[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.90,0:00:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doc Edgerton inspired us with awe and curiosity
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.88,0:00:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this photo of a bullet piercing through an apple,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.14,0:00:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exposure just a millionth of a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.02,0:00:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, 50 years later, we can go a million times faster
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.33,0:00:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see the world not at a million,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.92,0:00:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a billion,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.73,0:00:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one trillion frames per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.17,0:00:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I present you a new type of photography,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.55,0:00:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,femto-photography,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.61,0:00:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new imaging technique so fast
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.21,0:00:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it can create slow motion videos of light in motion.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.41,0:00:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with that, we can create cameras
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.15,0:00:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can look around corners,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.30,0:00:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond line of sight
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.29,0:01:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or see inside our body without an X-ray,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.69,0:01:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really challenge what we mean by a camera.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.09,0:01:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if I take a laser pointer and turn it on and off
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.60,0:01:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one trillionth of a second --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.42,0:01:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is several femtoseconds --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.24,0:01:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll create a packet of photons
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.52,0:01:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,barely a millimeter wide,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.87,0:01:22.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that packet of photons, that bullet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.79,0:01:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will travel at the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.74,0:01:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, again, a million times faster than an ordinary bullet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.25,0:01:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you take that bullet and take this packet of photons
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.16,0:01:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fire into this bottle,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.33,0:01:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how will those photons shatter into this bottle?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.86,0:01:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does light look in slow motion?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.04,0:02:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the whole event -- (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.70,0:02:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.92,0:02:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, remember, the whole event
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.52,0:02:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is effectively taking place in less than a nanosecond
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.90,0:02:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,— that's how much time it takes for light to travel —
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.24,0:02:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm slowing down in this video by a factor of 10 billion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.74,0:02:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can see the light in motion.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.41,0:02:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, Coca-Cola did not sponsor this research. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.03,0:02:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there's a lot going on in this movie,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.08,0:02:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so let me break this down and show you what's going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.44,0:02:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the pulse enters the bottle, our bullet,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.68,0:02:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a packet of photons that start traveling through
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.24,0:02:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that start scattering inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.08,0:02:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the light leaks, goes on the table,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.31,0:02:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you start seeing these ripples of waves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.10,0:02:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of the photons eventually reach the cap
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.98,0:02:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they explode in various directions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.90,0:02:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see, there's a bubble of air,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.81,0:03:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's bouncing around inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.47,0:03:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, the ripples are traveling on the table,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.95,0:03:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because of the reflections at the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.82,0:03:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see at the back of the bottle, after several frames,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.45,0:03:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reflections are focused.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.35,0:03:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you take an ordinary bullet
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.25,0:03:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let it go the same distance and slow down the video
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.65,0:03:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again by a factor of 10 billion, do you know
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.20,0:03:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how long you'll have to sit here to watch that movie?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.92,0:03:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A day, a week? Actually, a whole year.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.31,0:03:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll be a very boring movie — (Laughter) —
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.22,0:03:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a slow, ordinary bullet in motion.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.28,0:03:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what about some still-life photography?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.77,0:03:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can watch the ripples again washing over the table,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.12,0:04:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the tomato and the wall in the back.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.04,0:04:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like throwing a stone in a pond of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.20,0:04:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought, this is how nature paints a photo,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.09,0:04:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one femto frame at a time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.67,0:04:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but of course our eye sees an integral composite.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.07,0:04:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you look at this tomato one more time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.19,0:04:24.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will notice, as the light washes over the tomato,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.71,0:04:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it continues to glow. It doesn't become dark.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.60,0:04:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is that? Because the tomato is actually ripe,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.15,0:04:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the light is bouncing around inside the tomato,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.25,0:04:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it comes out after several trillionths of a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.71,0:04:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in the future, when this femto-camera
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.35,0:04:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in your camera phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.44,0:04:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might be able to go to a supermarket
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.15,0:04:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and check if the fruit is ripe without actually touching it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.19,0:04:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how did my team at MIT create this camera?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.52,0:04:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as photographers, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.49,0:04:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you take a short exposure photo, you get very little light,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.55,0:05:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're going to go a billion times faster
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.75,0:05:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than your shortest exposure,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.61,0:05:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you're going to get hardly any light.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.41,0:05:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what we do is we send that bullet,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.25,0:05:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those packet of photons, millions of times,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.80,0:05:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and record again and again with very clever synchronization,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.91,0:05:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from the gigabytes of data,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.100,0:05:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we computationally weave together
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.12,0:05:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create those femto-videos I showed you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.58,0:05:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can take all that raw data
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.12,0:05:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and treat it in very interesting ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.02,0:05:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Superman can fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.86,0:05:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some other heroes can become invisible,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.32,0:05:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what about a new power for a future superhero:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.42,0:05:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see around corners?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.91,0:05:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is that we could shine some light on the door.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.59,0:05:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to bounce, go inside the room,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.26,0:05:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of that is going to reflect back on the door,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.69,0:05:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then back to the camera,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.20,0:05:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we could exploit these multiple bounces of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.69,0:05:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not science fiction. We have actually built it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.08,0:05:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the left, you see our femto-camera.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.47,0:05:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a mannequin hidden behind a wall,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.85,0:06:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're going to bounce light off the door.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.83,0:06:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after our paper was published
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.78,0:06:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Nature Communications,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.71,0:06:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was highlighted by Nature.com,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.63,0:06:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they created this animation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.19,0:06:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.59,0:06:21.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to fire those bullets of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.05,0:06:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're going to hit this wall,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.32,0:06:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because the packet of the photons,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.97,0:06:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will scatter in all the directions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.27,0:06:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some of them will reach our hidden mannequin,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.52,0:06:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in turn will again scatter that light,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.39,0:06:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and again in turn the door will reflect
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.08,0:06:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of that scattered light,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.15,0:06:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a tiny fraction of the photons will actually
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.90,0:06:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come back to the camera, but most interestingly,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.18,0:06:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will all arrive at a slightly different time slot.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.93,0:06:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.50,0:06:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because we have a camera that can run so fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.32,0:06:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our femto-camera, it has some unique abilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.43,0:07:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has very good time resolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.33,0:07:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it can look at the world at the speed of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.85,0:07:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this way, we know the distances, of course to the door,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.40,0:07:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also to the hidden objects,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.29,0:07:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we don't know which point corresponds
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.88,0:07:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.21,0:07:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.45,0:07:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By shining one laser, we can record one raw photo, which,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.39,0:07:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you look on the screen, doesn't really make any sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.84,0:07:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then we will take a lot of such pictures,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.72,0:07:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dozens of such pictures, put them together,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.14,0:07:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to analyze the multiple bounces of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.82,0:07:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from that, can we see the hidden object?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.23,0:07:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we see it in full 3D?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.15,0:07:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is our reconstruction. (Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.79,0:07:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.25,0:07:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music) (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.55,0:07:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we have some ways to go before we take this
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.16,0:07:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside the lab on the road, but in the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.36,0:08:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could create cars that avoid collisions
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.20,0:08:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what's around the bend,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.41,0:08:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or we can look for survivors in hazardous conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.33,0:08:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by looking at light reflected through open windows,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.60,0:08:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or we can build endoscopes that can see
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.23,0:08:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deep inside the body around occluders,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.50,0:08:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also for cardioscopes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.38,0:08:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course, because of tissue and blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.88,0:08:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is quite challenging, so this is really a call
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.06,0:08:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for scientists to start thinking about femto-photography
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.92,0:08:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as really a new imaging modality to solve
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.50,0:08:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next generation of health imaging problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.08,0:08:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, like Doc Edgerton, a scientist himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.96,0:08:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,science became art, an art of ultra-fast photography,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.14,0:08:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I realized that all the gigabytes of data
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.60,0:08:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're collecting every time
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.61,0:08:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not just for scientific imaging, but we can also do
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.05,0:08:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new form of computational photography
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.83,0:08:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with time-lapse and color-coding,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.97,0:09:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we look at those ripples. Remember,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.74,0:09:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the time between each of those ripples is only
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.41,0:09:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few trillionths of a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.76,0:09:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's also something funny going on here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.71,0:09:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you look at the ripples under the cap,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.07,0:09:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ripples are moving away from us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.69,0:09:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ripples should be moving towards us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.84,0:09:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going on here?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.60,0:09:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out, because we're recording
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.56,0:09:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nearly at the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.11,0:09:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have strange effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.18,0:09:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Einstein would have loved to see this picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.21,0:09:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The order at which events take place in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.48,0:09:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appear in the camera with sometimes reversed order,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.05,0:09:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so by applying the corresponding space and time warp,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.40,0:09:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can correct for this distortion.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.45,0:09:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So whether it's for photography around corners,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.69,0:09:56.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or creating the next generation of health imaging,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.100,0:09:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or creating new visualizations,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.68,0:10:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since our invention, we have open-sourced
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.24,0:10:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the data and details on our website, and our hope
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.94,0:10:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the DIY, the creative and the research community
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.57,0:10:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will show us that we should stop obsessing about
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.38,0:10:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the megapixels in cameras — (Laughter) —
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.62,0:10:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and start focusing on the next dimension in imaging.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.65,0:10:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about time. Thank you. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.18,0:10:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)