[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.03,0:00:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of you in this room have been reading in the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.05,0:00:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,papers over the last few days about what's going on in Syria.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.40,0:00:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And probably you are as appalled as anyone else
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.77,0:00:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the images of mass killing on all sides,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.26,0:00:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the taking of innocent life of children, women,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.79,0:00:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely defenseless people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.58,0:00:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're probably asking yourselves:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.79,0:00:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why isn't anything being done to stop it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.88,0:00:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to talk a little bit about the system of international rules
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.45,0:00:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows you to begin to answer that question.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.03,0:00:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to do it by reference to a case to have come to,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.30,0:00:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I conclude, that took place ultimately in the Houses of Parliament.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.82,0:00:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The judgment given in November 1998
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.60,0:00:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a case that many of you would be familiar with involving
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.50,0:01:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,senator Augusto Pinochet. Decisive moment that goes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.05,0:01:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very closely to the kinds of issues we're talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.02,0:01:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we ask the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.71,0:01:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why isn't president Assad being stopped from killing?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.59,0:01:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I work as an international lawyer. You've probably have
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.03,0:01:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heard about international law. You probably don't know
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.02,0:01:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a huge amount about what international law is.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.02,0:01:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's traditionally described as the rules that govern
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.46,0:01:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the relations between states.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.09,0:01:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wake up in the morning, I switch on my computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.99,0:01:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have emails about the sort of cases and issues that I'm involved in:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.30,0:01:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the protection of human rights in the former Yugoslavia, the cases of Vukovar;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.91,0:01:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the right to return of the Chagossians to the Island of Chagos,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.74,0:01:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,part of the decolonization problems involving
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.17,0:01:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the United Kingdom and a load of other cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.03,0:01:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And classically the world that I deal with,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.91,0:01:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a world between states,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.58,0:02:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a world which governs relations between
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.06,0:02:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two hundred or so countries that occupy the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.05,0:02:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were to step back from this planet, jump up to the moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.10,0:02:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look at how we organize ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.08,0:02:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd think it's pretty weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.29,0:02:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've divided ourselves into about two hundred countries
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.97,0:02:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the basic idea of international law is that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.80,0:02:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within those two hundred countries -- and it used to be
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.49,0:02:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only forty or fifty in the 18th and 19th centuries --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.80,0:02:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,states, governments are free to do whatever they want
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.04,0:02:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to their citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.85,0:02:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can torture them, they can kill them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.17,0:02:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can disappear them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.71,0:02:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can adopt rules saying that, you know:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.02,0:02:46.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"every female over the age of sixty is going to be killed,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.03,0:02:49.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"every male under the age of fifteen is going to be killed."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.49,0:02:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The classic rules of international law are premised on
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.64,0:02:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the concept of sovereignty, the power -- absolute power of the state.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.62,0:03:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That changed dramatically in the 20th century
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.08,0:03:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the idea that is at the heart of that change,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.03,0:03:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea that finally gives a role and a place for an individual
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.05,0:03:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is at the heart of the answer to the question that I posed at the outset
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.32,0:03:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that dominates the answer to that question.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.03,0:03:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the one that I want you to think about.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.09,0:03:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened? We know about the atrocities in Stalin's Soviet Union.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.44,0:03:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know about the atrocities in Germany
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.76,0:03:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in many occupied countries in the '30s and in the '40s
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.04,0:03:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the argument of the government of those countries
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.06,0:03:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the time was: "Well, we may have domestic rules
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.07,0:03:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that limit what we can do but there's no rule of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.72,0:03:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,international law that stops the killing."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.71,0:03:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individuals have no rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.87,0:03:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A very small number of people in the middle part of the 20th century
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.09,0:03:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started developing the idea that actually individuals did have rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.18,0:04:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the rights of individuals were exercisable against state.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.40,0:04:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the first time, ever, the very recent idea
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.03,0:04:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an individual could stand up and say:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.38,0:04:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You Mr President are not allowed to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.06,0:04:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are subject to constraints, not the constraints of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.36,0:04:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your domestic legal order but the constraints of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.70,0:04:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your international legal order."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.78,0:04:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what culminated in the creation of instruments
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.02,0:04:28.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of you are very familiar with:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.05,0:04:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Universal Declaration on Human Rights,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.01,0:04:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the European Convention on Human Rights and then
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.04,0:04:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other instruments that emerged in the late 1990s like
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.01,0:04:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- also in 1998 the year of the Pinochet case,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.71,0:04:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the statute of the International Criminal Court.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.04,0:04:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact that was the year that was vital for another reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.21,0:04:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that same year - 1998 - for the first time ever,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.58,0:04:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first time in human history, a serving head of state
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.02,0:04:55.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was indicted by an international court:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.59,0:04:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Slobodan Milošević. It had never happened before.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.09,0:05:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that is a vital change. A change which is premised on
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.28,0:05:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the very simple idea that individuals have rights against their state.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.41,0:05:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was a development that was hard fought for
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.71,0:05:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which, I have to say right now, is under challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.08,0:05:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and under threat. Why? Well, many of you remember
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.68,0:05:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the events of September 11th
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.05,0:05:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with the events of September 11th a number of governments
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.02,0:05:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had been at the heart of promoting the idea that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.05,0:05:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"every human person has rights", an idea reflected for the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.55,0:05:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first time in a very obscure document called
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.08,0:05:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 'Atlantic Charter' adopted in 1941 by Churchill and
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.05,0:05:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt, that idea that "every individual has rights,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.93,0:05:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whoever they are, wherever they may be, in whatever
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.00,0:05:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,circumstance they may find themselves in" is now under
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.09,0:05:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,threat from those who promoted the very idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.09,0:06:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is it under threat? Well, many of you are familiar with
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.06,0:06:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stories about banging people up because they are alleged
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.01,0:06:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be terrorists and holding them without charge
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.05,0:06:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indefinitely for the rest of their lives -- I wrote a book about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.09,0:06:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About and individual Mohammed al-Qahtani arrested in
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.08,0:06:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2002 still detained at Guantanamo, has not being charged,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.46,0:06:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has no release date and it appears will be held for the rest
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.18,0:06:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of his natural life because of a 'so called' war on terror.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.65,0:06:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're familiar with the idea of "drones", the idea that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.08,0:06:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of a sudden because we are 'at war'
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.43,0:06:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are free as a nation,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.06,0:06:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or as Americans, to define individuals who pose
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.94,0:06:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a threat to our society and just take them out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.68,0:06:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other people call that extrajudicial killing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.48,0:06:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's done in Afghanistan and it's extended beyond the war-zone
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.17,0:06:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to places like Pakistan and to places like Yemen.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.75,0:07:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you are going to take people out
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.69,0:07:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they are alleged Al Qaeda individuals in Pakistan
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.83,0:07:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why not do it in Edgware? Where do the limits stop?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.05,0:07:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you start deciding you are simply going to eliminate those
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.37,0:07:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individuals abandoning the rules that were put in place
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.45,0:07:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that remarkable period in the decade after
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.00,0:07:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Second World War.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.09,0:07:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we face a fundamental challenge in relation to
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.02,0:07:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether we care about these rights. The idea the individual
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.10,0:07:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is now an actor on the international stage and has rights
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.07,0:07:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exercisable not only in relation to his or her fellow individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.06,0:07:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but against the state. And rights not just before national courts,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.03,0:07:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rights before an international court and international instances.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.02,0:07:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was a hard fought victory in the 1940s
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.75,0:07:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was unique, for millennia there had not been such rights
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.98,0:08:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet there are now people in this country, too
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.52,0:08:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this parliament also who say the time has come for
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.82,0:08:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the United Kingdom to withdraw from the European Convention
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.00,0:08:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Human Rights. Because, why? Because they don't like
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.28,0:08:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,judgments about prisoners' voting rights or they don't like
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.04,0:08:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way in which certain immigrants are allowed to have
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.01,0:08:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain rights but that is the essence of human rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.02,0:08:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the essence of the system that was put in place,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.02,0:08:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that no one falls into a black hole.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.66,0:08:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone has minimum rights at all times and in all circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.06,0:08:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the heart of that idea is the place of
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.14,0:08:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every human individual having indivisible rights to be exercised at all times.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.16,0:08:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I mentioned this building Parliament and why it was significant.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.70,0:08:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the 24th of November 1998 I was involved
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.33,0:08:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in receiving a judgment in a case that I've been involved in --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.03,0:09:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Pinochet case. And in sense the case articulated the
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.66,0:09:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moment when the idea of individual rights became very real.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.14,0:09:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was an issue? Some of you will remember what happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.33,0:09:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Senator Pinochet came to the United Kingdom, for medical treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.14,0:09:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He took tea with some rather powerful friends and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.05,0:09:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then one day out of the blue a knock came on the door
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.05,0:09:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was arrested. Arrested for allegations of international
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.80,0:09:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crimes committed in Chile very far away not even against
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.03,0:09:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,British nationals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.18,0:09:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea was posited on something called 'universal jurisdiction'
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.01,0:09:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea that some crimes: torture, disappearing, killing on a significant scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.77,0:09:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crimes against humanity that are so terrible
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.19,0:09:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that any country can exercise jurisdiction in relation to those crimes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.03,0:09:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a Spanish prosecuting judge decided to indict
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.04,0:09:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,senator Pinochet for those crimes and he was in England,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.71,0:10:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an arrest warrant was issued seeking his extradition to Spain.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.86,0:10:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Senator Pinochet did exactly what one would
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.44,0:10:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expect him to do, he said: "You can't arrest me, I am the State."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.02,0:10:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the 19th century view of international law.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.03,0:10:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'L'Etat, c'est moi.' I have absolute power and you
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.06,0:10:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the English courts, the Law lords on the House of Lords are
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.08,0:10:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not entitled to overwrite my immunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.05,0:10:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The case was argued for quite a few days and a couple of
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.88,0:10:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weeks after it was argued we trotted off to
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.54,0:10:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Chamber of the House of Lords, when the grand old tradition
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.04,0:10:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has changed now, we got a Supreme Court,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.69,0:10:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five Law Lords stood up in turn to give the judgment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.51,0:10:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the single most decisive
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.41,0:10:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and defining moment of my professional life
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.48,0:10:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the system of international rules, the old system, was cast away.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.03,0:10:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Never before had any former head of State been held
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.93,0:11:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the courts of this country or any other country outside
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.09,0:11:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his own to be not entitled to claim immunity for a mass crime.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.39,0:11:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Law Lords took their vote, very soon on we would
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.09,0:11:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two nil down. Two out of the five had voted for immunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.34,0:11:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it was 2-1 and then it was 2-2 and there was one
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.01,0:11:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,judge left to express a view and at the moment when
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.53,0:11:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that judge articulated his view things were very finely balanced.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.00,0:11:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You go with the old system: absolute immunity for former head of State.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.99,0:11:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do you go with the new system?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.01,0:11:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The system that says individuals have rights
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.07,0:11:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that right includes the right to proceedings, legal proceedings against
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.02,0:11:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who commit crimes that are particularly heinous.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.02,0:11:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the fifth judge -- the fifth judge said 'no immunity'
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.04,0:12:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at that moment you can hear, you can still see it on
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.53,0:12:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the CNN website, the BBC website if you go to the archive
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.02,0:12:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was certain sharp intake of breath.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.94,0:12:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a remarkable moment because it was the moment
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.04,0:12:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than any other where one recognised that the system
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.03,0:12:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had indeed changed and there's no room for complacency.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.10,0:12:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot has happened since then. It's extraordinarily important
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.97,0:12:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we do not lose the right of individuals to be protected
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.01,0:12:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against their own governments at any time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.90,0:12:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every single person in Syria who is subject today in Homs
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.05,0:12:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or elsewhere, to the kind of heinous terrible indiscriminate attacks
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.04,0:12:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are taking place is entitled to turn around to us
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.06,0:12:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to say, to us and to our governments:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.55,0:12:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You adopted a new system in the middle of the last century,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.04,0:12:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are required to respect that system
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.98,0:13:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you are required to protect us from this kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.04,0:13:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,system that is taking place."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.30,0:13:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the new system of international law.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.01,0:13:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the new set of rules that were talked about
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.10,0:13:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the person who spoke, sang wonderfully credibly movingly
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.64,0:13:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just before me.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.09,0:13:19.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is a system which reflects a single idea:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.85,0:13:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the place of the individual in international society.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.63,0:13:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I invite you all to think about it
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.96,0:13:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to defend it with everything you have.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.07,0:13:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.06,0:13:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)