[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.11,0:00:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's easy to forget how vast and deep\Nthe ocean really is.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.36,0:00:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 60% of it is actually\Na cold and dark region
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.99,0:00:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known as the deep ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.24,0:00:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it reaches down to 11,000 meters.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.75,0:00:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, this remote zone is also one\Nof the greatest habitats on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.09,0:00:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,harboring a huge diversity of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.57,0:00:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from giant squids and goblin sharks
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.24,0:00:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to minuscule animals \Nsmaller than a millimeter.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.52,0:00:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do so many species thrive\Nin this underwater world?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.20,0:00:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the decades, intrepid scientists\Nhave ventured there to find out.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.73,0:00:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Traveling down through the water column,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.78,0:00:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pressure increases \Nand light begins to wane.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.33,0:00:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At 200 meters, photosynthesis stops
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.06,0:00:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and temperature decreases \Nfrom surface temperatures
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.02,0:00:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by up to 20 degrees Celsius.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.63,0:01:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1000 meters, normal sunlight\Nhas disappeared altogether.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.37,0:01:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without light, life as we know it\Nseems impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.78,0:01:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why in 1844, the naturalist \NEdward Forbes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.93,0:01:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wrote his Azoic Theory,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.31,0:01:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Azoic, meaning without animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.94,0:01:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forbes was sure that nothing could survive\Nbelow 600 meters
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.33,0:01:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on account of the lack of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.52,0:01:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, the discovery \Nof deep-sea species proved him wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.16,0:01:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What Forbes failed to take into account\Nis something called marine snow,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.47,0:01:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which sounds much nicer than it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.04,0:01:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Marine snow is basically organic matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.68,0:01:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things like particles of dead algae,\Nplants, and animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.77,0:01:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drifting down into the depths
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.08,0:01:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and acting as food for deep-sea animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.37,0:01:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Largely thanks to that, \Nabundant life forms exist in the darkness,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.87,0:01:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adapting to a harsh reality where only\Nthe weird and wonderful can survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.16,0:02:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fish with cavernous mouths,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.96,0:02:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spiky teeth jutting from their jaws,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.75,0:02:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lamp-like structures \Nprotruding from their heads,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.36,0:02:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the anglerfish which entices prey\Nwith its misleading glow.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.45,0:02:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Several sea creatures have perfected\Nthis lightning technique
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.83,0:02:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known as bioluminescence,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.02,0:02:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using it to lure prey,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.49,0:02:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distract predators,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.14,0:02:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or attract mates.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.04,0:02:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some creatures use it for camoflauge.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.23,0:02:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In parts of the water column where\Nonly faint blue light filters through,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.86,0:02:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animals bioluminesce to match the glow.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.79,0:02:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Predators or prey looking up\Nfrom below
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.14,0:02:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are deceived by this camoflauge,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.46,0:02:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unable to see the creatures silhouette.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.29,0:02:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such otherworldly adaptations also arise\Nfrom the need to locate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.54,0:02:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and snatch up food before it drifts away.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.89,0:02:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some sea animals, like jellyfish,\Ncomb jellies and salps
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.20,0:02:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can migrate between depths
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.61,0:02:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,partially because \Ntheir 90% water consistency
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.38,0:03:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allows them to withstand immense pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.48,0:03:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they're the exception.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.44,0:03:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most deep-sea creatures are confined\Nto a narrow range in the water column
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.52,0:03:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where nutrients are scarce
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.58,0:03:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the food drifting downwards\Nfrom the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.97,0:03:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rapidly sinks to the sea floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.64,0:03:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plunging all the way down,\Nwe find more exotic creatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.40,0:03:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some take on dwarfism,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.79,0:03:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a trait that transforms them \Ninto miniature versions of animals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.74,0:03:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see closer to the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.90,0:03:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's thought that reduced \Nfood availability causes the shrinkage.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.80,0:03:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only a tiny fraction of the food produced\Nat the surface reaches the sea floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.30,0:03:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so being small gives animals\Na low energy requirement
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.84,0:03:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an adaptive advantage.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.51,0:03:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, the sea is also the land\Nof giants.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.70,0:03:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, gargantuan squids can reach\N18 meters long.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.08,0:03:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isopods scuttle around the sea floor\Nlike enormous wood lice.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.49,0:03:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are long-limbed \NJapanese spider crabs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.20,0:04:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and oarfish, whose bodies stretch\Nto 15 meters.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.18,0:04:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This trait is known as gigantism,\Nand it's something of a mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.20,0:04:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's thought that high oxygen levels\Nmay drive extreme growth in some species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.03,0:04:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the colder temperatures promote\Nlonger life spans,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.35,0:04:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giving animals the opportunity \Nto grow massive.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.44,0:04:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of these exotic sea beasts will never\Nexperience sunlight.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.78,0:04:24.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some will venture up through\Nthe water column to feed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.71,0:04:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a few will actually break the waves,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.25,0:04:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reminding us at the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.77,0:04:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the incredible survival skills\Nof the ocean's deepest inhabitants.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.46,0:04:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans still have an astounding\N95% of the ocean left to explore.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.17,0:04:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So those depths remain a great mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.55,0:04:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What other untold wonders lie far below,\Nand which ones will we discover next?