[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.79,0:00:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you do when you have a headache?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.83,0:00:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You swallow an aspirin.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.25,0:00:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for this pill to get\Nto your head, where the pain is,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.59,0:00:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it goes through your stomach, intestines\Nand various other organs first.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.95,0:00:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Swallowing pills is the most effective\Nand painless way of delivering
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.09,0:00:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any medication in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.45,0:00:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The downside, though, is that swallowing\Nany medication leads to its dilution.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.13,0:00:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a big problem,\Nparticularly in HIV patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.78,0:00:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they take their anti-HIV drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.96,0:00:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these drugs are good for lowering\Nthe virus in the blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.05,0:00:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and increasing the CD4 cell counts.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.62,0:00:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they are also notorious\Nfor their adverse side effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.01,0:00:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but mostly bad, because they get diluted\Nby the time they get to the blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.52,0:00:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and worse, by the time\Nthey get to the sites
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.42,0:01:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it matters most:\Nwithin the HIV viral reservoirs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.75,0:01:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These areas in the body --\Nsuch as the lymph nodes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.30,0:01:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the nervous system,\Nas well as the lungs --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.21,0:01:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the virus is sleeping,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.74,0:01:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and will not readily\Nget delivered in the blood
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.97,0:01:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of patients that are under\Nconsistent anti-HIV drugs therapy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.50,0:01:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, upon discontinuation of therapy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.21,0:01:31.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the virus can awake\Nand infect new cells in the blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.73,0:01:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, all this is a big problem in treating\NHIV with the current drug treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.34,0:01:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a life-long treatment\Nthat must be swallowed by patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.40,0:01:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One day, I sat and thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.79,0:01:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Can we deliver anti-HIV directly\Nwithin its reservoir sites,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.55,0:01:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without the risk of drug dilution?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.52,0:01:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a laser scientist,\Nthe answer was just before my eyes:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.14,0:02:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lasers, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.98,0:02:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they can be used for dentistry,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.86,0:02:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for diabetic wound-healing and surgery,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.74,0:02:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can be used for anything imaginable,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.47,0:02:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including transporting drugs into cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.40,0:02:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a matter of fact,\Nwe are currently using laser pulses
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.66,0:02:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to poke or drill extremely tiny holes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.31,0:02:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which open and close almost\Nimmediately in HIV-infected cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.25,0:02:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to deliver drugs within them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.38,0:02:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How is that possible?" you may ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.12,0:02:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we shine a very powerful\Nbut super-tiny laser beam
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.48,0:02:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto the membrane of HIV-infected cells
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.30,0:02:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while these cells are immersed\Nin liquid containing the drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.40,0:02:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The laser pierces the cell,\Nwhile the cell swallows the drug
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.28,0:02:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a matter of microseconds.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.45,0:02:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before you even know it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.04,0:03:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the induced hole\Nbecomes immediately repaired.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.25,0:03:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we are currently testing\Nthis technology in test tubes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.69,0:03:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in Petri dishes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.22,0:03:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the goal is to get\Nthis technology in the human body,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.58,0:03:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apply it in the human body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.93,0:03:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How is that possible?" you may ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.42,0:03:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the answer is:\Nthrough a three-headed device.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.51,0:03:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using the first head, which is our laser,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.45,0:03:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will make an incision\Nin the site of infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.50,0:03:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using the second head, which is a camera,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.15,0:03:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we meander to the site of infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.81,0:03:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, using a third head,\Nwhich is a drug-spreading sprinkler,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.60,0:03:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we deliver the drugs directly\Nat the site of infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.64,0:03:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the laser is again used\Nto poke those cells open.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.82,0:03:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this might not seem\Nlike much right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.68,0:03:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one day, if successful,\Nthis technology can lead
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.77,0:03:58.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to complete eradication\Nof HIV in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.40,0:04:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. A cure for HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.15,0:04:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is every HIV researcher's dream --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.08,0:04:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our case, a cure led by lasers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.64,0:04:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.81,0:04:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)