[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.36,0:00:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our voice is our strongest\Nand most vital tool in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.66,0:00:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use it to express our opinions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.96,0:00:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make statements,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.68,0:00:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to agree or disagree,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.23,0:00:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reveal our innermost emotions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.59,0:00:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say 'yes', but to say\Nthat important 'no'.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.17,0:00:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use it to share ideas worth spreading.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.43,0:00:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if you had no voice?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.33,0:00:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you had no speech?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.49,0:00:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Malala Yousafzai,\Na human rights activist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.32,0:00:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the youngest person to win\Nthe Nobel Peace Prize
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.69,0:00:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who was a victim of attempted\Nmurder by the Taliban
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.68,0:00:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once said: "We realize the importance\Nof our voices only when we are silenced".
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.49,0:01:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,15% of the world's population\Nhas a disability,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.76,0:01:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is one billion people.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.65,0:01:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Africa, as a continent, has one billion\Npeople living in the continent,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.76,0:01:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is how many people have a disability.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.97,0:01:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Furthermore, 190 million people\Nin the world have a severe disability,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.56,0:01:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vast majority of that being\Na communication disability,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.57,0:01:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that affects their daily functioning.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.35,0:01:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The population size of Pakistan\Nhas a 190 million people there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.44,0:01:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the same amount.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.06,0:01:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within South Africa, \N200,000 people cannot talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.21,0:01:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me put this in context.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.26,0:01:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The largest stadium in South Africa\Nis the FNB Stadium
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.29,0:01:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in 2011, 95,000 very excited fans\Nfilled that stadium
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.47,0:01:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the rocking U2 band.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.19,0:01:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was a part of that 95,000 audience,\Nthere were a lot of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.64,0:01:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you had to fill this stadium twice,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.59,0:02:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is how many people\Nin South Africa have no voice.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.84,0:02:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individuals with disabilities\Nare also four times more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.14,0:02:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be victims of crime, compared\Nto their non-disabled peers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.52,0:02:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is even a more alarming concern\Nin our developing countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.34,0:02:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you couldn't tell a loved one
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.20,0:02:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that something horrible had happened\Nto you, like, you had been raped?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.31,0:02:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you couldn't go to\Nthe police and give a statement
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.60,0:02:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tell them what happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.36,0:02:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you couldn't tell\Nthe social worker what happened
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.12,0:02:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to help you\Nwith the court preparation process?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.24,0:02:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you couldn't tell the judge\Nwhat happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.66,0:02:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you couldn't testify?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.02,0:02:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you just had no words?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.60,0:02:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we assist\Nthese individuals with no voices?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.54,0:02:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we help in ending\Nthe silence with them?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.18,0:02:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use AAC: Alternative\Nand Argumentative Communication.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.59,0:02:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is AAC, you may ask?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.66,0:02:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most famous person\Nwho uses AAC is Dr. Stephen Hawkin,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.03,0:03:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world-renowned physicist.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.68,0:03:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He uses a sensor that is activated\Nby a small muscle in his cheek
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.40,0:03:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that speaks to his computer\Nand then speaks for him.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.56,0:03:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another well-known person is the\NSouth-African born Martin Pistorius.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.66,0:03:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He also uses his computer\Nwith software as voice output.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.39,0:03:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Martin has overcome many challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.87,0:03:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has gone on to do\Ninspirational things.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.72,0:03:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He gave a TED Talk last year and\Nyou should really go watch it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.34,0:03:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let me show you a video quickly\Nof my colleague Constance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.58,0:03:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She is using AAC, she is using\Nher Android phone
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.92,0:03:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with software as her voice.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.55,0:03:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being a victim of rape\Nand not having a voice
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.72,0:03:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has so much impact and it can be damaging
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.48,0:03:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we may be pregnant
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.22,0:03:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or expose to diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.20,0:03:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can be discovered\Non a later stage or never.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.12,0:03:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So AAC can be in the form\Nof a tablet with software,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.48,0:04:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can be a dedicated device designed\Nspecifically for communication purposes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.75,0:04:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can be sign language like\NHanelle spoke about
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.56,0:04:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it can be a picture-based\Nalphabet board.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.10,0:04:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if the person who has\Nno voice is now not literate?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.74,0:04:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Stephen Hawking and Martin Pistorius,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.17,0:04:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can read and write,\Nthey can use text-to-speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.36,0:04:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we assist these individuals?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.77,0:04:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A later study estimated that 90%\Nof our children with disabilities
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.54,0:04:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not literate and\Ndo not stand schooling.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.50,0:04:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we help them?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.28,0:04:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use pictures.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.96,0:04:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, like what we say in our field,\Ngraphic symbols.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.48,0:04:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Currently, there is no complete language
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.44,0:04:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is in the form of pictures\Nor graphic symbols.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.36,0:04:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you think that the average person\Nhas a vocabulary size
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.32,0:04:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 25,000 to 35,000 words,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.83,0:04:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could see how this would be\Na mammoth task
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.17,0:04:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and identify pictures\Nfor all of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.99,0:04:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we do if we identify\Ncontext-specific vocabulary?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.39,0:04:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many researches\Nidentifying vocabulary for context
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.46,0:05:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are able to put it on\Na communication board
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.08,0:05:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or program it into a communication device.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.43,0:05:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But many times, important context\Nvocabulary is not identified,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.47,0:05:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like being a victim of crime.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.27,0:05:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an example of a picture\Ncommunication board.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.27,0:05:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let me stop and ask you a question:\Nif you could, in one picture,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.52,0:05:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represent the word 'rape', \Nwhat would it be?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.53,0:05:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not as easy as you think.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.18,0:05:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is why people like me\Nare investing our time and energy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.29,0:05:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in identifying this important vocabulary\Nand matching into pictures
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.98,0:05:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that in times of need, when a person\Nwho is not literate, who has no voice,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.26,0:05:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has been a victim of crime\Ncan stand up and still tell their story.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.25,0:05:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our work at the Center for Alternative\Nand Argumentative Communication
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.52,0:05:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the University of Pretoria
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.23,0:05:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and currently a significant research project\Nis underway doing exactly this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.73,0:05:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Currently what we have identified,\Nand this is one of the examples,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.89,0:06:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are very proud of this work,\Nwe identified vocabulary that is needed
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.18,0:06:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to disclose the crime to a loved one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.06,0:06:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we are also doing is identifying\Nvocabulary that is needed
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.31,0:06:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give the statement to the police,\Nbecause we know the statement
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.67,0:06:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forms a crucial part of evidence\Nwhen we go to court.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.82,0:06:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are also looking at identifying\Nvocabulary that is needed
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.84,0:06:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the court preparation process\Nwith the social worker.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.14,0:06:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what my contribution was,\Nis identifying the important vocabulary
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.21,0:06:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is needed to testify in court.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.11,0:06:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are some examples:\N[Who, where, what, when, how]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.94,0:06:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next year, I will be embarking\Non my PhD journey, what I'm aiming to do
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.14,0:06:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is take all of this vocabulary, make it\Nreadily available in the form of a toolkit
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.50,0:06:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that this can be used as a guideline\Nor a base practice model
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.75,0:06:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only for the legal professionals,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.78,0:06:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for the families and familiar\Ncommunication partners
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.51,0:06:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are working for these individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.52,0:06:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have been victims of crime.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.51,0:06:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AAC in the form of pictures\Nhas the amazing ability
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.76,0:06:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring these individuals' voices forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.29,0:07:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a world where every person\Nwho couldn't talk had the right vocabulary
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.53,0:07:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the right device\Nto be able to communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.63,0:07:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The risks of them being a victim of crime
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.58,0:07:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a repeat victim\Ncould decrease drastically.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.44,0:07:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let us stop for a moment and think\Nabout those 200,000 individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.44,0:07:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vast majority of the 190\Nmillion people living in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.01,0:07:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who cannot talk, specifically\Nthose who are not literate.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.47,0:07:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we could give them\Nthis vital vocabulary,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.89,0:07:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would be empowered\Nto be heard and not hurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.58,0:07:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.74,0:07:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)