[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.51,0:00:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to tell you about two games of chess.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.07,0:00:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first happened in 1997, in which Garry Kasparov,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.93,0:00:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a human, lost to Deep Blue, a machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.65,0:00:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To many, this was the dawn of a new era,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.89,0:00:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one where man would be dominated by machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.67,0:00:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here we are, 20 years on, and the greatest change
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.00,0:00:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how we relate to computers is the iPad,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.69,0:00:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not HAL.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.74,0:00:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second game was a freestyle chess tournament
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.38,0:00:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 2005, in which man and machine could enter together
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.35,0:00:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as partners, rather than adversaries, if they so chose.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.02,0:00:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first, the results were predictable.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.87,0:00:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even a supercomputer was beaten by a grandmaster
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.37,0:00:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a relatively weak laptop.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.68,0:00:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The surprise came at the end. Who won?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.66,0:00:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not a grandmaster with a supercomputer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.44,0:00:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually two American amateurs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.93,0:00:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using three relatively weak laptops.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.76,0:00:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their ability to coach and manipulate their computers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.35,0:00:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deeply explore specific positions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.79,0:00:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,effectively counteracted the superior chess knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.18,0:01:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the grandmasters and the superior computational power
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.78,0:01:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of other adversaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.69,0:01:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an astonishing result: average men,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.60,0:01:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,average machines beating the best man, the best machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.68,0:01:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And anyways, isn't it supposed to be man versus machine?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.88,0:01:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, it's about cooperation, and the right type of cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.03,0:01:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been paying a lot of attention to Marvin Minsky's
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.89,0:01:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vision for artificial intelligence over the last 50 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.13,0:01:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a sexy vision, for sure. Many have embraced it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.39,0:01:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's become the dominant school of thought in computer science.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.14,0:01:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as we enter the era of big data, of network systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.22,0:01:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of open platforms, and embedded technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.92,0:01:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to suggest it's time to reevaluate an alternative vision
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.31,0:01:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was actually developed around the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.38,0:01:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking about J.C.R. Licklider's human-computer symbiosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.71,0:01:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps better termed "intelligence augmentation," I.A.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.52,0:01:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Licklider was a computer science titan who had a profound
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.16,0:01:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,effect on the development of technology and the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.16,0:01:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His vision was to enable man and machine to cooperate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.03,0:02:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in making decisions, controlling complex situations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.62,0:02:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without the inflexible dependence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.39,0:02:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on predetermined programs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.92,0:02:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Note that word "cooperate."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.42,0:02:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Licklider encourages us not to take a toaster
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.17,0:02:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make it Data from "Star Trek,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.45,0:02:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to take a human and make her more capable.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.99,0:02:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans are so amazing -- how we think,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.90,0:02:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our non-linear approaches, our creativity,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.52,0:02:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,iterative hypotheses, all very difficult if possible at all
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.65,0:02:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for computers to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.99,0:02:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Licklider intuitively realized this, contemplating humans
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.44,0:02:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,setting the goals, formulating the hypotheses,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.77,0:02:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,determining the criteria, and performing the evaluation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.15,0:02:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, in other ways, humans are so limited.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.92,0:02:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're terrible at scale, computation and volume.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.16,0:02:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We require high-end talent management
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.99,0:02:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep the rock band together and playing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.06,0:02:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Licklider foresaw computers doing all the routinizable work
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.26,0:02:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was required to prepare the way for insights and decision making.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.54,0:02:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Silently, without much fanfare,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.76,0:02:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this approach has been compiling victories beyond chess.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.12,0:02:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Protein folding, a topic that shares the incredible expansiveness of chess —
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.47,0:02:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are more ways of folding a protein than there are atoms in the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.51,0:03:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a world-changing problem with huge implications
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.87,0:03:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our ability to understand and treat disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.18,0:03:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for this task, supercomputer field brute force simply isn't enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.42,0:03:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Foldit, a game created by computer scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.81,0:03:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,illustrates the value of the approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.31,0:03:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Non-technical, non-biologist amateurs play a video game
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.35,0:03:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which they visually rearrange the structure of the protein,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.42,0:03:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowing the computer to manage the atomic forces
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.92,0:03:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and interactions and identify structural issues.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.88,0:03:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This approach beat supercomputers 50 percent of the time
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.90,0:03:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tied 30 percent of the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.49,0:03:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Foldit recently made a notable and major scientific discovery
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.62,0:03:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by deciphering the structure of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.78,0:03:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A protease that had eluded determination for over 10 years
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.80,0:03:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was solved was by three players in a matter of days,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.42,0:03:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps the first major scientific advance
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.45,0:03:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come from playing a video game.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.77,0:03:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year, on the site of the Twin Towers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.95,0:03:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 9/11 memorial opened.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.43,0:03:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It displays the names of the thousands of victims
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.15,0:03:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using a beautiful concept called "meaningful adjacency."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.21,0:03:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It places the names next to each other based on their
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.38,0:03:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relationships to one another: friends, families, coworkers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.59,0:04:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you put it all together, it's quite a computational
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.62,0:04:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,challenge: 3,500 victims, 1,800 adjacency requests,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.84,0:04:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the importance of the overall physical specifications
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.93,0:04:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the final aesthetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.07,0:04:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When first reported by the media, full credit for such a feat
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.68,0:04:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was given to an algorithm from the New York City
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.58,0:04:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,design firm Local Projects. The truth is a bit more nuanced.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.58,0:04:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While an algorithm was used to develop the underlying framework,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.45,0:04:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans used that framework to design the final result.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.46,0:04:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this case, a computer had evaluated millions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.68,0:04:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of possible layouts, managed a complex relational system,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.02,0:04:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and kept track of a very large set of measurements
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.43,0:04:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and variables, allowing the humans to focus
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.84,0:04:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on design and compositional choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.64,0:04:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the more you look around you,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.68,0:04:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more you see Licklider's vision everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.64,0:04:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it's augmented reality in your iPhone or GPS in your car,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.94,0:04:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human-computer symbiosis is making us more capable.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.91,0:04:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you want to improve human-computer symbiosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.57,0:04:50.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what can you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.100,0:04:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can start by designing the human into the process.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.45,0:04:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of thinking about what a computer will do to solve the problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.65,0:04:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,design the solution around what the human will do as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.52,0:05:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you do this, you'll quickly realize that you spent
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.46,0:05:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of your time on the interface between man and machine,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.34,0:05:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically on designing away the friction in the interaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.44,0:05:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, this friction is more important than the power
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.20,0:05:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the man or the power of the machine
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.26,0:05:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in determining overall capability.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.19,0:05:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why two amateurs with a few laptops
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.16,0:05:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,handily beat a supercomputer and a grandmaster.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.62,0:05:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What Kasparov calls process is a byproduct of friction.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.62,0:05:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The better the process, the less the friction.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.03,0:05:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And minimizing friction turns out to be the decisive variable.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.28,0:05:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or take another example: big data.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.52,0:05:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every interaction we have in the world is recorded
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.43,0:05:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by an ever growing array of sensors: your phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.49,0:05:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your credit card, your computer. The result is big data,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.86,0:05:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it actually presents us with an opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.60,0:05:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to more deeply understand the human condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.27,0:05:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The major emphasis of most approaches to big data
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.57,0:05:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focus on, "How do I store this data? How do I search
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.79,0:05:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this data? How do I process this data?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.06,0:05:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are necessary but insufficient questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.27,0:05:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The imperative is not to figure out how to compute,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.74,0:05:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what to compute. How do you impose human intuition
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.92,0:05:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on data at this scale?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.71,0:06:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, we start by designing the human into the process.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.21,0:06:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When PayPal was first starting as a business, their biggest
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.02,0:06:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,challenge was not, "How do I send money back and forth online?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.83,0:06:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was, "How do I do that without being defrauded by organized crime?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.70,0:06:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why so challenging? Because while computers can learn
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.79,0:06:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect and identify fraud based on patterns,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.93,0:06:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can't learn to do that based on patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.41,0:06:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've never seen before, and organized crime
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.53,0:06:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a lot in common with this audience: brilliant people,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.24,0:06:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relentlessly resourceful, entrepreneurial spirit — (Laughter) —
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.88,0:06:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one huge and important difference: purpose.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.59,0:06:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so while computers alone can catch all but the cleverest
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.42,0:06:33.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fraudsters, catching the cleverest is the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.67,0:06:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between success and failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.22,0:06:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a whole class of problems like this, ones with
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.44,0:06:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adaptive adversaries. They rarely if ever present with a
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.01,0:06:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,repeatable pattern that's discernable to computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.75,0:06:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, there's some inherent component of innovation or disruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.74,0:06:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and increasingly these problems are buried in big data.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.48,0:06:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, terrorism. Terrorists are always adapting
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.98,0:06:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in minor and major ways to new circumstances, and despite
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.03,0:06:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you might see on TV, these adaptations,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.12,0:07:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the detection of them, are fundamentally human.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.42,0:07:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computers don't detect novel patterns and new behaviors,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.53,0:07:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but humans do. Humans, using technology, testing hypotheses,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.77,0:07:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,searching for insight by asking machines to do things for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.39,0:07:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Osama bin Laden was not caught by artificial intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.71,0:07:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was caught by dedicated, resourceful, brilliant people
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.26,0:07:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in partnerships with various technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.53,0:07:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As appealing as it might sound, you cannot algorithmically
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.35,0:07:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,data mine your way to the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.95,0:07:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no "Find Terrorist" button, and the more data
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.80,0:07:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we integrate from a vast variety of sources
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.11,0:07:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across a wide variety of data formats from very
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.24,0:07:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disparate systems, the less effective data mining can be.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.55,0:07:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, people will have to look at data
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.57,0:07:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and search for insight, and as Licklider foresaw long ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.03,0:07:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the key to great results here is the right type of cooperation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.71,0:07:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as Kasparov realized,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.24,0:07:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that means minimizing friction at the interface.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.27,0:07:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this approach makes possible things like combing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.03,0:07:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through all available data from very different sources,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.41,0:07:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,identifying key relationships and putting them in one place,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.20,0:08:00.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that's been nearly impossible to do before.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.13,0:08:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To some, this has terrifying privacy and civil liberties
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.08,0:08:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,implications. To others it foretells of an era of greater
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.48,0:08:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,privacy and civil liberties protections,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.39,0:08:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but privacy and civil liberties are of fundamental importance.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.33,0:08:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That must be acknowledged, and they can't be swept aside,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.52,0:08:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even with the best of intents.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.05,0:08:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's explore, through a couple of examples, the impact
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.57,0:08:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that technologies built to drive human-computer symbiosis
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.98,0:08:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have had in recent time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.90,0:08:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In October, 2007, U.S. and coalition forces raided
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.31,0:08:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an al Qaeda safe house in the city of Sinjar
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.73,0:08:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Syrian border of Iraq.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.66,0:08:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They found a treasure trove of documents:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.04,0:08:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,700 biographical sketches of foreign fighters.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.37,0:08:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These foreign fighters had left their families in the Gulf,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.96,0:08:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Levant and North Africa to join al Qaeda in Iraq.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.10,0:08:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These records were human resource forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.72,0:08:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The foreign fighters filled them out as they joined the organization.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.57,0:08:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that al Qaeda, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.78,0:08:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not without its bureaucracy. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.38,0:08:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They answered questions like, "Who recruited you?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.48,0:08:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What's your hometown?" "What occupation do you seek?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.33,0:08:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that last question, a surprising insight was revealed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.50,0:08:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The vast majority of foreign fighters
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.90,0:09:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were seeking to become suicide bombers for martyrdom --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.30,0:09:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hugely important, since between 2003 and 2007, Iraq
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.64,0:09:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had 1,382 suicide bombings, a major source of instability.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.88,0:09:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Analyzing this data was hard. The originals were sheets
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.94,0:09:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of paper in Arabic that had to be scanned and translated.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.68,0:09:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The friction in the process did not allow for meaningful
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.88,0:09:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,results in an operational time frame using humans, PDFs
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.23,0:09:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tenacity alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.44,0:09:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The researchers had to lever up their human minds
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.40,0:09:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with technology to dive deeper, to explore non-obvious
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.74,0:09:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hypotheses, and in fact, insights emerged.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.96,0:09:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty percent of the foreign fighters were from Libya,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.60,0:09:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,50 percent of those from a single town in Libya,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.57,0:09:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hugely important since prior statistics put that figure at
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.02,0:09:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three percent. It also helped to hone in on a figure
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.41,0:09:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of rising importance in al Qaeda, Abu Yahya al-Libi,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.38,0:09:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a senior cleric in the Libyan Islamic fighting group.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.01,0:09:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In March of 2007, he gave a speech, after which there was
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.68,0:09:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a surge in participation amongst Libyan foreign fighters.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.14,0:09:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps most clever of all, though, and least obvious,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.25,0:09:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by flipping the data on its head, the researchers were
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.32,0:10:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to deeply explore the coordination networks in Syria
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.22,0:10:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were ultimately responsible for receiving and
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.74,0:10:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transporting the foreign fighters to the border.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.20,0:10:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were networks of mercenaries, not ideologues,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.84,0:10:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were in the coordination business for profit.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.24,0:10:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, they charged Saudi foreign fighters
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.14,0:10:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,substantially more than Libyans, money that would have
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.34,0:10:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,otherwise gone to al Qaeda.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.66,0:10:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps the adversary would disrupt their own network
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.70,0:10:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they knew they cheating would-be jihadists.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.74,0:10:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In January, 2010, a devastating 7.0 earthquake struck Haiti,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.48,0:10:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,third deadliest earthquake of all time, left one million people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.40,0:10:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 percent of the population, homeless.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.98,0:10:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One seemingly small aspect of the overall relief effort
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.12,0:10:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became increasingly important as the delivery of food
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.30,0:10:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and water started rolling.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.46,0:10:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,January and February are the dry months in Haiti,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.91,0:10:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet many of the camps had developed standing water.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.86,0:10:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only institution with detailed knowledge of Haiti's
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.98,0:10:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,floodplains had been leveled
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.28,0:10:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the earthquake, leadership inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.28,0:10:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question is, which camps are at risk,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.86,0:10:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many people are in these camps, what's the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.78,0:10:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,timeline for flooding, and given very limited resources
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.09,0:11:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and infrastructure, how do we prioritize the relocation?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.47,0:11:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The data was incredibly disparate. The U.S. Army had
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.82,0:11:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,detailed knowledge for only a small section of the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.75,0:11:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was data online from a 2006 environmental risk
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.26,0:11:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conference, other geospatial data, none of it integrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.92,0:11:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The human goal here was to identify camps for relocation
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.88,0:11:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on priority need.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.28,0:11:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The computer had to integrate a vast amount of geospacial
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.72,0:11:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,information, social media data and relief organization
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.30,0:11:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,information to answer this question.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.78,0:11:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By implementing a superior process, what was otherwise
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.19,0:11:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a task for 40 people over three months became
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.80,0:11:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a simple job for three people in 40 hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.98,0:11:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all victories for human-computer symbiosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.61,0:11:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're more than 50 years into Licklider's vision
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.66,0:11:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the future, and the data suggests that we should be
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.90,0:11:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite excited about tackling this century's hardest problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.93,0:11:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,man and machine in cooperation together.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.88,0:11:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.08,0:11:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)