WEBVTT 00:00:00.635 --> 00:00:03.256 I've been a journalist now since I was about 17, 00:00:03.256 --> 00:00:06.816 and it's an interesting industry to be in at the moment, 00:00:06.816 --> 00:00:09.152 because as you all know, there's a huge amount of upheaval 00:00:09.152 --> 00:00:11.632 going on in media, and most of you probably know this 00:00:11.632 --> 00:00:14.855 from the business angle, which is that the business model 00:00:14.855 --> 00:00:17.798 is pretty screwed, and as my grandfather would say, 00:00:17.798 --> 00:00:20.512 the profits have all been gobbled up by Google. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:20.512 --> 00:00:22.856 So it's a really interesting time to be a journalist, 00:00:22.856 --> 00:00:25.940 but the upheaval that I'm interested in is not on the output side. 00:00:25.940 --> 00:00:29.035 It's on the input side. It's concern with 00:00:29.035 --> 00:00:31.533 how we get information and how we gather the news. 00:00:31.533 --> 00:00:34.604 And that's changed, because we've had a huge shift 00:00:34.604 --> 00:00:36.842 in the balance of power from 00:00:36.842 --> 00:00:38.859 the news organizations to the audience. 00:00:38.859 --> 00:00:41.074 And the audience for such a long time was in a position 00:00:41.074 --> 00:00:43.764 where they didn't have any way of affecting news 00:00:43.764 --> 00:00:46.031 or making any change. They couldn't really connect. 00:00:46.031 --> 00:00:47.507 And that's changed irrevocably. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:47.507 --> 00:00:50.396 My first connection with the news media was 00:00:50.396 --> 00:00:54.207 in 1984, the BBC had a one-day strike. 00:00:54.207 --> 00:00:57.495 I wasn't happy. I was angry. I couldn't see my cartoons. 00:00:57.495 --> 00:01:00.042 So I wrote a letter. 00:01:00.042 --> 00:01:02.891 And it's a very effective way of ending your hate mail: 00:01:02.891 --> 00:01:05.978 "Love Markham, Aged 4." Still works. 00:01:05.978 --> 00:01:08.989 I'm not sure if I had any impact on the one-day strike, 00:01:08.989 --> 00:01:11.671 but what I do know is that it took them three weeks to get back to me. 00:01:11.671 --> 00:01:13.831 And that was the round journey. It took that long for anyone 00:01:13.831 --> 00:01:16.024 to have any impact and get some feedback. 00:01:16.024 --> 00:01:18.506 And that's changed now because, as journalists, 00:01:18.506 --> 00:01:21.672 we interact in real time. We're not in a position 00:01:21.672 --> 00:01:24.006 where the audience is reacting to news. 00:01:24.006 --> 00:01:27.763 We're reacting to the audience, and we're actually relying on them. 00:01:27.763 --> 00:01:30.149 They're helping us find the news. They're helping us 00:01:30.149 --> 00:01:34.919 figure out what is the best angle to take and what is the stuff that they want to hear. 00:01:34.919 --> 00:01:38.823 So it's a real-time thing. It's much quicker. It's happening 00:01:38.823 --> 00:01:44.740 on a constant basis, and the journalist is always playing catch up. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:44.740 --> 00:01:47.373 To give an example of how we rely on the audience, 00:01:47.373 --> 00:01:51.910 on the 5th of September in Costa Rica, an earthquake hit. 00:01:51.910 --> 00:01:54.236 It was a 7.6 magnitude. It was fairly big. 00:01:54.236 --> 00:01:57.116 And 60 seconds is the amount of time it took 00:01:57.116 --> 00:01:59.681 for it to travel 250 kilometers to Managua. 00:01:59.681 --> 00:02:03.826 So the ground shook in Managua 60 seconds after it hit the epicenter. 00:02:03.826 --> 00:02:06.482 Thirty seconds later, the first message went onto Twitter, 00:02:06.482 --> 00:02:09.343 and this was someone saying "temblor," which means earthquake. 00:02:09.343 --> 00:02:11.680 So 60 seconds was how long it took 00:02:11.680 --> 00:02:13.586 for the physical earthquake to travel. 00:02:13.586 --> 00:02:16.146 Thirty seconds later news of that earthquake had traveled 00:02:16.146 --> 00:02:19.120 all around the world, instantly. Everyone in the world, 00:02:19.120 --> 00:02:22.317 hypothetically, had the potential to know that an earthquake 00:02:22.317 --> 00:02:24.731 was happening in Managua. 00:02:24.731 --> 00:02:27.082 And that happened because this one person had 00:02:27.082 --> 00:02:31.031 a documentary instinct, which was to post a status update, 00:02:31.031 --> 00:02:33.563 which is what we all do now, so if something happens, 00:02:33.563 --> 00:02:35.645 we put our status update, or we post a photo, 00:02:35.645 --> 00:02:39.423 we post a video, and it all goes up into the cloud in a constant stream. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:39.423 --> 00:02:42.184 And what that means is just constant, 00:02:42.184 --> 00:02:44.590 huge volumes of data going up. 00:02:44.590 --> 00:02:46.871 It's actually staggering. When you look at the numbers, 00:02:46.871 --> 00:02:49.862 every minute there are 72 more hours 00:02:49.862 --> 00:02:51.244 of video on YouTube. 00:02:51.244 --> 00:02:54.526 So that's, every second, more than an hour of video gets uploaded. 00:02:54.526 --> 00:02:58.782 And in photos, Instagram, 58 photos are uploaded to Instagram a second. 00:02:58.782 --> 00:03:02.538 More than three and a half thousand photos go up onto Facebook. 00:03:02.538 --> 00:03:06.246 So by the time I'm finished talking here, there'll be 864 00:03:06.246 --> 00:03:09.864 more hours of video on Youtube than there were when I started, 00:03:09.864 --> 00:03:13.727 and two and a half million more photos on Facebook and Instagram than when I started. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:13.727 --> 00:03:17.659 So it's an interesting position to be in as a journalist, 00:03:17.659 --> 00:03:20.075 because we should have access to everything. 00:03:20.075 --> 00:03:22.973 Any event that happens anywhere in the world, I should be able to know about it 00:03:22.973 --> 00:03:26.904 pretty much instantaneously, as it happens, for free. 00:03:26.904 --> 00:03:30.069 And that goes for every single person in this room. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:30.069 --> 00:03:32.679 The only problem is, when you have that much information, 00:03:32.679 --> 00:03:34.966 you have to find the good stuff, and that can be 00:03:34.966 --> 00:03:36.954 incredibly difficult when you're dealing with those volumes. 00:03:36.954 --> 00:03:39.273 And nowhere was this brought home more than during 00:03:39.273 --> 00:03:42.177 Hurricane Sandy. So what you had in Hurricane Sandy was 00:03:42.177 --> 00:03:45.204 a superstorm, the likes of which we hadn't seen for a long time, 00:03:45.204 --> 00:03:48.347 hitting the iPhone capital of the universe -- (Laughter) -- 00:03:48.347 --> 00:03:52.562 and you got volumes of media like we'd never seen before. 00:03:52.562 --> 00:03:55.306 And that meant that journalists had to deal with fakes, 00:03:55.306 --> 00:03:58.222 so we had to deal with old photos that were being reposted. 00:03:58.222 --> 00:04:00.470 We had to deal with composite images 00:04:00.470 --> 00:04:03.653 that were merging photos from previous storms. 00:04:03.653 --> 00:04:08.887 We had to deal with images from films like "The Day After Tomorrow." (Laughter) 00:04:08.887 --> 00:04:11.721 And we had to deal with images that were so realistic 00:04:11.721 --> 00:04:14.091 it was nearly difficult to tell if they were real at all. 00:04:14.091 --> 00:04:18.404 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:04:18.404 --> 00:04:22.128 But joking aside, there were images like this one from Instagram 00:04:22.128 --> 00:04:24.404 which was subjected to a grilling by journalists. 00:04:24.404 --> 00:04:26.637 They weren't really sure. It was filtered in Instagram. 00:04:26.637 --> 00:04:29.160 The lighting was questioned. Everything was questioned about it. 00:04:29.160 --> 00:04:31.453 And it turned out to be true. It was from Avenue C 00:04:31.453 --> 00:04:33.613 in downtown Manhattan, which was flooded. 00:04:33.613 --> 00:04:35.713 And the reason that they could tell that it was real 00:04:35.713 --> 00:04:37.802 was because they could get to the source, and in this case, 00:04:37.802 --> 00:04:39.909 these guys were New York food bloggers. 00:04:39.909 --> 00:04:41.939 They were well respected. They were known. 00:04:41.939 --> 00:04:45.031 So this one wasn't a debunk, it was actually something that they could prove. 00:04:45.031 --> 00:04:47.949 And that was the job of the journalist. It was filtering all this stuff. 00:04:47.949 --> 00:04:50.660 And you were, instead of going and finding the information 00:04:50.660 --> 00:04:53.227 and bringing it back to the reader, you were holding back 00:04:53.227 --> 00:04:55.287 the stuff that was potentially damaging. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:55.287 --> 00:04:58.245 And finding the source becomes more and more important -- 00:04:58.245 --> 00:05:01.979 finding the good source -- and Twitter is where most journalists now go. 00:05:01.979 --> 00:05:05.132 It's like the de facto real-time newswire, 00:05:05.132 --> 00:05:08.099 if you know how to use it, because there is so much on Twitter. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:08.099 --> 00:05:10.484 And a good example of how useful it can be 00:05:10.484 --> 00:05:14.017 but also how difficult was the Egyptian revolution in 2011. 00:05:14.017 --> 00:05:16.663 As a non-Arabic speaker, as someone who was looking 00:05:16.663 --> 00:05:18.964 from the outside, from Dublin, 00:05:18.964 --> 00:05:20.756 Twitter lists, and lists of good sources, 00:05:20.756 --> 00:05:24.378 people we could establish were credible, were really important. 00:05:24.378 --> 00:05:26.887 And how do you build a list like that from scratch? 00:05:26.887 --> 00:05:29.317 Well, it can be quite difficult, but you have to know what to look for. 00:05:29.317 --> 00:05:32.175 This visualization was done by an Italian academic. 00:05:32.175 --> 00:05:35.569 He's called André Pannison, and he basically 00:05:35.569 --> 00:05:37.744 took the Twitter conversation in Tahrir Square 00:05:37.744 --> 00:05:41.198 on the day that Hosni Mubarak would eventually resign, 00:05:41.198 --> 00:05:43.830 and the dots you can see are retweets, so when someone 00:05:43.830 --> 00:05:46.609 retweets a message, a connection is made between two dots, 00:05:46.609 --> 00:05:49.219 and the more times that message is retweeted by other people, 00:05:49.219 --> 00:05:52.425 the more you get to see these nodes, these connections being made. 00:05:52.425 --> 00:05:54.347 And it's an amazing way of visualizing the conversation, 00:05:54.347 --> 00:05:57.058 but what you get is hints at who is more interesting 00:05:57.058 --> 00:05:59.739 and who is worth investigating. 00:05:59.739 --> 00:06:02.618 And as the conversation grew and grew, it became 00:06:02.618 --> 00:06:04.902 more and more lively, and eventually you were left 00:06:04.902 --> 00:06:09.683 with this huge, big, rhythmic pointer of this conversation. 00:06:09.683 --> 00:06:11.492 You could find the nodes, though, and then you went, 00:06:11.492 --> 00:06:13.786 and you go, "Right, I've got to investigate these people. 00:06:13.786 --> 00:06:15.500 These are the ones that are obviously making sense. 00:06:15.500 --> 00:06:17.809 Let's see who they are." NOTE Paragraph 00:06:17.809 --> 00:06:20.499 Now in the deluge of information, this is where 00:06:20.499 --> 00:06:23.706 the real-time web gets really interesting for a journalist like myself, 00:06:23.706 --> 00:06:25.680 because we have more tools than ever 00:06:25.680 --> 00:06:28.437 to do that kind of investigation. 00:06:28.437 --> 00:06:31.446 And when you start digging into the sources, you can go 00:06:31.446 --> 00:06:33.745 further and further than you ever could before. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:33.745 --> 00:06:37.097 Sometimes you come across a piece of content that 00:06:37.097 --> 00:06:40.557 is so compelling, you want to use it, you're dying to use it, 00:06:40.557 --> 00:06:43.232 but you're not 100 percent sure if you can because 00:06:43.232 --> 00:06:44.439 you don't know if the source is credible. 00:06:44.439 --> 00:06:46.621 You don't know if it's a scrape. You don't know if it's a re-upload. 00:06:46.621 --> 00:06:48.330 And you have to do that investigative work. 00:06:48.330 --> 00:06:50.674 And this video, which I'm going to let run through, 00:06:50.674 --> 00:06:53.663 was one we discovered a couple of weeks ago. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:53.663 --> 00:06:55.862 Video: Getting real windy in just a second. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:55.862 --> 00:07:00.750 (Rain and wind sounds) NOTE Paragraph 00:07:00.750 --> 00:07:03.917 (Explosion) Oh, shit! NOTE Paragraph 00:07:03.917 --> 00:07:06.854 Markham Nolan: Okay, so now if you're a news producer, this is something 00:07:06.854 --> 00:07:09.406 you'd love to run with, because obviously, this is gold. 00:07:09.406 --> 00:07:11.669 You know? This is a fantastic reaction from someone, 00:07:11.669 --> 00:07:14.239 very genuine video that they've shot in their back garden. 00:07:14.239 --> 00:07:17.733 But how do you find if this person, if it's true, if it's faked, 00:07:17.733 --> 00:07:20.391 or if it's something that's old and that's been reposted? NOTE Paragraph 00:07:20.391 --> 00:07:22.617 So we set about going to work on this video, and 00:07:22.617 --> 00:07:25.477 the only thing that we had to go on was the username on the YouTube account. 00:07:25.477 --> 00:07:27.828 There was only one video posted to that account, 00:07:27.828 --> 00:07:29.316 and the username was Rita Krill. 00:07:29.316 --> 00:07:32.608 And we didn't know if Rita existed or if it was a fake name. 00:07:32.608 --> 00:07:35.521 But we started looking, and we used free Internet tools to do so. 00:07:35.521 --> 00:07:38.829 The first one was called Spokeo, which allowed us to look for Rita Krills. 00:07:38.829 --> 00:07:41.211 So we looked all over the U.S. We found them in New York, 00:07:41.211 --> 00:07:43.973 we found them in Pennsylvania, Nevada and Florida. 00:07:43.973 --> 00:07:46.622 So we went and we looked for a second free Internet tool 00:07:46.622 --> 00:07:49.089 called Wolfram Alpha, and we checked the weather reports 00:07:49.089 --> 00:07:51.586 for the day in which this video had been uploaded, 00:07:51.586 --> 00:07:53.469 and when we went through all those various cities, 00:07:53.469 --> 00:07:56.965 we found that in Florida, there were thunderstorms and rain on the day. 00:07:56.965 --> 00:07:59.610 So we went to the white pages, and we found, 00:07:59.610 --> 00:08:02.534 we looked through the Rita Krills in the phonebook, 00:08:02.534 --> 00:08:04.106 and we looked through a couple of different addresses, 00:08:04.106 --> 00:08:07.422 and that took us to Google Maps, where we found a house. 00:08:07.422 --> 00:08:09.337 And we found a house with a swimming pool that looked 00:08:09.337 --> 00:08:12.255 remarkably like Rita's. So we went back to the video, 00:08:12.255 --> 00:08:15.226 and we had to look for clues that we could cross-reference. 00:08:15.226 --> 00:08:18.441 So if you look in the video, there's the big umbrella, 00:08:18.441 --> 00:08:20.286 there's a white lilo in the pool, 00:08:20.286 --> 00:08:22.726 there are some unusually rounded edges in the swimming pool, 00:08:22.726 --> 00:08:24.780 and there's two trees in the background. 00:08:24.780 --> 00:08:27.207 And we went back to Google Maps, and we looked a little bit closer, 00:08:27.207 --> 00:08:29.878 and sure enough, there's the white lilo, 00:08:29.878 --> 00:08:32.872 there are the two trees, 00:08:32.872 --> 00:08:34.858 there's the umbrella. It's actually folded in this photo. 00:08:34.858 --> 00:08:38.636 Little bit of trickery. And there are the rounded edges on the swimming pool. 00:08:38.636 --> 00:08:41.786 So we were able to call Rita, clear the video, 00:08:41.786 --> 00:08:43.872 make sure that it had been shot, and then our clients 00:08:43.872 --> 00:08:47.066 were delighted because they were able to run it without being worried. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:47.066 --> 00:08:48.841 Sometimes the search for truth, though, 00:08:48.841 --> 00:08:53.250 is a little bit less flippant, and it has much greater consequences. 00:08:53.250 --> 00:08:56.233 Syria has been really interesting for us, because obviously 00:08:56.233 --> 00:08:58.914 a lot of the time you're trying to debunk stuff that can be 00:08:58.914 --> 00:09:02.713 potentially war crime evidence, so this is where YouTube 00:09:02.713 --> 00:09:05.070 actually becomes the most important repository 00:09:05.070 --> 00:09:09.220 of information about what's going on in the world. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:09.220 --> 00:09:11.974 So this video, I'm not going to show you the whole thing, 00:09:11.974 --> 00:09:14.695 because it's quite gruesome, but you'll hear some of the sounds. 00:09:14.695 --> 00:09:17.023 This is from Hama. 00:09:17.023 --> 00:09:19.993 Video: (Shouting) 00:09:19.993 --> 00:09:23.897 And what this video shows, when you watch the whole thing through, 00:09:23.897 --> 00:09:26.658 is bloody bodies being taken out of a pickup truck 00:09:26.658 --> 00:09:29.263 and thrown off a bridge. 00:09:29.263 --> 00:09:32.044 The allegations were that these guys were Muslim Brotherhood 00:09:32.044 --> 00:09:34.919 and they were throwing Syrian Army officers' bodies 00:09:34.919 --> 00:09:37.853 off the bridge, and they were cursing and using blasphemous language, 00:09:37.853 --> 00:09:40.235 and there were lots of counterclaims about who they were, 00:09:40.235 --> 00:09:42.477 and whether or not they were what the video said it was. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:42.477 --> 00:09:45.743 So we talked to some sources in Hama who we had been 00:09:45.743 --> 00:09:48.076 back and forth with on Twitter, and we asked them about this, 00:09:48.076 --> 00:09:51.890 and the bridge was interesting to us because it was something we could identify. 00:09:51.890 --> 00:09:54.804 Three different sources said three different things about the bridge. 00:09:54.804 --> 00:09:57.066 They said, one, the bridge doesn't exist. 00:09:57.066 --> 00:10:00.590 Another one said the bridge does exist, but it's not in Hama. It's somewhere else. 00:10:00.590 --> 00:10:03.152 And the third one said, "I think the bridge does exist, 00:10:03.152 --> 00:10:06.516 but the dam upstream of the bridge was closed, 00:10:06.516 --> 00:10:09.913 so the river should actually have been dry, so this doesn't make sense." 00:10:09.913 --> 00:10:12.525 So that was the only one that gave us a clue. 00:10:12.525 --> 00:10:13.750 We looked through the video for other clues. 00:10:13.750 --> 00:10:16.839 We saw the distinctive railings, which we could use. 00:10:16.839 --> 00:10:20.583 We looked at the curbs. The curbs were throwing shadows south, 00:10:20.583 --> 00:10:22.900 so we could tell the bridge was running east-west across the river. 00:10:22.900 --> 00:10:24.856 It had black-and-white curbs. 00:10:24.856 --> 00:10:26.842 As we looked at the river itself, you could see there's 00:10:26.842 --> 00:10:29.796 a concrete stone on the west side. There's a cloud of blood. 00:10:29.796 --> 00:10:31.530 That's blood in the river. So the river is flowing 00:10:31.530 --> 00:10:33.227 south to north. That's what that tells me. 00:10:33.227 --> 00:10:35.576 And also, as you look away from the bridge, 00:10:35.576 --> 00:10:37.225 there's a divot on the left-hand side of the bank, 00:10:37.225 --> 00:10:39.655 and the river narrows. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:39.655 --> 00:10:42.234 So onto Google Maps we go, and we start 00:10:42.234 --> 00:10:44.292 looking through literally every single bridge. 00:10:44.292 --> 00:10:47.772 We go to the dam that we talked about, we start just 00:10:47.772 --> 00:10:51.382 literally going through every time that road crosses the river, 00:10:51.382 --> 00:10:53.120 crossing off the bridges that don't match. 00:10:53.120 --> 00:10:54.883 We're looking for one that crosses east-west. 00:10:54.883 --> 00:10:56.835 And we get to Hama. We get all the way from the dam 00:10:56.835 --> 00:10:58.838 to Hama and there's no bridge. 00:10:58.838 --> 00:11:01.322 So we go a bit further. We switch to the satellite view, 00:11:01.322 --> 00:11:04.242 and we find another bridge, and everything starts to line up. 00:11:04.242 --> 00:11:07.280 The bridge looks like it's crossing the river east to west. 00:11:07.280 --> 00:11:10.441 So this could be our bridge. And we zoom right in. 00:11:10.441 --> 00:11:13.343 We start to see that it's got a median, so it's a two-lane bridge. 00:11:13.343 --> 00:11:16.989 And it's got the black-and-white curbs that we saw in the video, 00:11:16.989 --> 00:11:19.301 and as we click through it, you can see someone's 00:11:19.301 --> 00:11:22.255 uploaded photos to go with the map, which is very handy, 00:11:22.255 --> 00:11:24.942 so we click into the photos. And the photos start showing us 00:11:24.942 --> 00:11:27.564 more detail that we can cross-reference with the video. 00:11:27.564 --> 00:11:31.287 The first thing that we see is we see black-and-white curbing, 00:11:31.287 --> 00:11:33.392 which is handy because we've seen that before. 00:11:33.392 --> 00:11:36.891 We see the distinctive railing that we saw the guys 00:11:36.891 --> 00:11:39.242 throwing the bodies over. 00:11:39.242 --> 00:11:41.897 And we keep going through it until we're certain that this is our bridge. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:41.897 --> 00:11:43.421 So what does that tell me? I've got to go back now 00:11:43.421 --> 00:11:45.734 to my three sources and look at what they told me: 00:11:45.734 --> 00:11:47.459 the one who said the bridge didn't exist, 00:11:47.459 --> 00:11:49.318 the one who said the bridge wasn't in Hama, 00:11:49.318 --> 00:11:53.271 and the one guy who said, "Yes, the bridge does exist, but I'm not sure about the water levels." 00:11:53.271 --> 00:11:56.602 Number three is looking like the most truthful all of a sudden, 00:11:56.602 --> 00:11:59.583 and we've been able to find that out using some free Internet tools 00:11:59.583 --> 00:12:02.103 sitting in a cubicle in an office in Dublin 00:12:02.103 --> 00:12:03.590 in the space of 20 minutes. 00:12:03.590 --> 00:12:06.029 And that's part of the joy of this. Although the web 00:12:06.029 --> 00:12:09.294 is running like a torrent, there's so much information there 00:12:09.294 --> 00:12:12.481 that it's incredibly hard to sift and getting harder every day, 00:12:12.481 --> 00:12:15.808 if you use them intelligently, you can find out incredible information. 00:12:15.808 --> 00:12:18.203 Given a couple of clues, I could probably find out 00:12:18.203 --> 00:12:21.737 a lot of things about most of you in the audience that you might not like me finding out. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:21.737 --> 00:12:24.742 But what it tells me is that, at a time when 00:12:24.742 --> 00:12:28.771 there's more -- there's a greater abundance of information than there ever has been, 00:12:28.771 --> 00:12:31.404 it's harder to filter, we have greater tools. 00:12:31.404 --> 00:12:33.267 We have free Internet tools that allow us, 00:12:33.267 --> 00:12:35.493 help us do this kind of investigation. 00:12:35.493 --> 00:12:37.316 We have algorithms that are smarter than ever before, 00:12:37.316 --> 00:12:39.737 and computers that are quicker than ever before. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:39.737 --> 00:12:43.164 But here's the thing. Algorithms are rules. They're binary. 00:12:43.164 --> 00:12:44.949 They're yes or no, they're black or white. 00:12:44.949 --> 00:12:48.503 Truth is never binary. Truth is a value. 00:12:48.503 --> 00:12:53.167 Truth is emotional, it's fluid, and above all, it's human. 00:12:53.167 --> 00:12:55.274 No matter how quick we get with computers, no matter 00:12:55.274 --> 00:12:57.658 how much information we have, you'll never be able 00:12:57.658 --> 00:13:00.654 to remove the human from the truth-seeking exercise, 00:13:00.654 --> 00:13:04.312 because in the end, it is a uniquely human trait. 00:13:04.312 --> 00:13:08.312 Thanks very much. (Applause)