[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.54,0:00:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On March 10, 2011,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.29,0:00:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was in Cambridge at the MIT Media Lab
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.29,0:00:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meeting with faculty, students and staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.52,0:00:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we were trying to figure out whether
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.31,0:00:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should be the next director.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.67,0:00:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That night, at midnight,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.04,0:00:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a magnitude 9 earthquake
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.81,0:00:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hit off of the Pacific coast of Japan.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.68,0:00:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My wife and family were in Japan,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.96,0:00:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as the news started to come in,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.27,0:00:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was panicking.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.97,0:00:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was looking at the news streams
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.23,0:00:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and listening to the press conferences
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.06,0:00:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the government officials
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.27,0:00:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Tokyo Power Company,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.86,0:00:38.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hearing about this explosion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.41,0:00:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the nuclear reactors
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.61,0:00:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this cloud of fallout
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.29,0:00:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was headed towards our house
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.19,0:00:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was only about 200 kilometers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.09,0:00:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the people on TV weren't telling us
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.92,0:00:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything that we wanted to hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.86,0:00:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to know what was going on with the reactor,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.82,0:00:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what was going on with the radiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.24,0:00:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether my family was in danger.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.57,0:00:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I did what instinctively felt like the right thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.76,0:01:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was to go onto the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.43,0:01:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.77,0:01:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I could take matters into my own hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.18,0:01:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the Net, I found there were a lot of other people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.02,0:01:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like me trying to figure out what was going on,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.09,0:01:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and together we sort of loosely formed a group
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.31,0:01:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we called it Safecast,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.78,0:01:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we decided we were going to try
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.95,0:01:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to measure the radiation
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.70,0:01:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get the data out to everybody else,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.47,0:01:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was clear that the government
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.14,0:01:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wasn't going to be doing this for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.04,0:01:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.46,0:01:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have 16 million data points,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.55,0:01:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have designed our own Geiger counters
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.30,0:01:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can download the designs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.95,0:01:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and plug it into the network.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.83,0:01:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have an app that shows you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.73,0:01:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the radiation in Japan\Nand other parts of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.76,0:01:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are arguably one of the most successful
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.96,0:01:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,citizen science projects in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.82,0:01:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have created
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.17,0:01:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the largest open dataset of radiation measurements.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.67,0:01:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the interesting thing here
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.41,0:01:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how did — (Applause) — Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.06,0:01:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did a bunch of amateurs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.15,0:01:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who really didn't know what we were doing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.32,0:02:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somehow come together
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.01,0:02:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do what NGOs and the government
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.19,0:02:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were completely incapable of doing?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.61,0:02:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I would suggest that this has something to do
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.37,0:02:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Internet. It's not a fluke.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.13,0:02:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't luck, and it wasn't because it was us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.98,0:02:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It helped that it was an event
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.40,0:02:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that pulled everybody together,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.03,0:02:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was a new way of doing things
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.79,0:02:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was enabled by the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.87,0:02:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of the other things that were going on,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.46,0:02:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want to talk a little bit about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.48,0:02:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what those new principles are.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.14,0:02:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So remember before the Internet? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.95,0:02:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I call this B.I. Okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.74,0:02:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in B.I., life was simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.35,0:02:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things were Euclidian, Newtonian,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.10,0:02:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somewhat predictable.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.56,0:02:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People actually tried to predict the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.97,0:02:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the economists.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.68,0:02:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the Internet happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.89,0:02:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the world became extremely complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.96,0:02:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extremely low-cost, extremely fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.60,0:02:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those Newtonian laws
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.72,0:02:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we so dearly cherished
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.52,0:02:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turned out to be just local ordinances,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.72,0:03:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we found was that in this
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.47,0:03:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely unpredictable world
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.08,0:03:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that most of the people who were surviving
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.11,0:03:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were working with sort of a different set of principles,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.44,0:03:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want to talk a little bit about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.08,0:03:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before the Internet, if you remember,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.44,0:03:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we tried to create services,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.34,0:03:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you would do is you'd create
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.37,0:03:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hardware layer and the\Nnetwork layer and the software
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.68,0:03:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it would cost millions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.71,0:03:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do anything that was substantial.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.02,0:03:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when it costs millions of dollars\Nto do something substantial,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.46,0:03:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you would do is you'd get an MBA
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.53,0:03:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would write a plan
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.99,0:03:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get the money
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.93,0:03:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from V.C.s or big companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.67,0:03:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you'd hire the designers and the engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.79,0:03:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'd build the thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.81,0:03:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Before Internet, B.I., innovation model.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.43,0:03:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened after the Internet was
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.74,0:03:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cost of innovation went down so much
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.49,0:03:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the cost of collaboration,\Nthe cost of distribution,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.98,0:03:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cost of communication, and Moore's Law
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.62,0:03:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made it so that the cost of trying a new thing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.30,0:03:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became nearly zero,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.69,0:03:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so you would have Google, Facebook, Yahoo,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.96,0:03:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,students that didn't have permission —
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.73,0:03:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,permissionless innovation —
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.10,0:03:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't have permission, didn't have PowerPoints,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.72,0:04:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they just built the thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.83,0:04:03.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they raised the money,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.27,0:04:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they sort of figured out a business plan
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.47,0:04:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe later on they hired some MBAs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.83,0:04:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Internet caused innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.14,0:04:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least in software and services,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.26,0:04:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go from an MBA-driven innovation model
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.12,0:04:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a designer-engineer-driven innovation model,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.03,0:04:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it pushed innovation to the edges,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.12,0:04:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the dorm rooms, to the startups,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.67,0:04:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away from the large institutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.36,0:04:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stodgy old institutions that had the power
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.71,0:04:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the money and the authority.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.40,0:04:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we all know this. We all know\Nthis happened on the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.01,0:04:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out it's happening in other things, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.77,0:04:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you some examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.02,0:04:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at the Media Lab, we don't just do hardware.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.80,0:04:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do all kinds of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.84,0:04:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do biology, we do hardware,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.73,0:04:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Nicholas Negroponte\Nfamously said, "Demo or die,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.35,0:04:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to "Publish or perish,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.07,0:04:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was the traditional academic way of thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.31,0:04:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he often said, the demo only has to work once,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.88,0:04:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the primary mode of us impacting the world
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.69,0:04:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was through large companies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.47,0:04:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being inspired by us
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.73,0:05:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and creating products like\Nthe Kindle or Lego Mindstorms.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.25,0:05:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today, with the ability
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.19,0:05:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deploy things into the real world at such low cost,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.50,0:05:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm changing the motto now,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.65,0:05:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is the official public statement.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.46,0:05:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm officially saying, "Deploy or die."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.96,0:05:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to get the stuff into the real world
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.18,0:05:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for it to really count,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.54,0:05:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes it will be large companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.42,0:05:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Nicholas can talk about satellites.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.37,0:05:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.66,0:05:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.74,0:05:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we should be getting out there ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.51,0:05:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not depending on large\Ninstitutions to do it for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.10,0:05:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So last year, we sent a bunch\Nof students to Shenzhen,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.80,0:05:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they sat on the factory floors
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.38,0:05:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the innovators in Shenzhen, and it was amazing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.68,0:05:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was happening there
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.16,0:05:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was you would have these manufacturing devices,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.35,0:05:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they weren't making prototypes or PowerPoints.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.54,0:05:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were fiddling with the manufacturing equipment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.00,0:05:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and innovating right on the\Nmanufacturing equipment.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.21,0:05:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The factory was in the designer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.10,0:05:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the designer was literally in the factory.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.37,0:05:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what you would do is,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.00,0:05:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd go down to the stalls
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.24,0:05:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you would see these cell phones.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.80,0:05:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So instead of starting little websites
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.32,0:05:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the kids in Palo Alto do,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.87,0:06:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the kids in Shenzhen make new cell phones.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.41,0:06:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They make new cell phones like kids in Palo Alto
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.11,0:06:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make websites,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.36,0:06:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so there's a rainforest
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.48,0:06:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of innovation going on in the cell phone.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.03,0:06:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they do is, they make a cell phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.63,0:06:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go down to the stall, they sell some,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.86,0:06:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they look at the other kids' stuff, go up,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.18,0:06:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a couple thousand more, go down.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.77,0:06:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doesn't this sound like a software thing?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.76,0:06:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds like agile software development,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.41,0:06:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A/B testing and iteration,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.34,0:06:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we thought you could only do with software
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.42,0:06:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kids in Shenzhen are doing this in hardware.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.69,0:06:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My next fellow, I hope, is going to be
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.16,0:06:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of these innovators from Shenzhen.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.64,0:06:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what you see is
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.31,0:06:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is pushing innovation to the edges.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.28,0:06:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We talk about 3D printers and stuff like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.38,0:06:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's great, but this is Limor.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.38,0:06:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She is one of our favorite graduates,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.63,0:06:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she is standing in front of a Samsung
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.71,0:06:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Techwin Pick and Place Machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.54,0:06:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This thing can put 23,000 components per hour
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.47,0:06:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto an electronics board.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.46,0:06:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a factory in a box.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.28,0:06:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what used to take a factory full of workers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.78,0:06:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working by hand
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.80,0:06:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this little box in New York,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.51,0:07:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's able to have effectively —
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.56,0:07:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She doesn't actually have to go to Shenzhen
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.19,0:07:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do this manufacturing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.44,0:07:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She can buy this box and she can manufacture it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.70,0:07:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So manufacturing, the cost of innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.94,0:07:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cost of prototyping, distribution,\Nmanufacturing, hardware,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.63,0:07:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is getting so low
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.09,0:07:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that innovation is being pushed to the edges
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.41,0:07:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and students and startups are being able to build it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.84,0:07:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a recent thing, but this will happen
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.72,0:07:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this will change
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.20,0:07:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like it did with software.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.62,0:07:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorona is a DuPont process
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.87,0:07:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that uses a genetically engineered microbe
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.89,0:07:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to turn corn sugar into polyester.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.84,0:07:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's 30 percent more efficient\Nthan the fossil fuel method,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.32,0:07:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's much better for the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.98,0:07:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Genetic engineering and bioengineering
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.38,0:07:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are creating a whole bunch
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.91,0:07:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of great new opportunities
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.67,0:07:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for chemistry, for computation, for memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.50,0:07:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will probably be doing a lot,\Nobviously doing health things,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.55,0:07:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we will probably be growing chairs
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.75,0:07:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and buildings soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.79,0:07:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is, Sorona costs\Nabout 400 million dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.70,0:07:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and took seven years to build.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.08,0:08:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It kind of reminds you of the old mainframe days.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.16,0:08:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing is, the cost of innovation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.66,0:08:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in bioengineering is also going down.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.24,0:08:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is desktop gene sequencer.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.21,0:08:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It used to cost millions and millions\Nof dollars to sequence genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.76,0:08:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you can do it on a desktop like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.51,0:08:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and kids can do this in dorm rooms.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.60,0:08:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Gen9 gene assembler,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.29,0:08:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so right now when you try to print a gene,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.37,0:08:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you do is somebody in a factory
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.64,0:08:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with pipettes puts the thing together by hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.58,0:08:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have one error per 100 base pairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.93,0:08:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it takes a long time and costs a lot of money.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.50,0:08:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This new device
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.89,0:08:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assembles genes on a chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.56,0:08:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead of one error per 100 base pairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.71,0:08:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's one error per 10,000 base pairs.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.84,0:08:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this lab, we will have the world's capacity
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.58,0:08:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of gene printing within a year,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.69,0:08:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,200 million base pairs a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.30,0:08:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is kind of like when we went
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.86,0:08:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from transistor radios wrapped by hand
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.12,0:08:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Pentium.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.39,0:08:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is going to become the\NPentium of bioengineering,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.79,0:08:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pushing bioengineering into the hands
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.83,0:08:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of dorm rooms and startup companies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.43,0:08:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's happening in software and in hardware
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.20,0:08:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bioengineering,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.16,0:09:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so this is a fundamental new\Nway of thinking about innovation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.44,0:09:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a bottom-up innovation, it's democratic,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.12,0:09:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's chaotic, it's hard to control.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.32,0:09:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not bad, but it's very different,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.63,0:09:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that the traditional rules that we have
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.60,0:09:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for institutions don't work anymore,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.67,0:09:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of us here
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.35,0:09:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,operate with a different set of principles.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.43,0:09:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of my favorite principles is the power of pull,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.27,0:09:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the idea of pulling resources
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.56,0:09:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the network as you need them
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.33,0:09:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than stocking them in the center
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.17,0:09:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and controlling everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.76,0:09:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the case of the Safecast story,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.52,0:09:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't know anything when\Nthe earthquake happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.36,0:09:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I was able to find Sean
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.99,0:09:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was the hackerspace community organizer,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.19,0:09:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Peter, the analog hardware hacker
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.97,0:09:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who made our first Geiger counter,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.69,0:09:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Dan, who built the Three Mile Island
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.69,0:09:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,monitoring system after the\NThree Mile Island meltdown.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.02,0:09:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these people I wouldn't have been able to find
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.41,0:09:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beforehand and probably were better
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.84,0:09:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I found them just in time from the network.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.97,0:09:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a three-time college dropout,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.83,0:09:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so learning over education
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.51,0:09:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is very near and dear to my heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.93,0:10:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to me, education is what people do to you
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.46,0:10:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and learning is what you do to yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.46,0:10:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.23,0:10:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it feels like, and I'm biased,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.99,0:10:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it feels like they're trying to make you memorize
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.79,0:10:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the whole encyclopedia before\Nthey let you go out and play,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.90,0:10:18.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to me, I've got Wikipedia on my cell phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.100,0:10:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it feels like they assume
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.70,0:10:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to be on top of some mountain
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.49,0:10:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all by yourself with a number 2 pencil
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.95,0:10:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to figure out what to do
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.33,0:10:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when in fact you're always going to be connected,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.45,0:10:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're always going to have friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.09,0:10:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can pull Wikipedia\Nup whenever you need it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.05,0:10:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you need to learn is how to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.50,0:10:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of Safecast, a bunch of amateurs
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.14,0:10:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we started three years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.74,0:10:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would argue that we probably as a group
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.25,0:10:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know more than any other organization
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.67,0:10:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how to collect data and publish data
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.88,0:10:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do citizen science.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.65,0:10:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Compass over maps.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.77,0:10:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this one, the idea is that the cost of writing a plan
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.49,0:10:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or mapping something is getting so expensive
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.60,0:11:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not very accurate or useful.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.77,0:11:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the Safecast story, we\Nknew we needed to collect data,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.88,0:11:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we knew we wanted to publish the data,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.30,0:11:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead of trying to come up with the exact plan,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.19,0:11:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we first said, oh, let's get Geiger counters.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.60,0:11:14.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, they've run out.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.37,0:11:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's build them. There aren't enough sensors.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.37,0:11:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, then we can make a mobile Geiger counter.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.60,0:11:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can drive around. We can get volunteers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.64,0:11:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have enough money. Let's Kickstarter it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.52,0:11:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could not have planned this whole thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.51,0:11:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but by having a very strong compass,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.26,0:11:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we eventually got to where we were going,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.69,0:11:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to me it's very similar to\Nagile software development,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.11,0:11:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this idea of compasses is very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.47,0:11:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think the good news is
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.41,0:11:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that even though the world is extremely complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.92,0:11:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you need to do is very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.30,0:11:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's about stopping this notion
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.00,0:11:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you need to plan everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.57,0:11:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to stock everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.66,0:11:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you need to be so prepared,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.13,0:11:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and focus on being connected,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.13,0:11:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,always learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.98,0:11:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fully aware,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.84,0:11:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and super present.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.62,0:11:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I don't like the word "futurist."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.57,0:12:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we should be now-ists,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.18,0:12:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like we are right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.23,0:12:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.07,0:12:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)