[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do I know
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.00,0:00:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would cause me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.00,0:00:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a reticent, Midwestern scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.00,0:00:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get myself arrested
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.00,0:00:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of the White House protesting?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what would you do
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you knew what I know?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.00,0:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start with how I got to this point.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.00,0:00:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was lucky to grow up
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.00,0:00:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a time when it was not difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.00,0:00:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the child of a tenant farmer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.00,0:00:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make his way to the state university.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was really lucky
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go to the University of Iowa
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I could study under Professor James Van Allen
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who built instruments
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first U.S. satellites.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Professor Van Allen told me
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.00,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about observations of Venus,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was intense microwave radiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did it mean that Venus had an ionosphere?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or was Venus extremely hot?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The right answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:01:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confirmed by the Soviet Venera spacecraft,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that Venus was very hot --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,900 degrees Fahrenheit.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was kept hot
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.00,0:01:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.00,0:01:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was fortunate to join NASA
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.00,0:01:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and successfully propose
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.00,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an experiment to fly to Venus.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our instrument took this image
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the veil of Venus,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which turned out to be
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a smog of sulfuric acid.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.00,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But while our instrument was being built,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I became involved in calculations
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the greenhouse effect
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we realized
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our atmospheric composition was changing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, I resigned
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.00,0:01:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as principal investigator
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.00,0:01:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our Venus experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.00,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a planet changing before our eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is more interesting and important.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its changes will affect all of humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The greenhouse effect had been well understood
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:01:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for more than a century.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,British physicist John Tyndall,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the 1850's,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made laboratory measurements
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the infrared radiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is heat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.00,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he showed that gasses such as CO2 absorb heat,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus acting like a blanket
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warming Earth's surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I worked with other scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.00,0:02:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to analyze Earth climate observations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.00,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1981,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we published an article in Science magazine
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concluding that observed warming
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 0.4 degrees Celsius
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the prior century
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was consistent with the greenhouse effect
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of increasing CO2.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.00,0:02:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That Earth would likely warm in the 1980's,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.00,0:02:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and warming would exceed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the noise level of random weather
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the end of the century.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also said that the 21st century
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.00,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would see shifting climate zones,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.00,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creation of drought-prone regions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in North America and Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.00,0:02:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,erosion of ice sheets, rising sea levels
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.00,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and opening of the fabled Northwest Passage.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these impacts
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.00,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have since either happened
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or are now well under way.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That paper was reported on the front page of the New York Times
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.00,0:03:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and led to me testifying to Congress
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the 1980's,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.00,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,testimony in which I emphasized
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that global warming increases both extremes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Earth's water cycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Heatwaves and droughts on one hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,directly from the warming,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.00,0:03:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also, because a warmer atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.00,0:03:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,holds more water vapor
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with its latent energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rainfall will become
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in more extreme events.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.00,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There will be stronger storms and greater flooding.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Global warming hoopla
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became time-consuming
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.00,0:03:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and distracted me from doing science --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.00,0:03:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,partly because I had complained
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the White House altered my testimony.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to go back
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.00,0:03:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to strictly doing science
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.00,0:04:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and leave the communication to others.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.00,0:04:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 15 years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.00,0:04:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evidence of global warming was much stronger.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.00,0:04:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the things mentioned in our 1981 paper
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had the privilege to speak twice
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:04:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the president's climate task force.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.00,0:04:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But energy policies continued to focus
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.00,0:04:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on finding more fossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.00,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By then we had two grandchildren,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sophie and Connor.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I did not want them in the future
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say, "Opa understood what was happening,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he didn't make it clear."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.00,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to give a public talk
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,criticizing the lack of an appropriate energy policy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I gave the talk at the University of Iowa in 2004
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the 2005 meeting
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.00,0:04:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the American Geophysical Union.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.00,0:04:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This led to calls
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.00,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the White House to NASA headquarters
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.00,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was told that I could not give any talks or speak with the media
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without prior explicit approval
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.00,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by NASA headquarters.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After I informed the New York Times
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.00,0:05:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about these restrictions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.00,0:05:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NASA was forced to end the censorship.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there were consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had been using the first line
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.00,0:05:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the NASA mission statement,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"To understand and protect the home planet,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to justify my talks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.00,0:05:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon the first line of the mission statement
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was deleted, never to appear again.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the next few years
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.00,0:05:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was drawn more and more
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.00,0:05:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into trying to communicate the urgency
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a change in energy policies,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while still researching the physics of climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me describe the most important conclusion from the physics --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.00,0:05:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first, from Earth's energy balance
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.00,0:05:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, second, from Earth's climate history.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.00,0:05:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adding CO2 to the air
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.00,0:05:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is like throwing another blanket on the bed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.00,0:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It reduces Earth's heat radiation to space,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.00,0:06:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there's a temporary energy imbalance.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.00,0:06:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More energy is coming in
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.00,0:06:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than going out,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.00,0:06:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until Earth warms up enough
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.00,0:06:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to again radiate to space
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.00,0:06:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much energy as it absorbs from the Sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.00,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the key quantity
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is Earth's energy imbalance.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.00,0:06:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there more energy coming in
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.00,0:06:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than going out?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.00,0:06:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If so, more warming is in the pipeline.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.00,0:06:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will occur without adding any more greenhouse gasses.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.00,0:06:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.00,0:06:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can measure Earth's energy imbalance precisely
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.00,0:06:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by measuring the heat content
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.00,0:06:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Earth's heat reservoirs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.00,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biggest reservoir, the ocean, was the least well measured,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.00,0:06:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until more than 3,000 Argo floats
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.00,0:06:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were distributed around the world's ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.00,0:06:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These floats reveal
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.00,0:06:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the upper half of the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.00,0:06:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is gaining heat at a substantial rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.00,0:06:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The deep ocean is also gaining heat at a smaller rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and energy is going
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.00,0:07:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the net melting of ice all around the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.00,0:07:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the land, to depths of tens of meters,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.00,0:07:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.00,0:07:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The total energy imbalance now
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about six-tenths of a watt per square meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.00,0:07:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That may not sound like much,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.00,0:07:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when added up over the whole world, it's enormous.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.00,0:07:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about 20 times greater
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.00,0:07:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the rate of energy use by all of humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.00,0:07:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's equivalent to exploding
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.00,0:07:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,400,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs per day
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.00,0:07:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,365 days per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.00,0:07:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how much extra energy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.00,0:07:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earth is gaining each day.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.00,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This imbalance,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we want to stabilize climate,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.00,0:07:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that we must reduce CO2
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.00,0:07:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from 391 ppm, parts per million,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.00,0:07:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back to 350 ppm.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the change needed to restore energy balance
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and prevent further warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.00,0:08:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate change deniers argue
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.00,0:08:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Sun is the main cause of climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.00,0:08:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the measured energy imbalance occurred
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.00,0:08:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the deepest solar minimum in the record,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.00,0:08:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the Sun's energy reaching Earth was least.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.00,0:08:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, there was more energy coming in than going out.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.00,0:08:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This shows that the effect of the Sun's variations on climate
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.00,0:08:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is overwhelmed by the increasing greenhouse gasses,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly from burning fossil fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.00,0:08:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now consider Earth's climate history.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.00,0:08:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These curves for global temperature,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.00,0:08:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,atmospheric CO2 and sea level
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.00,0:08:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were derived from ocean cores and Antarctic ice cores,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.00,0:08:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from ocean sediments and snowflakes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.00,0:08:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that piled up year after year
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.00,0:08:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 800,000 years
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.00,0:08:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forming a two-mile thick ice sheet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you see, there's a high correlation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.00,0:08:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between temperature, CO2 and sea level.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.00,0:08:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Careful examination shows
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.00,0:08:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the temperature changes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slightly lead the CO2 changes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a few centuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.00,0:09:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climate change deniers like to use this fact
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.00,0:09:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to confuse and trick the public
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.00,0:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by saying, "Look, the temperature causes CO2 to change,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.00,0:09:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not vice versa."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.00,0:09:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that lag
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.00,0:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is exactly what is expected.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Small changes in Earth's orbit
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.00,0:09:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that occur over tens to hundreds of thousands of years
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.00,0:09:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alter the distribution
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.00,0:09:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of sunlight on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.00,0:09:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When there is more sunlight
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.00,0:09:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at high latitudes in summer, ice sheets melt.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.00,0:09:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shrinking ice sheets
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.00,0:09:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make the planet darker,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.00,0:09:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it absorbs more sunlight
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.00,0:09:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and becomes warmer.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.00,0:09:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A warmer ocean releases CO2,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.00,0:09:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as a warm Coca-Cola does.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.00,0:09:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And more CO2 causes more warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.00,0:09:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So CO2, methane, and ice sheets
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.00,0:09:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were feedbacks
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.00,0:09:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that amplified global temperature change
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.00,0:10:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing these ancient climate oscillations to be huge,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.00,0:10:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though the climate change was initiated
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.00,0:10:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a very weak forcing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.00,0:10:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The important point
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.00,0:10:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that these same amplifying feedbacks
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.00,0:10:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will occur today.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.00,0:10:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The physics does not change.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.00,0:10:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Earth warms,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.00,0:10:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now because of extra CO2 we put in the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.00,0:10:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ice will melt,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.00,0:10:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and CO2 and methane will be released
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.00,0:10:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by warming ocean and melting permafrost.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.00,0:10:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While we can't say exactly how fast
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.00,0:10:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these amplifying feedbacks will occur,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.00,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is certain they will occur,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless we stop the warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.00,0:10:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.00,0:10:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that feedbacks are already beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.00,0:10:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Precise measurements
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.00,0:10:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by GRACE, the gravity satellite,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.00,0:10:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reveal that both Greenland and Antarctica
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now losing mass,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.00,0:10:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several hundred cubic kilometers per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.00,0:10:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the rate has accelerated
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.00,0:10:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the measurements began
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.00,0:11:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nine years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.00,0:11:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Methane is also beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.00,0:11:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to escape from the permafrost.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.00,0:11:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What sea level rise
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.00,0:11:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can we look forward to?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.00,0:11:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last time CO2 was 390 ppm,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.00,0:11:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today's value,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.00,0:11:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sea level was higher
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by at least 15 meters, 50 feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.00,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where you are sitting now
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be under water.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most estimates are that, this century,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.00,0:11:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will get at least one meter.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.00,0:11:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it will be more
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.00,0:11:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we keep burning fossil fuels,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.00,0:11:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps even five meters, which is 18 feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.00,0:11:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this century or shortly thereafter.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.00,0:11:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The important point
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.00,0:11:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we will have started a process
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.00,0:11:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is out of humanity's control.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.00,0:11:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ice sheets would continue to disintegrate for centuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.00,0:11:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There would be no stable shoreline.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.00,0:11:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The economic consequences are almost unthinkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.00,0:11:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hundreds of New Orleans-like devastations
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.00,0:12:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.00,0:12:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What may be more reprehensible,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.00,0:12:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if climate denial continues,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.00,0:12:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is extermination of species.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.00,0:12:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The monarch butterfly
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.00,0:12:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be one of the 20 to 50 percent of all species
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.00,0:12:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.00,0:12:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be ticketed for extinction
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.00,0:12:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the end of the century
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.00,0:12:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we stay on business-as-usual fossil fuel use.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.00,0:12:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Global warming is already affecting people.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.00,0:12:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Texas, Oklahoma, Mexico
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.00,0:12:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heatwave and drought last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.00,0:12:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moscow the year before
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.00,0:12:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Europe in 2003,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.00,0:12:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were all exceptional events,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.00,0:12:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than three standard deviations outside the norm.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.00,0:12:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fifty years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.00,0:12:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such anomalies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.00,0:12:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,covered only two- to three-tenths
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of one percent of the land area.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.00,0:12:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In recent years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.00,0:12:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of global warming,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.00,0:12:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they now cover about 10 percent --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.00,0:13:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an increase by a factor of 25 to 50.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.00,0:13:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can say with a high degree of confidence
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.00,0:13:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the severe Texas and Moscow heatwaves
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.00,0:13:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were not natural;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.00,0:13:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were caused by global warming.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An important impact,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if global warming continues,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be on the breadbasket of our nation and the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.00,0:13:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Midwest and Great Plains,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.00,0:13:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are expected to become prone to extreme droughts,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.00,0:13:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worse than the Dust Bowl,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.00,0:13:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within just a few decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we let global warming continue.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.00,0:13:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did I get dragged deeper and deeper
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.00,0:13:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into an attempt to communicate,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.00,0:13:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giving talks in 10 countries, getting arrested,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.00,0:13:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,burning up the vacation time
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.00,0:13:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I had accumulated over 30 years?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.00,0:13:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More grandchildren helped me along.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.00,0:13:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jake is a super-positive,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.00,0:13:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enthusiastic boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.00,0:13:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here at age two and a half years,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.00,0:13:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he thinks he can protect
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.00,0:14:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his two and a half-day-old little sister.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.00,0:14:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be immoral
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.00,0:14:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to leave these young people
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.00,0:14:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a climate system
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.00,0:14:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spiraling out of control.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.00,0:14:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the tragedy about climate change
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.00,0:14:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we can solve it
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.00,0:14:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a simple, honest approach
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.00,0:14:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a gradually rising carbon fee
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.00,0:14:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collected from fossil fuel companies
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.00,0:14:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and distributed 100 percent electronically
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.00,0:14:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every month to all legal residents
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.00,0:14:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a per capita basis,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.00,0:14:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the government not keeping one dime.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.00,0:14:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people would get more in the monthly dividend
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.00,0:14:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than they'd pay in increased prices.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.00,0:14:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This fee and dividend
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.00,0:14:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would stimulate the economy
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.00,0:14:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and innovations,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.00,0:14:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating millions of jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.00,0:14:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the principal requirement
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.00,0:14:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for moving us rapidly
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.00,0:14:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a clean energy future.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.00,0:14:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Several top economists
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.00,0:14:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are coauthors on this proposition.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.00,0:15:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim DiPeso of Republicans for Environmental Protection
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.00,0:15:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,describes it thusly:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.00,0:15:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Transparent. Market-based.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.00,0:15:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does not enlarge government.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.00,0:15:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leaves energy decisions to individual choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.00,0:15:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds like a conservative climate plan."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.00,0:15:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But instead of placing a rising fee on carbon emissions
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.00,0:15:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make fossil fuels pay
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.00,0:15:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their true cost to society,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.00,0:15:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our governments are forcing the public
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.00,0:15:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to subsidize fossil fuels
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.00,0:15:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by 400 to 500 billion dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.00,0:15:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,per year worldwide,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.00,0:15:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus encouraging extraction of every fossil fuel --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.00,0:15:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mountaintop removal,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.00,0:15:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,longwall mining, fracking,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.00,0:15:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tar sands, tar shale,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.00,0:15:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deep ocean Arctic drilling.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.00,0:15:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This path, if continued,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.00,0:15:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guarantees that we will pass tipping points
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.00,0:15:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading to ice sheet disintegration
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.00,0:15:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will accelerate out of control of future generations.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.00,0:15:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A large fraction of species
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.00,0:16:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be committed to extinction.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.00,0:16:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And increasing intensity of droughts and floods
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.00,0:16:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will severely impact breadbaskets of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.00,0:16:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing massive famines
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.00,0:16:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and economic decline.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.00,0:16:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a giant asteroid
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.00,0:16:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a direct collision course with Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.00,0:16:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the equivalent
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.00,0:16:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what we face now.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.00,0:16:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, we dither,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.00,0:16:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking no action
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.00,0:16:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to divert the asteroid,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.00,0:16:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though the longer we wait,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.00,0:16:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more difficult and expensive it becomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.00,0:16:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we had started in 2005,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.00,0:16:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would have required emission reductions of three percent per year
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.00,0:16:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to restore planetary energy balance
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.00,0:16:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stabilize climate this century.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.00,0:16:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we start next year,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.00,0:16:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is six percent per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.00,0:16:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we wait 10 years, it is 15 percent per year --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.00,0:16:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extremely difficult and expensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.00,0:16:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.00,0:16:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we aren't even starting.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.00,0:17:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now you know what I know
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.00,0:17:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is moving me to sound this alarm.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.00,0:17:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clearly, I haven't gotten this message across.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.00,0:17:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The science is clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.00,0:17:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need your help
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.00,0:17:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to communicate the gravity and the urgency
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.00,0:17:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this situation
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.00,0:17:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its solutions
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.00,0:17:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more effectively.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.00,0:17:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We owe it to our children and grandchildren.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.00,0:17:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.00,0:17:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)