0:00:01.480,0:00:03.376
Strap yourselves in,

0:00:03.400,0:00:05.376
we're going to Mars.

0:00:05.400,0:00:07.496
Not just a few astronauts --

0:00:07.520,0:00:10.656
thousands of people[br]are going to colonize Mars.

0:00:10.680,0:00:13.800
And I am telling you[br]that they're going to do this soon.

0:00:14.640,0:00:17.536
Some of you will end up[br]working on projects on Mars,

0:00:17.560,0:00:20.920
and I guarantee that some[br]of your children will end up living there.

0:00:21.760,0:00:24.136
That probably sounds preposterous,

0:00:24.160,0:00:27.040
so I'm going to share with you[br]how and when that will happen.

0:00:27.760,0:00:30.976
But first I want to discuss[br]the obvious question:

0:00:31.000,0:00:32.479
Why the heck should we do this?

0:00:33.640,0:00:34.856
12 years ago,

0:00:34.880,0:00:38.696
I gave a TED talk on 10 ways[br]the world could end suddenly.

0:00:38.720,0:00:43.496
We are incredibly vulnerable[br]to the whims of our own galaxy.

0:00:43.520,0:00:47.096
A single, large asteroid[br]could take us out forever.

0:00:47.120,0:00:50.576
To survive we have to reach[br]beyond the home planet.

0:00:50.600,0:00:52.816
Think what a tragedy it would be

0:00:52.840,0:00:55.840
if all that humans have accomplished[br]were suddenly obliterated.

0:00:56.720,0:00:58.736
And there's another reason we should go:

0:00:58.760,0:01:01.696
exploration is in our DNA.

0:01:01.720,0:01:05.176
Two million years ago[br]humans evolved in Africa

0:01:05.200,0:01:10.016
and then slowly but surely[br]spread out across the entire planet

0:01:10.040,0:01:13.536
by reaching into the wilderness[br]that was beyond their horizons.

0:01:13.560,0:01:15.160
This stuff is inside us.

0:01:15.840,0:01:17.520
And they prospered doing that.

0:01:18.240,0:01:22.136
Some of the greatest advances[br]in civilization and technology

0:01:22.160,0:01:24.080
came because we explored.

0:01:25.080,0:01:26.536
Yes, we could do a lot of good

0:01:26.560,0:01:30.280
with the money it will take[br]to establish a thriving colony on Mars.

0:01:30.880,0:01:35.440
And yes we should all be taking[br]far better care of our own home planet.

0:01:36.120,0:01:41.080
And yes, I worry we could screw up Mars[br]the way we've screwed up Earth.

0:01:42.320,0:01:43.936
But think for a moment,

0:01:43.960,0:01:48.896
what we had when John F. Kennedy[br]told us we would put a human on the moon.

0:01:48.920,0:01:52.320
He excited an entire generation to dream.

0:01:53.400,0:01:56.336
Think how inspired we will be[br]to see a landing on Mars.

0:01:56.360,0:01:59.096
Perhaps then we will look back at Earth

0:01:59.120,0:02:02.496
and see that that is[br]one people instead of many

0:02:02.520,0:02:05.056
and perhaps then[br]we will look back at Earth,

0:02:05.080,0:02:07.496
as we struggle to survive on Mars,

0:02:07.520,0:02:10.240
and realize how precious[br]the home planet is.

0:02:11.520,0:02:16.440
So let me tell you about the extraordinary[br]adventure we're about to undertake.

0:02:17.040,0:02:18.296
But first,

0:02:18.320,0:02:20.920
a few fascinating facts[br]about where we're going.

0:02:22.040,0:02:26.416
This picture actually represents[br]the true size of Mars compared to Earth.

0:02:26.440,0:02:28.336
Mars is not our sister planet.

0:02:28.360,0:02:31.136
It's far less than half[br]the size of the Earth,

0:02:31.160,0:02:33.176
and yet despite the fact[br]that it's smaller,

0:02:33.200,0:02:35.896
the surface area of Mars[br]that you can stand on

0:02:35.920,0:02:39.856
is equivalent to the surface area[br]of the Earth that you can stand on,

0:02:39.880,0:02:42.200
because the Earth[br]is mostly covered by water.

0:02:43.000,0:02:45.296
The atmosphere on Mars is really thin --

0:02:45.320,0:02:47.896
100 times thinner than on Earth --

0:02:47.920,0:02:51.920
and it's not breathable,[br]it's 96 percent carbon dioxide.

0:02:52.760,0:02:54.376
It's really cold there.

0:02:54.400,0:02:57.376
The average temperature[br]is minus 81 degrees,

0:02:57.400,0:03:00.560
although there is[br]quite a range of temperature.

0:03:01.320,0:03:03.896
A day on Mars is about as long[br]as a day on Earth,

0:03:03.920,0:03:05.840
plus about 39 minutes.

0:03:06.440,0:03:11.480
Seasons and years on Mars[br]are twice as long as they are on Earth.

0:03:12.000,0:03:16.656
And for anybody who wants to strap[br]on some wings and go flying one day,

0:03:16.680,0:03:19.496
Mars has a lot less gravity than on Earth,

0:03:19.520,0:03:20.776
and it's the kind of place

0:03:20.800,0:03:23.600
where you can jump over your car[br]instead of walk around it.

0:03:24.120,0:03:27.776
Now, as you can see,[br]Mars isn't exactly Earth-like,

0:03:27.800,0:03:32.560
but it's by far the most livable[br]other place in our entire solar system.

0:03:33.360,0:03:34.856
Here's the problem.

0:03:34.880,0:03:37.056
Mars is a long way away,

0:03:37.080,0:03:41.920
a thousand times farther away[br]from us than our own moon.

0:03:42.560,0:03:46.336
The Moon is 250,000 miles away

0:03:46.360,0:03:50.000
and it took Apollo astronauts[br]three days to get there.

0:03:50.720,0:03:53.856
Mars is 250 million miles away

0:03:53.880,0:03:56.136
and it will take us[br]eight months to get there --

0:03:56.160,0:03:57.440
240 days.

0:03:58.080,0:04:00.656
And that's only if we launch[br]on a very specific day,

0:04:00.680,0:04:02.416
at a very specific time,

0:04:02.440,0:04:04.416
once every two years,

0:04:04.440,0:04:07.616
when Mars and the Earth[br]are aligned just so,

0:04:07.640,0:04:11.560
so the distance that the rocket[br]would have to travel will be the shortest.

0:04:12.640,0:04:17.720
240 days is a long time to spend[br]trapped with your colleagues in a tin can.

0:04:18.800,0:04:22.856
And meanwhile, our track record[br]of getting to Mars is lousy.

0:04:22.880,0:04:25.696
We and the Russians,[br]the Europeans, the Japanese,

0:04:25.720,0:04:27.056
the Chinese and the Indians,

0:04:27.080,0:04:29.656
have actually sent 44 rockets there,

0:04:29.680,0:04:33.216
and the vast majority of them[br]have either missed or crashed.

0:04:33.240,0:04:36.840
Only about a third of the missions[br]to Mars have been successful.

0:04:37.760,0:04:42.120
And we don't at the moment have[br]a rocket big enough to get there anyway.

0:04:43.080,0:04:45.176
We once had that rocket, the Saturn V.

0:04:45.200,0:04:47.816
A couple of Saturn Vs[br]would have gotten us there.

0:04:47.840,0:04:51.296
It was the most magnificent[br]machine ever built by humans,

0:04:51.320,0:04:53.520
and it was the rocket[br]that took us to the Moon.

0:04:54.120,0:04:59.136
But the last Saturn V was used in 1973[br]to launch the Skylab space station,

0:04:59.160,0:05:02.256
and we decided to do[br]something called the shuttle

0:05:02.280,0:05:05.920
instead of continuing on to Mars[br]after we landed on the Moon.

0:05:06.680,0:05:08.136
The biggest rocket we have now

0:05:08.160,0:05:11.160
is only half big enough[br]to get us anything to Mars.

0:05:12.200,0:05:15.216
So getting to Mars is not going to be easy

0:05:15.240,0:05:18.400
and that brings up[br]a really interesting question ...

0:05:19.560,0:05:23.760
how soon will the first humans[br]actually land here?

0:05:25.160,0:05:29.496
Now, some pundits think[br]if we got there by 2050,

0:05:29.520,0:05:31.240
that'd be a pretty good achievement.

0:05:31.840,0:05:37.720
These days, NASA seems to be saying[br]that it can get humans to Mars by 2040.

0:05:38.280,0:05:39.480
Maybe they can.

0:05:40.600,0:05:45.696
I believe that they can get[br]human beings into Mars orbit by 2035.

0:05:45.720,0:05:46.976
But frankly,

0:05:47.000,0:05:51.736
I don't think they're going to bother[br]in 2035 to send a rocket to Mars,

0:05:51.760,0:05:53.736
because we will already be there.

0:05:53.760,0:05:56.720
We're going to land on Mars in 2027.

0:05:58.280,0:05:59.496
And the reason is

0:05:59.520,0:06:01.576
this man is determined[br]to make that happen.

0:06:01.600,0:06:07.080
His name is Elon Musk,[br]he's the CEO of Tesla Motors and SpaceX.

0:06:07.920,0:06:12.976
Now, he actually told me[br]that we would land on Mars by 2025,

0:06:13.000,0:06:15.896
but Elon Musk is more[br]optimistic than I am --

0:06:15.920,0:06:17.416
and that's going a ways --

0:06:17.440,0:06:20.080
so I'm giving him[br]a couple of years of slack.

0:06:20.960,0:06:22.376
Still ...

0:06:22.400,0:06:23.736
you've got to ask yourself,

0:06:23.760,0:06:27.640
can this guy really do this[br]by 2025 or 2027?

0:06:28.760,0:06:32.440
Well, let's put a decade with Elon Musk[br]into a little perspective.

0:06:33.200,0:06:34.680
Where was this 10 years ago?

0:06:35.360,0:06:37.616
That's the Tesla electric automobile.

0:06:37.640,0:06:41.296
In 2005, a lot of people[br]in the automobile industry were saying,

0:06:41.320,0:06:44.760
we would not have[br]a decent electric car for 50 years.

0:06:48.280,0:06:49.560
And where was that?

0:06:50.120,0:06:53.296
That is SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket,

0:06:53.320,0:06:57.696
lifting six tons of supplies[br]to the International Space Station.

0:06:57.720,0:06:58.936
10 years ago,

0:06:58.960,0:07:03.520
SpaceX had not launched anything,[br]or fired a rocket to anywhere.

0:07:04.600,0:07:07.136
So I think it's a pretty good bet

0:07:07.160,0:07:10.216
that the person who is revolutionizing[br]the automobile industry

0:07:10.240,0:07:11.456
in less than 10 years

0:07:11.480,0:07:17.296
and the person who created an entire[br]rocket company in less than 10 years

0:07:17.320,0:07:19.560
will get us to Mars by 2027.

0:07:20.760,0:07:23.736
Now, you need to know this:

0:07:23.760,0:07:27.400
governments and robots[br]no longer control this game.

0:07:28.040,0:07:30.416
Private companies are leaping into space

0:07:30.440,0:07:32.880
and they will be happy[br]to take you to Mars.

0:07:33.800,0:07:36.760
And that raises a really big question.

0:07:37.400,0:07:39.400
Can we actually live there?

0:07:40.680,0:07:44.856
Now, NASA may not be able[br]to get us there until 2040,

0:07:44.880,0:07:46.976
or we may get there[br]a long time before NASA,

0:07:47.000,0:07:51.960
but NASA has taken a huge responsibility[br]in figuring out how we can live on Mars.

0:07:52.880,0:07:54.896
Let's look at the problem this way.

0:07:54.920,0:07:56.776
Here's what you need to live on Earth:

0:07:56.800,0:08:00.216
food, water, shelter and clothing.

0:08:00.240,0:08:02.736
And here's what you need to live on Mars:

0:08:02.760,0:08:04.960
all of the above, plus oxygen.

0:08:06.160,0:08:10.256
So let's look at the most[br]important thing on this list first.

0:08:10.280,0:08:13.296
Water is the basis[br]of all life as we know it,

0:08:13.320,0:08:17.896
and it's far too heavy for us to carry[br]water from the Earth to Mars to live,

0:08:17.920,0:08:22.560
so we have to find water[br]if our life is going to succeed on Mars.

0:08:23.840,0:08:26.336
And if you look at Mars,[br]it looks really dry,

0:08:26.360,0:08:29.176
it looks like the entire[br]planet is a desert.

0:08:29.200,0:08:31.216
But it turns out that it's not.

0:08:31.240,0:08:36.456
The soil alone on Mars[br]contains up to 60 percent water.

0:08:36.480,0:08:41.416
And a number of orbiters that we still[br]have flying around Mars have shown us --

0:08:41.440,0:08:43.976
and by the way,[br]that's a real photograph --

0:08:44.000,0:08:48.136
that lots of craters on Mars[br]have a sheet of water ice in them.

0:08:48.160,0:08:50.360
It's not a bad place to start a colony.

0:08:51.855,0:08:56.016
Now, here's a view of a little dig[br]the Phoenix Lander did in 2008,

0:08:56.040,0:08:59.576
showing that just below[br]the surface of the soil is ice --

0:08:59.600,0:09:01.856
that white stuff is ice.

0:09:01.880,0:09:03.136
In the second picture,

0:09:03.160,0:09:05.416
which is four days later[br]than the first picture,

0:09:05.440,0:09:07.480
you can see that[br]some of it is evaporating.

0:09:08.040,0:09:09.416
Orbiters also tell us

0:09:09.440,0:09:12.856
that there are huge amounts[br]of underground water on Mars

0:09:12.880,0:09:14.936
as well as glaciers.

0:09:14.960,0:09:19.216
In fact, if only the water ice[br]at the poles on Mars melted,

0:09:19.240,0:09:22.000
most of the planet[br]would be under 30 feet of water.

0:09:22.960,0:09:25.056
So there's plenty of water there,

0:09:25.080,0:09:27.616
but most of it's ice,[br]most of it's underground,

0:09:27.640,0:09:31.000
it takes a lot of energy to get it[br]and a lot of human labor.

0:09:32.040,0:09:34.776
This is a device cooked up[br]at the University of Washington

0:09:34.800,0:09:36.280
back in 1998.

0:09:36.840,0:09:39.896
It's basically a low-tech dehumidifier.

0:09:39.920,0:09:43.976
And it turns out the Mars atmosphere[br]is often 100 percent humid.

0:09:44.000,0:09:48.376
So this device can extract[br]all the water that humans will need

0:09:48.400,0:09:50.800
simply from the atmosphere on Mars.

0:09:52.160,0:09:55.136
Next we have to worry[br]about what we will breathe.

0:09:55.160,0:09:57.056
Frankly, I was really shocked

0:09:57.080,0:09:59.640
to find out that NASA[br]has this problem worked out.

0:10:00.280,0:10:03.240
This is a scientist at MIT[br]named Michael Hecht.

0:10:04.120,0:10:06.616
And he's developed this machine, Moxie.

0:10:06.640,0:10:07.856
I love this thing.

0:10:07.880,0:10:10.456
It's a reverse fuel cell, essentially,

0:10:10.480,0:10:13.640
that sucks in the Martian atmosphere[br]and pumps out oxygen.

0:10:14.280,0:10:16.256
And you have to remember that CO2 --

0:10:16.280,0:10:20.136
carbon dioxide, which is[br]96 percent of Mars' atmosphere --

0:10:20.160,0:10:22.960
CO2 is basically 78 percent oxygen.

0:10:23.920,0:10:28.256
Now, the next big rover[br]that NASA sends to Mars in 2020

0:10:28.280,0:10:30.496
is going to have one[br]of these devices aboard,

0:10:30.520,0:10:33.216
and it will be able[br]to produce enough oxygen

0:10:33.240,0:10:35.936
to keep one person alive indefinitely.

0:10:35.960,0:10:38.096
But the secret to this --

0:10:38.120,0:10:39.816
and that's just for testing --

0:10:39.840,0:10:43.136
the secret to this is that this thing[br]was designed from the get-go

0:10:43.160,0:10:45.800
to be scalable by a factor of 100.

0:10:46.840,0:10:49.056
Next, what will we eat?

0:10:49.080,0:10:52.016
Well, we'll use hydroponics to grow food,

0:10:52.040,0:10:53.896
but we're not going to be able to grow

0:10:53.920,0:10:56.056
more than 15 to 20 percent[br]of our food there,

0:10:56.080,0:10:59.576
at least not until water is running[br]on the surface of Mars

0:10:59.600,0:11:03.920
and we actually have the probability[br]and the capability of planting crops.

0:11:04.680,0:11:05.936
In the meantime,

0:11:05.960,0:11:08.056
most of our food will arrive from Earth,

0:11:08.080,0:11:09.280
and it will be dried.

0:11:10.480,0:11:12.560
And then we need some shelter.

0:11:13.120,0:11:16.736
At first we can use inflatable,[br]pressurized buildings

0:11:16.760,0:11:19.016
as well as the landers themselves.

0:11:19.040,0:11:22.016
But this really only works[br]during the daytime.

0:11:22.040,0:11:27.136
There is too much solar radiation[br]and too much radiation from cosmic rays.

0:11:27.160,0:11:29.336
So we really have to go underground.

0:11:29.360,0:11:32.056
Now, it turns out that the soil on Mars,

0:11:32.080,0:11:35.056
by and large,[br]is perfect for making bricks.

0:11:35.080,0:11:37.296
And NASA has figured this one out, too.

0:11:37.320,0:11:40.176
They're going to throw[br]some polymer plastic into the bricks,

0:11:40.200,0:11:41.976
shove them in a microwave oven,

0:11:42.000,0:11:45.256
and then you will be able to build[br]buildings with really thick walls.

0:11:45.280,0:11:51.256
Or we may choose to live underground[br]in caves or in lava tubes,

0:11:51.280,0:11:52.560
of which there are plenty.

0:11:54.040,0:11:55.560
And finally there's clothing.

0:11:56.120,0:11:59.336
On Earth we have miles[br]of atmosphere piled up on us,

0:11:59.360,0:12:02.656
which creates 15 pounds of pressure[br]on our bodies at all times,

0:12:02.680,0:12:04.823
and we're constantly[br]pushing out against that.

0:12:04.847,0:12:07.767
On Mars there's hardly[br]any atmospheric pressure.

0:12:08.720,0:12:10.616
So Dava Newman,

0:12:10.640,0:12:12.096
a scientist at MIT,

0:12:12.120,0:12:15.176
has created this sleek space suit.

0:12:15.200,0:12:16.696
It will keep us together,

0:12:16.720,0:12:18.960
block radiation and keep us warm.

0:12:20.160,0:12:22.056
So let's think about this for a minute.

0:12:22.080,0:12:25.080
Food, shelter, clothing, water, oxygen ...

0:12:25.960,0:12:27.160
we can do this.

0:12:27.600,0:12:28.800
We really can.

0:12:29.720,0:12:32.840
But it's still a little complicated[br]and a little difficult.

0:12:33.800,0:12:36.616
So that leads to the next big --

0:12:36.640,0:12:38.216
really big step --

0:12:38.240,0:12:40.056
in living the good life on Mars.

0:12:40.080,0:12:41.880
And that's terraforming the planet:

0:12:42.600,0:12:44.456
making it more like Earth,

0:12:44.480,0:12:47.320
reengineering an entire planet.

0:12:48.160,0:12:50.016
That sounds like a lot of hubris,

0:12:50.040,0:12:51.256
but the truth is

0:12:51.280,0:12:55.160
that the technology to do everything[br]I'm about to tell you already exists.

0:12:56.200,0:12:57.920
First we've got to warm it up.

0:12:58.400,0:13:03.096
Mars is incredibly cold[br]because it has a very thin atmosphere.

0:13:03.120,0:13:07.456
The answer lies here, at the south pole[br]and at the north pole of Mars,

0:13:07.480,0:13:08.736
both of which are covered

0:13:08.760,0:13:11.936
with an incredible amount[br]of frozen carbon dioxide --

0:13:11.960,0:13:13.416
dry ice.

0:13:13.440,0:13:14.776
If we heat it up,

0:13:14.800,0:13:17.376
it sublimes directly into the atmosphere

0:13:17.400,0:13:20.216
and thickens the atmosphere[br]the same way it does on Earth.

0:13:20.240,0:13:21.456
And as we know,

0:13:21.480,0:13:25.120
CO2 is an incredibly[br]potent greenhouse gas.

0:13:25.840,0:13:31.776
Now, my favorite way of doing this[br]is to erect a very, very large solar sail

0:13:31.800,0:13:33.016
and focus it --

0:13:33.040,0:13:34.776
it essentially serves as a mirror --

0:13:34.800,0:13:37.176
and focus it on the south pole[br]of Mars at first.

0:13:37.200,0:13:41.216
As the planet spins, it will heat up[br]all that dry ice, sublime it,

0:13:41.240,0:13:43.496
and it will go into the atmosphere.

0:13:43.520,0:13:45.016
It actually won't take long

0:13:45.040,0:13:47.296
for the temperature[br]on Mars to start rising,

0:13:47.320,0:13:49.880
probably less than 20 years.

0:13:50.560,0:13:51.776
Right now,

0:13:51.800,0:13:53.776
on a perfect day at the equator,

0:13:53.800,0:13:55.896
in the middle of summer on Mars,

0:13:55.920,0:13:58.376
temperatures can[br]actually reach 70 degrees,

0:13:58.400,0:14:00.816
but then they go down[br]to minus 100 at night.

0:14:00.840,0:14:02.416
(Laughter)

0:14:02.440,0:14:06.080
What we're shooting for[br]is a runaway greenhouse effect:

0:14:06.800,0:14:10.616
enough temperature rise[br]to see a lot of that ice on Mars --

0:14:10.640,0:14:13.080
especially the ice in the ground -- melt.

0:14:14.000,0:14:15.400
Then we get some real magic.

0:14:16.000,0:14:19.176
As the atmosphere gets thicker,[br]everything gets better.

0:14:19.200,0:14:21.816
We get more protection from radiation,

0:14:21.840,0:14:24.936
more atmosphere makes us warmer,[br]makes the planet warmer,

0:14:24.960,0:14:26.656
so we get running water

0:14:26.680,0:14:28.280
and that makes crops possible.

0:14:28.920,0:14:33.896
Then more water vapor goes into the air,[br]forming yet another potent greenhouse gas.

0:14:33.920,0:14:37.360
It will rain and it will snow on Mars.

0:14:38.160,0:14:41.416
And a thicker atmosphere[br]will create enough pressure

0:14:41.440,0:14:43.976
so that we can[br]throw away those space suits.

0:14:44.000,0:14:47.376
We only need about five pounds[br]of pressure to survive.

0:14:47.400,0:14:52.680
Eventually, Mars will be made[br]to feel a lot like British Columbia.

0:14:54.040,0:14:56.376
We'll still be left[br]with the complicated problem

0:14:56.400,0:14:58.136
of making the atmosphere breathable,

0:14:58.160,0:15:01.120
and frankly that could take[br]1,000 years to accomplish.

0:15:01.800,0:15:05.936
But humans are amazingly smart[br]and incredibly adaptable.

0:15:05.960,0:15:10.936
There is no telling what our future[br]technology will be able to accomplish

0:15:10.960,0:15:13.730
and no telling what we can do[br]with our own bodies.

0:15:13.750,0:15:16.256
In biology right now,

0:15:16.280,0:15:21.496
we are on the very verge of being[br]able to control our own genetics,

0:15:21.520,0:15:24.056
what the genes[br]in our own bodies are doing,

0:15:24.080,0:15:26.216
and certainly,

0:15:26.240,0:15:28.120
eventually, our own evolution.

0:15:28.920,0:15:32.536
We could end up with a species[br]of human being on Earth

0:15:32.560,0:15:36.600
that is slightly different[br]from the species of human beings on Mars.

0:15:38.280,0:15:40.536
But what would you do there?[br]How would you live?

0:15:40.560,0:15:43.000
It's going to be[br]the same as it is on Earth.

0:15:43.560,0:15:45.816
Somebody's going to start a restaurant,

0:15:45.840,0:15:47.960
somebody's going to build an iron foundry.

0:15:48.800,0:15:51.056
Someone will make[br]documentary movies of Mars

0:15:51.080,0:15:52.480
and sell them on Earth.

0:15:54.560,0:15:57.576
Some idiot will start a reality TV show.

0:15:57.600,0:15:59.040
(Laughter)

0:15:59.680,0:16:01.936
There will be software companies,

0:16:01.960,0:16:04.360
there will be hotels, there will be bars.

0:16:05.760,0:16:07.176
This much is certain:

0:16:07.200,0:16:11.416
it will be the most disruptive[br]event in our lifetimes,

0:16:11.440,0:16:13.800
and I think it will be the most inspiring.

0:16:14.800,0:16:18.856
Ask any 10-year-old girl[br]if she wants to go to Mars.

0:16:18.880,0:16:23.200
Children who are now in elementary school[br]are going to choose to live there.

0:16:24.280,0:16:26.680
Remember when we landed[br]humans on the Moon?

0:16:27.320,0:16:30.096
When that happened,[br]people looked at each other and said,

0:16:30.120,0:16:32.800
"If we can do this, we can do anything."

0:16:33.760,0:16:37.880
What are they going to think[br]when we actually form a colony on Mars?

0:16:38.920,0:16:40.296
Most importantly,

0:16:40.320,0:16:43.696
it will make us a spacefaring species.

0:16:43.720,0:16:49.176
And that means humans will survive[br]no matter what happens on Earth.

0:16:49.200,0:16:52.296
We will never be the last of our kind.

0:16:52.320,0:16:53.536
Thank you.

0:16:53.560,0:16:57.140
(Applause)