nsome of it is evaporating.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.04,0:09:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Orbiters also tell us
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.44,0:09:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are huge amounts\Nof underground water on Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.88,0:09:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as glaciers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.96,0:09:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, if only the water ice\Nat the poles on Mars melted,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.24,0:09:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the planet\Nwould be under 30 feet of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.96,0:09:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's plenty of water there,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.08,0:09:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most of it's ice,\Nmost of it's underground,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.64,0:09:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it takes a lot of energy to get it\Nand a lot of human labor.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.04,0:09:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a device cooked up\Nat the University of Washington
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.80,0:09:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back in 1998.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.84,0:09:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's basically a low-tech dehumidifier.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.92,0:09:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out the Mars atmosphere\Nis often 100 percent humid.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.00,0:09:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this device can extract\Nall the water that humans will need
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.40,0:09:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply from the atmosphere on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.16,0:09:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next we have to worry\Nabout what we will breathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.16,0:09:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Frankly, I was really shocked
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.08,0:09:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find out that NASA\Nhas this problem worked out.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.28,0:10:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a scientist at MIT\Nnamed Michael Hecht.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.12,0:10:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's developed this machine, Moxie.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.64,0:10:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love this thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.88,0:10:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a reverse fuel cell, essentially,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.48,0:10:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sucks in the Martian atmosphere\Nand pumps out oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.28,0:10:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you have to remember that CO2 --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.28,0:10:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carbon dioxide, which is\N96 percent of Mars' atmosphere --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.16,0:10:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CO2 is basically 78 percent oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.92,0:10:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the next big rover\Nthat NASA sends to Mars in 2020
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.28,0:10:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to have one\Nof these devices aboard,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.52,0:10:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will be able\Nto produce enough oxygen
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.24,0:10:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep one person alive indefinitely.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.96,0:10:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the secret to this --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.12,0:10:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's just for testing --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.84,0:10:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the secret to this is that this thing\Nwas designed from the get-go
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.16,0:10:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be scalable by a factor of 100.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.84,0:10:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, what will we eat?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.08,0:10:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we'll use hydroponics to grow food,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.04,0:10:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're not going to be able to grow
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.92,0:10:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than 15 to 20 percent\Nof our food there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.08,0:10:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least not until water is running\Non the surface of Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.60,0:11:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we actually have the probability\Nand the capability of planting crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.68,0:11:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the meantime,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.96,0:11:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of our food will arrive from Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.08,0:11:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will be dried.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.48,0:11:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we need some shelter.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.12,0:11:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first we can use inflatable,\Npressurized buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.76,0:11:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the landers themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.04,0:11:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this really only works\Nduring the daytime.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.04,0:11:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is too much solar radiation\Nand too much radiation from cosmic rays.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.16,0:11:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we really have to go underground.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.36,0:11:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it turns out that the soil on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.08,0:11:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by and large,\Nis perfect for making bricks.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.08,0:11:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And NASA has figured this one out, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.32,0:11:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're going to throw\Nsome polymer plastic into the bricks,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.20,0:11:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shove them in a microwave oven,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.00,0:11:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you will be able to build\Nbuildings with really thick walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.28,0:11:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or we may choose to live underground\Nin caves or in lava tubes,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.28,0:11:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which there are plenty.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.04,0:11:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally there's clothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.12,0:11:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On Earth we have miles\Nof atmosphere piled up on us,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.36,0:12:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which creates 15 pounds of pressure\Non our bodies at all times,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.68,0:12:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're constantly\Npushing out against that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.85,0:12:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On Mars there's hardly\Nany atmospheric pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.72,0:12:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Dava Newman,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.64,0:12:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a scientist at MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.12,0:12:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has created this sleek space suit.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.20,0:12:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will keep us together,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.72,0:12:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,block radiation and keep us warm.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.16,0:12:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's think about this for a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.08,0:12:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Food, shelter, clothing, water, oxygen ...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.96,0:12:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.60,0:12:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We really can.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.72,0:12:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's still a little complicated\Nand a little difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.80,0:12:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that leads to the next big --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.64,0:12:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really big step --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.24,0:12:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in living the good life on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.08,0:12:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's terraforming the planet:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.60,0:12:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it more like Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.48,0:12:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reengineering an entire planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.16,0:12:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That sounds like a lot of hubris,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.04,0:12:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the truth is
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.28,0:12:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the technology to do everything\NI'm about to tell you already exists.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.20,0:12:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First we've got to warm it up.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.40,0:13:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mars is incredibly cold\Nbecause it has a very thin atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.12,0:13:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer lies here, at the south pole\Nand at the north pole of Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.48,0:13:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both of which are covered
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.76,0:13:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an incredible amount\Nof frozen carbon dioxide --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.96,0:13:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dry ice.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.44,0:13:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we heat it up,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.80,0:13:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sublimes directly into the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.40,0:13:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thickens the atmosphere\Nthe same way it does on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.24,0:13:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we know,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.48,0:13:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CO2 is an incredibly\Npotent greenhouse gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.84,0:13:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, my favorite way of doing this\Nis to erect a very, very large solar sail
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.80,0:13:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and focus it --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.04,0:13:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it essentially serves as a mirror --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.80,0:13:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and focus it on the south pole\Nof Mars at first.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.20,0:13:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the planet spins, it will heat up\Nall that dry ice, sublime it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.24,0:13:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will go into the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.52,0:13:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually won't take long
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.04,0:13:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the temperature\Non Mars to start rising,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.32,0:13:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably less than 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.56,0:13:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.80,0:13:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a perfect day at the equator,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.80,0:13:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle of summer on Mars,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.92,0:13:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,temperatures can\Nactually reach 70 degrees,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.40,0:14:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then they go down\Nto minus 100 at night.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.84,0:14:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.44,0:14:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we're shooting for\Nis a runaway greenhouse effect:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.80,0:14:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enough temperature rise\Nto see a lot of that ice on Mars --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.64,0:14:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially the ice in the ground -- melt.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.00,0:14:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we get some real magic.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.00,0:14:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the atmosphere gets thicker,\Neverything gets better.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.20,0:14:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We get more protection from radiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.84,0:14:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more atmosphere makes us warmer,\Nmakes the planet warmer,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.96,0:14:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we get running water
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.68,0:14:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that makes crops possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.92,0:14:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then more water vapor goes into the air,\Nforming yet another potent greenhouse gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.92,0:14:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will rain and it will snow on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.16,0:14:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a thicker atmosphere\Nwill create enough pressure
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.44,0:14:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can\Nthrow away those space suits.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.00,0:14:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We only need about five pounds\Nof pressure to survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.40,0:14:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, Mars will be made\Nto feel a lot like British Columbia.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.04,0:14:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll still be left\Nwith the complicated problem
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.40,0:14:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of making the atmosphere breathable,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.16,0:15:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frankly that could take\N1,000 years to accomplish.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.80,0:15:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But humans are amazingly smart\Nand incredibly adaptable.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.96,0:15:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no telling what our future\Ntechnology will be able to accomplish
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.96,0:15:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no telling what we can do\Nwith our own bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.75,0:15:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In biology right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.28,0:15:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are on the very verge of being\Nable to control our own genetics,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.52,0:15:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the genes\Nin our own bodies are doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.08,0:15:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and certainly,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.24,0:15:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually, our own evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.92,0:15:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could end up with a species\Nof human being on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.56,0:15:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is slightly different\Nfrom the species of human beings on Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.28,0:15:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what would you do there?\NHow would you live?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.56,0:15:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to be\Nthe same as it is on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.56,0:15:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somebody's going to start a restaurant,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.84,0:15:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somebody's going to build an iron foundry.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.80,0:15:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Someone will make\Ndocumentary movies of Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.08,0:15:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sell them on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.56,0:15:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some idiot will start a reality TV show.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.60,0:15:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.68,0:16:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There will be software companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.96,0:16:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will be hotels, there will be bars.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.76,0:16:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This much is certain:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.20,0:16:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will be the most disruptive\Nevent in our lifetimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.44,0:16:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think it will be the most inspiring.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.80,0:16:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ask any 10-year-old girl\Nif she wants to go to Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.88,0:16:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Children who are now in elementary school\Nare going to choose to live there.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.28,0:16:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember when we landed\Nhumans on the Moon?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.32,0:16:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When that happened,\Npeople looked at each other and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.12,0:16:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If we can do this, we can do anything."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.76,0:16:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are they going to think\Nwhen we actually form a colony on Mars?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.92,0:16:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.32,0:16:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will make us a spacefaring species.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.72,0:16:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that means humans will survive\Nno matter what happens on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.20,0:16:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will never be the last of our kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.32,0:16:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.56,0:16:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)