[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.31,0:00:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm here today to challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.18,0:00:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way we think\Nabout food and civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.07,0:00:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live in a mobile, highly-technological,\Nlargely urban civilization;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.02,0:00:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our food markets\Nare bursting with produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.92,0:00:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have an amazing global system
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.92,0:00:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that brings food from all over the world\Nto those who can buy it;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.86,0:00:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's the rub:\Nto those who can buy it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.18,0:00:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2008, the food prices spiked
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.32,0:01:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and food riots broke out\Nin 30 countries; governments fell.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.100,0:01:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the time, I was working\Nas the science advisor
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.78,0:01:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the US Secretary of State,\Nthen, Condoleezza Rice.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.56,0:01:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She asked me to organize
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.90,0:01:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a high-level meeting\Non this food price crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.74,0:01:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secretary of Defense Bob Gates was there;\Nhe understood the implications.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.53,0:01:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the ensuing years,\Nfood prices moderated,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.43,0:01:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then spiked again,\Nand the Arab Spring began.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.27,0:01:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video starts) (Moderator)\NAngry protesters burning tires,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.89,0:01:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blocking roads, and attacking\Nthe police with fireworks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.59,0:01:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Algerian capital.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.49,0:01:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are protesting
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.30,0:01:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the rise in food prices\Nand unemployment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.92,0:01:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Arabic) We do not accept\Nthis government
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.81,0:01:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we've been suffering\Nfor ten years
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.79,0:01:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ten more years are coming,\Nand nothing will have changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.71,0:01:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Moderator) Anti riot squads
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.22,0:02:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deployed in many Algerian cities
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.58,0:02:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a simmering anger\Nthreatens massive protest
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.18,0:02:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the oil and gas-rich\NNorth African country.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.28,0:02:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Rioters) The government\Nis humiliating us,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.36,0:02:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're raising the price of sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.12,0:02:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to pay the rent,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.45,0:02:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the electricity, water,\Nsugar,and oil; we're all poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.61,0:02:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.66,0:02:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nina Fedoroff: You all know\Nhow that came out;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.76,0:02:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you think\Nthat's a coincidence, watch this:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.00,0:02:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the red lines mark when,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.70,0:02:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the flags mark\Nwhere food riots happen -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.31,0:02:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a scary thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.43,0:02:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can the stability of governments,\Nindeed civilizations, ride on food?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.27,0:02:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back for a moment\Nand look at how civilizations started.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.77,0:02:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of our history,\Nwe were hunter-gatherers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.93,0:03:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We spent our days \Ngathering and capturing food.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.66,0:03:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, about 10 or 20,000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.81,0:03:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we began to adapt plants and animals\Nbetter to our own deeds,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.85,0:03:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and settle down to grow and herd them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.67,0:03:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That, of course, is called agriculture,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.32,0:03:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it allowed us to feed\Nmore than ourselves and our families.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.49,0:03:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could feed scribes,\Nartisans, warriors, and kings.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.80,0:03:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are scenes \Nfrom a 3,000-year-old Egyptian tomb.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.45,0:03:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities and civilizations flourished.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.22,0:03:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I'm saying is simply this:\Nall of human civilization emerged
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.04,0:03:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we figured out\Nhow to produce surplus food.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.26,0:03:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For millennia,\Ncivilizations rose and fell,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.81,0:03:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lasting largely until the land wore out
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.34,0:03:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or until the neighbors invaded\Nhaving worn out their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.76,0:04:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even at the turn of the 18th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.55,0:04:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thomas Malthus told us
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.98,0:04:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we were doomed to hunger and strife
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.96,0:04:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because our numbers inevitably grew faster\Nthan our ability to produce food.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.35,0:04:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If Malthus thought the game was over
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.30,0:04:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we were just a billion people\Non the face of the earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.53,0:04:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how did we get to today's seven billion?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.37,0:04:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just about the time
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.51,0:04:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Malthus was penning his gloomy predictions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.93,0:04:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that science began\Nto enter agriculture in earnest.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.75,0:04:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the next two centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.67,0:04:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three key innovations\Ntransformed agriculture.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.92,0:04:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were: synthetic fertilizer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.15,0:04:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,genetics, and the internal\Ncombustion engine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.21,0:05:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These three innovations set in motion\Nthe most profound changes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.86,0:05:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in human civilization ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.91,0:05:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plants do something quite extraordinary:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.17,0:05:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they make sugar out of water, in thin air;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.95,0:05:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well across the carbon dioxide in the air.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.67,0:05:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also need nitrogen,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.84,0:05:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most plants can't use\Natmospheric nitrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.32,0:05:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Manure contains nitrogen\Nin the right kinds of compounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.84,0:05:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course, it's been used\Nsince time immemorial to fertilize crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.22,0:05:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is there\Nisn't much nitrogen in manure
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.23,0:05:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it takes a lot of it\Nto fertilize crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.06,0:05:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course, you have to feed\Nthe animals that produce the manure.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.95,0:05:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About a century ago, Fritz Haber\Nand Carl Bosch figured out
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.40,0:06:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to convert nitrogen in the atmosphere\Nto compounds plants can use.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.95,0:06:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's done in huge plants\Nall around the world today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.25,0:06:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, there's genetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.98,0:06:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Nobel laureate Norman Borlaug,\Nthe father of the Green Revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.54,0:06:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that put the countries, the populace,\Nand famine-plagued Asian countries
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.22,0:06:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the road out of poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.06,0:06:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you might not know
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.14,0:06:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the Green Revolution\Nwas based on mutations,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.15,0:06:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,genetic changes that allowed plants\Nto use fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.22,0:06:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more efficiently,\Ndoubling and tripling yields.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.47,0:06:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Genetic modification, GM;\Ntoday, we vilify that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.97,0:06:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- I'll get back to that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.54,0:06:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then there's\Nthe internal combustion engine:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.59,0:06:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for most of human history,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.80,0:06:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agriculture was back-breaking work\Nand occupied most people.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.81,0:07:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The populace remained largely agrarian\Neven in developed countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.06,0:07:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well into the 20th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.93,0:07:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As machines gradually took over the task,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.52,0:07:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it requires fewer and fewer people\Nto produce more and more food;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.60,0:07:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people flow to cities, cities became\Nhotbeds of innovation and collaboration;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.90,0:07:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technology-driven\Nwealth generation accelerated
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.73,0:07:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giving us all the machines, the gadgets,\Nand the comforts of modern life,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.95,0:07:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the Internet and even Twitter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.32,0:07:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does the future hold?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.84,0:07:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was Malthus just plain wrong\Nbecause he didn't figure out science?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.52,0:07:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are there limits
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.57,0:07:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to how much, how many people\Nthe plant can provision?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.90,0:07:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will climate change help or harm?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.34,0:08:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at some trends.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.71,0:08:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Population growth is slowing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.22,0:08:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not likely to stop\Nmuch short of 10 billion;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.96,0:08:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably will go higher.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.13,0:08:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As technology powers country\Nafter country out of poverty,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.19,0:08:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people want to eat more meat;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.69,0:08:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transitioning from a grain-based diet\Nto a meat-based diet requires more grain;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.47,0:08:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,growing more grain requires more land,\Nbut there isn't any more.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.35,0:08:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we're losing it faster
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.11,0:08:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to urbanization, salinization,\Nand desertification than we're adding it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.08,0:08:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we don't do something different,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.56,0:08:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll be back to Malthus in our lifetime;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.11,0:08:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, maybe not mine,\Nbut certainly yours and your children's.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.84,0:08:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then there's climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.20,0:09:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our major food and feed crops\Ngrow best at about the temperatures
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.100,0:09:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you and I find comfortable.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.07,0:09:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me draw your attention\Nto this very hot summer of 2003
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.31,0:09:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of you experienced it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.94,0:09:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was only three degrees \Nabove average for the last century,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.97,0:09:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but crop yields declined by about 30%;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.95,0:09:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think about that - that's going to be\Nan average summer in a few decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.67,0:09:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a cool summer\Nby the end of the century.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.83,0:09:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then there's water -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.66,0:09:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most productive agriculture\Nis irrigated agriculture,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.99,0:09:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the most reliable water\Ncomes from deep underground,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.08,0:09:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indeed, from fossil aquifers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.66,0:09:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are being exhausted faster\Nand faster the world around.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.12,0:09:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not good trends;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.72,0:10:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that our past successes\Nin our bursting food markets
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.04,0:10:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have led a lot of city folks into thinking\NMalthus is ancient history;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.74,0:10:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Norman Borlaug knew otherwise.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.74,0:10:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his Nobel Prize speech, he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.54,0:10:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We may be at high tide now,\Nbut ebb tide could soon set in
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.70,0:10:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we become complacent\Nand relax our efforts,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.84,0:10:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's just what we've done.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.34,0:10:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've contracted our investments\Nin agricultural research
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.06,0:10:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving the job primarily\Nto big agribusiness companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.69,0:10:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we berated them\N- think Monsanto.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.81,0:10:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've taken to the notion of organic food\Nbecause it's more natural;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.52,0:10:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't be seduced -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.98,0:10:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the primary tenant \Nof organic farming is a prohibition
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.78,0:10:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the use of synthetic fertilizer,\Nbut manure alone can't do the job;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.37,0:10:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we, the entire world,\Nwent organic tomorrow,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.78,0:11:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could probably feed\Nhalf of our current population.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.35,0:11:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So can we feed 10 billion people?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.49,0:11:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we can, but we have\Nto think and act differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.06,0:11:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Agriculture is a complex system\Nof water, energy, chemical nutrients,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.76,0:11:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,environment, of course, people;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.60,0:11:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to optimize that system as a whole
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.47,0:11:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make it more sustainable.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.77,0:11:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very easy to say, hard to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.98,0:11:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you some specifics:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.87,0:11:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to increase the yield
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.40,0:11:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the land we already farm\Nusing less water.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.16,0:11:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One contribution of many\Nis moving high-value crops indoors.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.08,0:11:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a very modern greenhouse\Nin Southern California;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.71,0:11:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tomatoes are growing\Non strings straight up
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.25,0:12:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,producing five to ten times as much this\Nthey produce in open fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.42,0:12:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as 100 kilograms\Nper square meter per year
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.94,0:12:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using a tenth as much water.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.40,0:12:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can build greenhouses\Nin cities on rooftops,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.63,0:12:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even in the desert\Nwith a bit of tweaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.89,0:12:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we won't grow our grain under glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.67,0:12:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, farmers distribute
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.97,0:12:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hundred million tons\Nof chemical fertilizer
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.20,0:12:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their fields each year.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.20,0:12:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of it runs off to pollute\Nour waterways, killing them;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.26,0:12:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figuring out how to deliver the nutrients\Nprecisely when they are needed,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.29,0:12:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly where they're needed\Nis one of the challenges of the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.25,0:12:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's one system, is called fertigation,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.54,0:12:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see the nutrients in the water\Ngo directly to the roots underground,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.16,0:12:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's much more to be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.60,0:12:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then there's insecticides -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.66,0:13:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we use about a billion pounds\Na year globally,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.19,0:13:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to kill pests like this corn earworm,\Nbut they also kill beneficial insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.55,0:13:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rachel Carson, author of "Silent Spring"\Nthat ignited the environmental movement
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.45,0:13:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dreamed of a time
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.76,0:13:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could do this biologically\Nrather than with toxic chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.96,0:13:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we can: take this corn\N- is called BT corn.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.40,0:13:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,similar to any other corn\Nexcept it has one extra gene in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.06,0:13:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taken from a safe bacterium \Nused as a pesticide by organic farmers
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.48,0:13:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put directly\Ninto the genome of the plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.08,0:13:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is modern genetic modification, GM:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.09,0:13:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the plant produces the bacterial protein,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.80,0:13:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it affects only the insects\Nthat munch on the plant;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.51,0:13:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,insecticide use has gone down\Na lot, worldwide,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.65,0:14:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the use of these plants,\Nwith these crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.48,0:14:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beneficial insects flourish,\Nand farmers' prices come down;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.06,0:14:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's much, much more\Nthat can be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.87,0:14:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can look forward to crops\Nthat withstand drought,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.98,0:14:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that use nitrogen more efficiently,\Nthat tolerate heat,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.67,0:14:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are frankly,\Nmore nutritious for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.86,0:14:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but contemporary\Ngenetically modified crops
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.94,0:14:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the only ones\Nthat have gotten the GMO moniker,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.45,0:14:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's a fearful word.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.04,0:14:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Google it, and you'll be astounded:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.86,0:14:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GMOs have been blamed\Nfor farmer suicides in India,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.57,0:14:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tumors in rats,\Nand every manner of human ill
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.31,0:14:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from autism to obesity\Nto infertility and cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.88,0:15:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scary - fortunately, none of it is true.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.68,0:15:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, after 25 years\Nof government research,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.33,0:15:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the EU published a report, basically\Nsummarizing the 25 years of research
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.93,0:15:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,costing upwards of 300 million euros
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.17,0:15:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by saying very simply the modification\Nof plants by GM techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.55,0:15:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is no more dangerous than modification\Nof plants by other techniques.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.37,0:15:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the GMO wars rage on\Nfueled by electronic gossip,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.62,0:15:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by organizations\Nthat exploit GM fears for profit;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.42,0:15:48.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fears sell better than facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.60,0:15:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Important work on GM crops\Nhas been destroyed the world around
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.43,0:16:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like work on this golden rice,\Nvitamin-A-enriched rice;
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.81,0:16:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I myself have been picketed,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.38,0:16:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,verbally abused,\Nsubject to endless hate email,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.20,0:16:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even narrowly escaped physical attack,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.93,0:16:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all because I keep trying to explain
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.56,0:16:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the science and the sense\Nbehind this amazing revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.45,0:16:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are approaching a tipping point;
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.48,0:16:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we expect 10 billion people for dinner\Nin the not-too-distant future.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.73,0:16:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How we meet their demands for food\Nwill again reshape civilization;
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.51,0:16:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will we continue to ignore facts\Nand cling to fear-based belief systems
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.70,0:16:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the glowing embers \Nof poverty-based social instability
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.60,0:16:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flare into \Ncivilization- consuming conflagrations?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.16,0:17:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or will we be able to develop, test, \Nand actually use new technologies?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.64,0:17:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will we be able to realize\Nthe knowledge civilizations
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.80,0:17:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which we all aspire?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.27,0:17:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will we have the wisdom to invest
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.15,0:17:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the scientific\Nand technological innovations
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.61,0:17:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can give everyone a livelihood,\Na seat at the table, and enough to eat?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.74,0:17:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe we can.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.51,0:17:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will we? I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.36,0:17:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.60,0:17:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)