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En videos anteriores, hemos enfatizado que un precio es una señal

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envuelta en un incentivo y que los precios que emergen de los mercados libres

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coordinan las acciones individuales de tal modo que el resultado parece haber sido creado

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por una mano invisible benévola. Hemos mostrado como los controles de precios pueden impedir este proceso

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y ahora queremos mostrar como, a veces, incluso en un mercado libre, el precio no es el correcto.

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Cuando tenemos externalidades, costos externos y beneficios externos,

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los cuales definiré más adelante, el precio no es el correcto.

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En este video mostraremos las causas y las consecuencias

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de los costos y los beneficios externos. Prosigamos.

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Introducción a las externalidades

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Comencemos con el aumento de las "super-bacterias" resistentes a los antibióticos.

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Antes de la era de los antibióticos, una simple herida en la piel

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podía matar a una persona por una infección

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Y las personas con heridas más graves, como los heridos en combate morían

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a causa de las infecciones provocadas por la herida

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y no por casusa de la herida en sí.

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En el siglo XX, el milagro de los antibióticos hizo que menos gente

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muriera por estas infecciones. Pero este milagro se está acabando

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ya que los antibióticos ya no son tan efectivos como ántes. ¿A qué se debe ésto?

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Parte del problema es que ningún antibiótico es 100% efectivo

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Y las bacterias son diversas. Tienen diferentes fortalezas y

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diferentes debilidades

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Las bacterias que no matan los antibióticos

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tienen características que las hacen fuertes contra los antibióticos.

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Esas bacterias se propagan y se vuuelven más dominates.

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Así, el proceso evolutivo ha generado resistencia a los antibióticos.

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