[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not at all a cook.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.00,0:00:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So don't fear, this is not going to be a cooking demonstration.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.00,0:00:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I do want to talk to you about something
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.00,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I think is dear to all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is bread -- something which is as simple
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.00,0:00:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as our basic, most fundamental human staple.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.00,0:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think few of us spend the day
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.00,0:00:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without eating bread in some form.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.00,0:00:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unless you're on one of these Californian low-carb diets,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.00,0:00:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bread is standard.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.00,0:00:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bread is not only standard in the Western diet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.00,0:00:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I will show to you, it is actually
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.00,0:00:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mainstay of modern life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.00,0:00:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to bake bread for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.00,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the meantime I'm also talking to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so my life is going to be complicated. Bear with me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.00,0:00:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, a little bit of audience participation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.00,0:00:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have two loaves of bread here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is a supermarket standard:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,white bread, pre-packaged,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:00:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I'm told is called a Wonderbread.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.00,0:01:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.00,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't know this word until I arrived.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.00,0:01:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is more or less,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.00,0:01:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a whole-meal, handmade,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.00,0:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,small-bakery loaf of bread.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we go. I want to see a show of hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.00,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who prefers the whole-meal bread?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay let me do this differently. Is anybody preferring the Wonderbread at all?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have two tentative male hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, now the question is really,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why is this so?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think it is because
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we feel that this kind of bread
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.00,0:01:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really is about authenticity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.00,0:01:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about a traditional way of living.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.00,0:01:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A way that is perhaps more real, more honest.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.00,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an image from Tuscany, where we feel
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agriculture is still about beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.00,0:01:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And life is really, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.00,0:02:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is about good taste, good traditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.00,0:02:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we have this image?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.00,0:02:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we feel that this is more true than this?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well I think it has a lot to do with our history.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 10,000 years since agriculture evolved,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.00,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of our ancestors have actually been agriculturalists
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they were closely related to food production.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.00,0:02:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have this mythical image
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.00,0:02:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how life was in rural areas in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.00,0:02:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Art has helped us to maintain that kind of image.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a mythical past.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, the reality is quite different.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These poor farmers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working the land by hand or with their animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had yield levels that are comparable
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.00,0:02:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the poorest farmers today in West Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have, somehow,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.00,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the course of the last few centuries, or even decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.00,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to cultivate an image of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.00,0:02:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mythical, rural agricultural past.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.00,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was only 200 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we had the advent of the Industrial Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.00,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while I'm starting to make some bread for you here,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.00,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's very important to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what that revolution did to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.00,0:03:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It brought us power. It brought us mechanization, fertilizers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it actually drove up our yields.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even sort of horrible things, like picking beans by hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can now be done automatically.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All that is a real, great improvement, as we shall see.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.00,0:03:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course we also, particularly in the last decade,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,managed to envelop the world
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a dense chain of supermarkets,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a chain of global trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.00,0:03:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it means that you now eat products,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.00,0:03:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can come from all around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.00,0:03:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the reality of our modern life.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.00,0:03:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you may prefer this loaf of bread.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.00,0:03:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Excuse my hands but this is how it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.00,0:03:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually the real relevant bread,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.00,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,historically, is this white Wonder loaf.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.00,0:04:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And don't despise the white bread
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.00,0:04:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it really, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.00,0:04:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,symbolizes the fact that bread and food
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.00,0:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have become plentiful and affordable to all.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:04:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is a feat that we
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.00,0:04:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not really conscious of that much.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it has changed the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This tiny bread that is tasteless in some ways
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.00,0:04:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has a lot of problems
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has changed the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is happening?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well the best way to look at that is to do a tiny bit of simplistic statistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.00,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the advent of the Industrial Revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with modernization of agriculture
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the last few decades, since the 1960s,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,food availability, per head, in this world,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.00,0:04:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has increased by 25 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.00,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the world population in the meantime has doubled.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.00,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that we have now more food available
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than ever before in human history.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.00,0:05:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is the result, directly,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being so successful
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at increasing the scale and volume of our production.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.00,0:05:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is true, as you can see, for all countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the so-called developing countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened to our bread in the meantime?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.00,0:05:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As food became plentiful here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it also meant that we were able to decrease
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of people working in agriculture
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to something like, on average, in the high income countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five percent or less of the population.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.00,0:05:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the U.S. only one percent of the people are actually farmers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it frees us all up to do other things --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.00,0:05:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to sit at TED meetings and not to worry about our food.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.00,0:05:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, historically, a really unique situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.00,0:05:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Never before has the responsibility to feed the world
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:05:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been in the hands of so few people.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And never before have so many people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:05:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been oblivious of that fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.00,0:06:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as food became more plentiful, bread became cheaper.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.00,0:06:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as it became cheaper, bread manufacturers decided to add in all kinds of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.00,0:06:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We added in more sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.00,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We add in raisins and oil and milk
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all kinds of things to make bread,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.00,0:06:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a simple food into kind of a support for calories.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.00,0:06:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And today, bread now is associated with obesity,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.00,0:06:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is very strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.00,0:06:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the basic, most fundamental food
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.00,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've had in the last ten thousand years.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wheat is the most important crop -- the first crop we domesticated
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.00,0:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the most important crop we still grow today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.00,0:06:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is now this strange concoction
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.00,0:06:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of high calories.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.00,0:06:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's not only true in this country,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.00,0:06:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is true all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.00,0:06:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bread has migrated to tropical countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.00,0:06:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the middle classes now eat French rolls and hamburgers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.00,0:06:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where the commuters
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.00,0:07:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find bread much more handy to use
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.00,0:07:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than rice or cassava.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.00,0:07:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So bread has become from a main staple,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.00,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a source of calories
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associated with obesity
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.00,0:07:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also a source of modernity,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of modern life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.00,0:07:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the whiter the bread, in many countries, the better it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.00,0:07:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the story of bread as we know it now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.00,0:07:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course the price of mass production
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.00,0:07:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been that we moved large-scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.00,0:07:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And large-scale has meant destruction of many of our landscapes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.00,0:07:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,destruction of biodiversity --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still a lonely emu here
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.00,0:07:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Brazilian cerrado soybean fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.00,0:07:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The costs have been tremendous --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.00,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,water pollution, all the things you know about, destruction of our habitats.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we need to do is to go back to understanding what our food is about.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.00,0:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is where I have to query all of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.00,0:07:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you can actually tell wheat apart from other cereals?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you actually can make a bread
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this way, without starting with a bread machine
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.00,0:08:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or just some kind of packaged flavor?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.00,0:08:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you actually bake bread? Do you know how much a loaf of bread actually costs?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.00,0:08:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have become very removed
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.00,0:08:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from what our bread really is,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.00,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, again, evolutionarily speaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is very strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.00,0:08:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact not many of you know that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.00,0:08:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our bread, of course, was not a European invention.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.00,0:08:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was invented by farmers in Iraq
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.00,0:08:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Syria in particular.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.00,0:08:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tiny spike on the left to the center
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.00,0:08:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually the forefather of wheat.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.00,0:08:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where it all comes from,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.00,0:08:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where these farmers who actually, ten thousand years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.00,0:08:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put us on the road of bread.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.00,0:08:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it is not surprising
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.00,0:08:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that with this massification and large-scale production,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.00,0:08:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a counter-movement that emerged --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.00,0:08:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very much also here in California.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.00,0:08:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The counter-movement says, "Let's go back to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.00,0:08:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back to traditional farming.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.00,0:08:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back to small-scale, to farmers' markets,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.00,0:09:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,small bakeries and all that." Wonderful.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.00,0:09:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't we all agree? I certainly agree.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.00,0:09:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would love to go back to Tuscany
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.00,0:09:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this kind of traditional setting,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.00,0:09:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gastronomy, good food.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.00,0:09:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is a fallacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.00,0:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the fallacy comes from idealizing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.00,0:09:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a past that we have forgotten about.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.00,0:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we do this, if we want to stay with traditional small-scale farming
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are going, actually, to relegate
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.00,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these poor farmers and their husbands --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:09:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among whom I have lived for many years,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.00,0:09:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working without electricity and water, to try to improve their food production --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.00,0:09:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we relegate them to poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.00,0:09:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they want are implements
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to increase their production:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something to fertilize the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something to protect their crop and to bring it to a market.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.00,0:09:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cannot just think that small-scale
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.00,0:09:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the solution to the world food problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.00,0:09:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a luxury solution for us who can afford it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.00,0:09:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you want to afford it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.00,0:09:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact we do not want this poor woman
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.00,0:09:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to work the land like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.00,0:09:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we say just small-scale production,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.00,0:10:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as is the tendency here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.00,0:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go back to local food means that a poor man like Hans Rosling
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.00,0:10:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot even eat oranges anymore
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.00,0:10:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in Scandinavia we don't have oranges.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.00,0:10:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So local food production is out.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.00,0:10:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also we do not want
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.00,0:10:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to relegate to poverty in the rural areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.00,0:10:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we do not want to relegate
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.00,0:10:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the urban poor to starvation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.00,0:10:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we must find other solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.00,0:10:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of our problems is that world food production
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.00,0:10:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needs to increase very rapidly --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.00,0:10:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doubling by about 2030.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.00,0:10:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main driver of that is actually meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.00,0:10:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And meat consumption in Southeast Asia and China in particular
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.00,0:10:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what drives the prices of cereals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.00,0:10:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That need for animal protein is going to continue.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.00,0:10:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can discuss alternatives in another talk, perhaps one day,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.00,0:10:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is our driving force.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.00,0:10:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what can we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.00,0:10:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we find a solution to produce more?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.00,0:11:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. But we need mechanization.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.00,0:11:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm making a real plea here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.00,0:11:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I feel so strongly that you cannot ask a small farmer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.00,0:11:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to work the land and bend over to grow a hectare of rice,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.00,0:11:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,150,000 times, just to plant a crop and weed it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.00,0:11:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You cannot ask people to work under these conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need clever low-key mechanization
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that avoids the problems of the large-scale mechanization that we've had.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what can we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.00,0:11:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must feed three billion people in cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.00,0:11:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will not do that through small farmers' markets
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.00,0:11:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these people have no small farmers' markets at their disposal.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have low incomes. And they benefit
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.00,0:11:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from cheap, affordable, safe and diverse food.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.00,0:11:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what we must aim for in the next 20 to 30 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.00,0:11:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But yes there are some solutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.00,0:11:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let me just do one simple conceptual thing:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.00,0:11:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I plot science as a proxy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.00,0:11:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for control of the production process and scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.00,0:11:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see is that we've started
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.00,0:12:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the left-hand corner with traditional agriculture,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.00,0:12:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was sort of small-scale and low-control.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.00,0:12:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've moved towards large-scale and very high control.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.00,0:12:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I want us to do is to keep up the science and even get more science in there
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.00,0:12:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but go to a kind of regional scale --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.00,0:12:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just in terms of the scale of the fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.00,0:12:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in terms of the entire food network.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.00,0:12:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where we should move.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.00,0:12:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the ultimate may be, but it doesn't apply to cereals,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.00,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have entirely closed ecosystems --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the horticultural systems right at the top left-hand corner.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.00,0:12:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need to think differently about agriculture science.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.00,0:12:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Agriculture science for most people -- and there are not many farmers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.00,0:12:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among you here --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.00,0:12:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has this name of being bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.00,0:12:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being about pollution, about large-scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.00,0:12:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the destruction of the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.00,0:12:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is not necessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need more science and not less. And we need good science.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.00,0:12:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what kind of science can we have?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.00,0:12:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well first of all I think
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.00,0:13:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can do much better on the existing technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.00,0:13:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Use biotechnology where useful,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.00,0:13:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly in pest and disease resistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.00,0:13:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are also robots, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.00,0:13:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who can recognize weeds
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.00,0:13:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a resolution of half an inch.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.00,0:13:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have much cleverer irrigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do not need to spill the water if we don't want to.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.00,0:13:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we need to think very dispassionately
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:13:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the comparative advantages
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.00,0:13:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of small-scale and large-scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.00,0:13:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to think that land is multi-functional.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.00,0:13:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has different functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.00,0:13:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are different ways in which we must use it --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.00,0:13:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for residential, for nature, for agriculture purposes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.00,0:13:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we also need to re-examine livestock.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.00,0:13:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go regional and go to urban food systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.00,0:13:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to see fish ponds in parking lots and basements.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.00,0:13:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to have horticulture
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.00,0:13:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and greenhouses on top of residential areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.00,0:13:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to use the energy that comes from those greenhouses
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.00,0:13:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from the fermentation of crops
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.00,0:13:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to heat our residential areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.00,0:14:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are all kinds of ways we can do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.00,0:14:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cannot solve the world food problem
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.00,0:14:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by using biological agriculture.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.00,0:14:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can do a lot more.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.00,0:14:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the main thing that I would really ask all of you
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.00,0:14:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you go back to your countries, or as you stay here:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.00,0:14:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ask your government for an integrated food policy.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.00,0:14:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Food is as important as energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.00,0:14:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as security, as the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.00,0:14:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is linked together.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.00,0:14:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can do that. In fact in a densely populated country
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.00,0:14:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the River Delta, where I live in the Netherlands,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.00,0:14:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have combined these functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.00,0:14:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is not science fiction. We can combine things
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.00,0:14:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even in a social sense of making
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.00,0:14:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rural areas more accessible to people --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.00,0:14:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to house, for example, the chronically sick.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.00,0:14:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is all kinds of things we can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.00,0:14:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is something you must do. It's not enough for me to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.00,0:14:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Let's get more bold science into agriculture."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.00,0:14:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You must go back
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.00,0:14:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think about your own food chain.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.00,0:14:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Talk to farmers. When was the last time
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.00,0:14:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you went to a farm and talked to a farmer?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.00,0:15:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Talk to people in restaurants.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.00,0:15:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understand where you are in the food chain,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.00,0:15:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where your food comes from.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.00,0:15:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understand that you are part
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.00,0:15:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this enormous chain of events.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.00,0:15:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that frees you up to do other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.00,0:15:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And above all, to me, food is about respect.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.00,0:15:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about understanding, when you eat,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.00,0:15:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are also many people who are still in this situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.00,0:15:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are still struggling for their daily food.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.00,0:15:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the kind of simplistic solutions that we sometimes have,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.00,0:15:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think that doing everything by hand
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.00,0:15:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to be the solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.00,0:15:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really not morally justified.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.00,0:15:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to help to lift them out of poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.00,0:15:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to make them proud of being a farmer
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.00,0:15:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they allow us to survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.00,0:15:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Never before, as I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.00,0:15:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has the responsibility for food
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.00,0:15:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been in the hands of so few.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.00,0:15:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And never before have we had the luxury
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.00,0:15:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of taking it for granted
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.00,0:15:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is now so cheap.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.00,0:15:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think there is nobody else who has expressed
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.00,0:16:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better, to me, the idea that food, in the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.00,0:16:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our own tradition, is something holy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.00,0:16:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not about nutrients and calories.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.00,0:16:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about sharing. It's about honesty. It's about identity.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.00,0:16:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who said this so beautifully was Mahatma Gandhi,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.00,0:16:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,75 years ago, when he spoke about bread.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.00,0:16:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He did not speak about rice, in India. He said,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.00,0:16:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"To those who have to go without two meals a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.00,0:16:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God can only appear as bread."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.00,0:16:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so as I'm finishing my bread here --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.00,0:16:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've been baking it, and I'll try not to burn my hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.00,0:16:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me share
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.00,0:16:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with those of you here in the first row.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.00,0:16:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me share some of the food with you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.00,0:16:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take some of my bread.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.00,0:16:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you eat it, and as you try it --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.00,0:16:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please come and stand up.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.00,0:16:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have some of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.00,0:16:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to think that every bite connects you
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.00,0:16:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the past and the future:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.00,0:16:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to these anonymous farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.00,0:17:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that first bred the first wheat varieties;
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.00,0:17:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to the farmers of today,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.00,0:17:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who've been making this. And you don't even know who they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.00,0:17:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every meal you eat
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.00,0:17:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contains ingredients from all across the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.00,0:17:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything makes us so privileged,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.00,0:17:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can eat this food, that we don't struggle every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.00,0:17:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.00,0:17:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolutionarily-speaking is unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.00,0:17:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've never had that before.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.00,0:17:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So enjoy your bread.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.00,0:17:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eat it, and feel privileged.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.00,0:17:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.00,0:17:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)