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In the past several days, I heard people talking about China.

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And also, I talked to friends about China and Chinese Internet.

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Something is very challenging to me.

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I want to make my friends understand:

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China is complicated.

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So I always want to tell the story, like,

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one hand it is that, the other hand is that.

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You can't just tell a one sided story.

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I'll give an example. China is a BRIC country.

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BRIC country means Brazil, Russia, India and China.

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This emerging economy really is helping the revival of the world economy.

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But at the same time, on the other hand,

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China is a SICK country,

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the terminology coined by Facebook IPO papers -- file.

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He said the SICK country means Syria, Iran, China and North Korea.

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The four countries have no access to Facebook.

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So basically, China is a SICK BRIC country.

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(Laughter)

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Another project was built up

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to watch China and Chinese Internet.

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And now, today I want to tell you my personal

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observation in the past several years, from that wall.

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So, if you are a fan of the Game of Thrones,

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you definitely know how important a big wall is for an old kingdom.

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It prevents weird things from the north.

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Same was true for China.

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In the north, there was a great wall, Chang Cheng.

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It protected China from invaders for 2,000 years.

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But China also has a great firewall.

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That's the biggest digital boundary in the whole world.

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It's not only to defend the Chinese regime from overseas,

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from the universal values, but also to prevent

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China's own citizens to access the global free Internet,

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and even separate themselves into blocks, not united.

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So, basically the "Internet" has two Internets.

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One is the Internet, the other is the Chinanet.

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But if you think the Chinanet is something

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like a deadland, wasteland, I think it's wrong.

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But we also use a very simple metaphor, the cat and the mouse game,

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to describe in the past 15 years

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the continuing fight between Chinese

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censorship, government censorship, the cat,

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and the Chinese Internet users. That means us, the mouse.

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But sometimes this kind of a metaphor is too simple.

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So today I want to upgrade it to 2.0 version.

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In China, we have 500 million Internet users.

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That's the biggest population of Netizens, Internet users, in the whole world.

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So even though China's is a totally censored Internet,

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but still, Chinese Internet society is really booming.

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How to make it? It's simple.

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You have Google, we have Baidu.

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You have Twitter, we have Weibo.

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You have Facebook, we have Renren.

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You have YouTube, we have Youku and Tudou.

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The Chinese government blocked every

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single international Web 2.0 service,

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and we Chinese copycat every one.

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(Laughter)

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So, that's the kind of the thing I call smart censorship.

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That's not only to censor you.

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Sometimes this Chinese national Internet policy is very simple:

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Block and clone.

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On the one hand, he wants to satisfy people's need of a social network,

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which is very important; people really love social networking.

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But on the other hand, they want to keep the server

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in Beijing so they can access the data any time they want.

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That's also the reason Google was pulled out from China,

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because they can't accept the fact

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that Chinese government wants to keep the server.

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Sometimes the Arab dictators didn't understand these two hands.

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For example, Mubarak, he shut down the Internet.

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He wanted to prevent the Netizens [from criticizing] him.

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But once Netizens can't go online, they go in the street.

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And now the result is very simple.

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We all know Mubarak is technically dead.

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But also, Ben Ali, Tunisian president,

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didn't follow the second rule.

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That means keep the server in your hands.

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He allowed Facebook, a U.S.-based service,

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to continue to stay on inside of Tunisia.

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So he can't prevent it, his own citizens to post

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critical videos against his corruption.

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The same thing happend. He was the first

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to topple during the Arab Spring.

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But those two very smart international censorship policies

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didn't prevent Chinese social media [from] becoming a really public sphere,

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a pathway of public opinion and the nightmare of Chinese officials.

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Because we have 300 million microbloggers in China.

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It's the entire population of the United States.

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So when these 300 million people, microbloggers,

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even they block the tweet in our censored platform.

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But itself -- the Chinanet -- but itself can create

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very powerful energy, which has never happened

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in the Chinese history.

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2011, in July, two [unclear] trains crashed,

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in Wenzhou, a southern city.

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Right after the train crash,

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authorities literally wanted to cover up the train, bury the train.

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So it angered the Chinese Netizens.

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The first five days after the train crash,

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there were 10 million criticisms of the posting

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on social media, which never happened in Chinese history.

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And later this year, the rail minister

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was sacked and sentenced to jail for 10 years.

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And also, recently, very funny debate between

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the Beijing Environment Ministry

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and the American Embassy in Beijing

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because the Ministry blamed

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the American Embassy for intervening in

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Chinese internal politics by disclosing

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the air quality data of Beijing.

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So, the up is the Embassy data, the PM 2.5.

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He showed 148, they showed it's dangerous for the sensitive group.

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So a suggestion, it's not good to go outside.

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But that is the Ministry's data. He shows 50.

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He says it's good. It's good to go outside.

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But 99 percent of Chinese microbloggers

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stand firmly on the Embassy's side.

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I live in Beijing. Every day, I just watch

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the American Embassy's data to decide whether I should open my window.

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Why is Chinese social networking, even within the censorship,

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so booming? Part of the reason is Chinese languages.

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You know, Twitter and Twitter clones have a kind of

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a limitation of 140 characters.

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But in English it's 20 words or a sentence with a short link.

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Maybe in Germany, in German language, it may be just "Aha!"

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(Laughter)

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But in Chinese language, it's really about 140 characters,

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means a paragraph, a story.

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You can almost have all the journalistic elements there.

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For example, this is Hamlet, of Shakespeare.

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It's the same content. One, you can see exactly

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one Chinese tweet is equal to 3.5 English tweets.

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Chinese is always cheating, right?

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So because of this, the Chinese really regard this

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microblogging as a media, not only a headline to media.

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And also, the clone, Sina company is

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the guy who cloned Twitter.

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It even has its own name, with Weibo.

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"Weibo" is the Chinese translation for "microblog".

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It has its own innovation.

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At the commenting area, [it makes] the Chinese Weibo

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more like Facebook, rather than the original Twitter.

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So these innovations and clones, as the Weibo and microblogging,

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when it came to China in 2009,

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it immediately became a media platform itself.

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It became the media platform of 300 million readers.

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It became the media.

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Anything not mentioned in Weibo,

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it does not appear to exist for the Chinese public.

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But also, Chinese social media is

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really changing Chinese mindsets and Chinese life.

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For example, they give the voiceless people

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a channel to make your voice heard.

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We had a petition system. It's a remedy outside the judicial system,

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because the Chinese central government wants to keep a myth:

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The emperor is good. The old local officials are thugs.

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So that's why the petitioner, the victims, the peasants,

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want to take the train to Beijing to petition to the central government,

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they want the emperor to settle the problem.

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But when more and more people go to Beijing,

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they also cause the risk of a revolution.

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So they send them back in recent years.

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And even some of them were put into black jails.

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But now we have Weibo, so I call it the Weibo petition.

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People just use their cell phones to tweet.

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So your sad stories, by some chance your story

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will be picked up by reporters, professors or celebrities.

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One of them is Yao Chen,

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she is the most popular microblogger in China,

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who has about 21 million followers.

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They're almost like a national TV station.

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If you -- so a sad story will be picked up by her.

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So this Weibo social media, even in the censorship,

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still gave the Chinese a real chance for 300 million people

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every day chatting together, talking together.

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It's like a big TED, right?

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But also, it is like the first time a public sphere

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happened in China.

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Chinese people start to learn how to negotiate

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and talk to people.

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But also, the cat, the censorship, is not sleeping.

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It's so hard to post some sensitive words on the Chinese Weibo.

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For example, you can't post the name of the president,

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Hu Jintao, and also you can't post the city of Chongqing, the name,

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and until recently, you can't search the surname of top leaders.

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So, the Chinese are very good at these puns

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and alternative wording and even memes.

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They even name themselves -- you know,

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use the name of this world-changing

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battle between the grass-mud horse and the river crab.

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The grass-mud horse is caoníma,

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is the phonogram for motherfucker,

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the Netizens call themselves.

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River crab is héxiè, is the phonogram for

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harmonization, for censorship.

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So that's kind of a caoníma versus the héxiè, that's very good.

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So, when some very political, exciting moments happened,

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you can see on Weibo, you see a lot of very weird stories happened.

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Weird phrases and words, even if you have a PhD

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of Chinese language, you can't understand them.

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But you can't even expand more, no, because

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Chinese Sina Weibo, when it was founded

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was exactly one month after the official blocking of Twitter.com.

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That means from the very beginning,

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Weibo has already convinced the Chinese government,

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we will not become the stage for

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any kind of a threat to the regime.

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For example, anything you want to post,

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like "get together" or "meet up" or "walk,"

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it is automatically recorded and data mined

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and reported to a poll for further political analyzing.

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Even if you want to have some gathering,

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before you go there, the police are already waiting for you.

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Why? Because they have the data.

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They have everything in their hands.

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So they can use the 1984 scenario data mining of the dissident.

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So the crackdown is very serious.

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But I want you to notice a very funny thing

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during the process of the cat-and-mouse.

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The cat is the censorship, but Chinese is not only one cat,

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but also has local cats. Central cat and local cats.

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(Laughter)

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You know, the server is in the [central] cats' hands,

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so even that -- when the Netizens criticize the local government,

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the local government has not any access to the data in Beijing.

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Without bribing the central cats,

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he can do nothing, only apologize.

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So these three years, in the past three years,

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social movements about microblogging

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really changed local government,

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became more and more transparent,

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because they can't access the data.

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The server is in Beijing.

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The story about the train crash,

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maybe the question is not about why 10 million

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criticisms in five days, but why the Chinese central government

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allowed the five days of freedom of speech online.

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It's never happened before.

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And so it's very simple, because even the top leaders

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were fed up with this guy, this independent kingdom.

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So they want an excuse --

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public opinion is a very good excuse to punish him.

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But also, the Bo Xilai case recently, very big news,

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he's a princeling.

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But from February to April this year,

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Weibo really became a marketplace of rumors.

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You can almost joke everything about these princelings,

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everything! It's almost like you're living in the United States.

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But if you dare to retweet or mention any fake coup

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about Beijing, you definitely will be arrested.

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So this kind of freedom is a targeted and precise window.

253
00:15:40,687 --> 00:15:44,556
So Chinese in China, censorship is normal.

254
00:15:44,556 --> 00:15:47,301
Something you find is, freedom is weird.

255
00:15:47,301 --> 00:15:49,068
Something will happen behind it.

256
00:15:49,068 --> 00:15:52,224
Because he was a very popular Leftist leader,

257
00:15:52,224 --> 00:15:54,428
so the central government wanted to purge him,

258
00:15:54,428 --> 00:15:58,510
and he was very cute, he convinced all the Chinese people,

259
00:15:58,510 --> 00:16:00,340
why he is so bad.

260
00:16:00,340 --> 00:16:04,118
So Weibo, the 300 million public sphere,

261
00:16:04,118 --> 00:16:08,629
became a very good, convenient tool for a political fight.

262
00:16:08,629 --> 00:16:10,786
But this technology is very new,

263
00:16:10,786 --> 00:16:12,452
but technically is very old.

264
00:16:12,452 --> 00:16:15,380
It was made famous by Chairman Mao, Mao Zedong,

265
00:16:15,380 --> 00:16:18,277
because he mobilized millions of Chinese people

266
00:16:18,277 --> 00:16:22,359
in the Cultural Revolution to destroy every local government.

267
00:16:22,359 --> 00:16:25,229
It's very simple, because Chinese central government

268
00:16:25,229 --> 00:16:27,365
doesn't need to even lead the public opinion.

269
00:16:27,365 --> 00:16:31,896
They just give them a target window to not censor people.

270
00:16:31,896 --> 00:16:37,805
Not censoring in China has become a political tool.

271
00:16:37,805 --> 00:16:41,775
So that's the update about this game, cat-and-mouse.

272
00:16:41,775 --> 00:16:43,945
Social media changed Chinese mindset.

273
00:16:43,945 --> 00:16:47,455
More and more Chinese intend to embrace freedom of speech

274
00:16:47,455 --> 00:16:49,615
and human rights as their birthright,

275
00:16:49,615 --> 00:16:53,237
not some imported American privilege.

276
00:16:53,237 --> 00:16:56,949
But also, it gave the Chinese a national public sphere

277
00:16:56,949 --> 00:17:01,279
for people to, it's like a training of their citizenship,

278
00:17:01,279 --> 00:17:03,850
preparing for future democracy.

279
00:17:03,850 --> 00:17:06,306
But it didn't change the Chinese political system,

280
00:17:06,306 --> 00:17:09,551
and also the Chinese central government utilized this

281
00:17:09,551 --> 00:17:13,487
centralized server structure to strengthen its power

282
00:17:13,487 --> 00:17:17,985
to counter the local government and the different factions.

283
00:17:17,985 --> 00:17:20,757
So, what's the future?

284
00:17:20,757 --> 00:17:22,941
After all, we are the mouse.

285
00:17:22,941 --> 00:17:26,741
Whatever the future is, we should fight against the [cat].

286
00:17:26,741 --> 00:17:30,732
There is not only in China, but also in the United States

287
00:17:30,732 --> 00:17:35,561
there are some very small, cute but bad cats.

288
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(Laughter)

289
00:17:37,205 --> 00:17:43,943
SOPA, PIPA, ACTA, TPP and ITU.

290
00:17:43,943 --> 00:17:49,298
And also, like Facebook and Google, they claim they are friends of the mouse,

291
00:17:49,298 --> 00:17:53,485
but sometimes we see them dating the cats.

292
00:17:53,485 --> 00:17:56,669
So my conclusion is very simple.

293
00:17:56,669 --> 00:17:59,514
We Chinese fight for our freedom,

294
00:17:59,514 --> 00:18:03,109
you just watch your bad cats.

295
00:18:03,109 --> 00:18:06,012
Don't let them hook [up] with the Chinese cats.

296
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Only in this way, in the future,

297
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we will achieve the dreams of the mouse:

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that we can tweet anytime, anywhere, without fear.

299
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(Applause)

300
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Thank you.

301
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(Applause)