0:00:00.795,0:00:02.615
So when the White House was built

0:00:02.615,0:00:05.608
in the early 19th century, it was an open house.

0:00:05.608,0:00:08.744
Neighbors came and went. Under President Adams,

0:00:08.744,0:00:10.113
a local dentist happened by.

0:00:10.113,0:00:12.704
He wanted to shake the President's hand.

0:00:12.704,0:00:14.854
The President dismissed the Secretary of State,

0:00:14.854,0:00:16.772
whom he was conferring with, and asked the dentist

0:00:16.772,0:00:18.582
if he would remove a tooth.

0:00:18.582,0:00:21.640
Later, in the 1850s, under President Pierce,

0:00:21.640,0:00:23.228
he was known to have remarked

0:00:23.228,0:00:25.797
— probably the only thing he's known for —

0:00:25.797,0:00:28.548
when a neighbor passed by and said, "I'd love to see

0:00:28.548,0:00:30.813
the beautiful house," and Pierce said to him,

0:00:30.813,0:00:33.428
"Why my dear sir, of course you may come in.

0:00:33.428,0:00:37.153
This isn't my house. It is the people's house."

0:00:37.153,0:00:39.225
Well, when I got to the White House in the beginning

0:00:39.225,0:00:42.445
of 2009, at the start of the Obama Administration,

0:00:42.445,0:00:45.317
the White House was anything but open.

0:00:45.317,0:00:47.845
Bomb blast curtains covered my windows.

0:00:47.845,0:00:50.024
We were running Windows 2000.

0:00:50.024,0:00:52.207
Social media were blocked at the firewall.

0:00:52.207,0:00:54.747
We didn't have a blog, let alone a dozen twitter accounts

0:00:54.747,0:00:56.770
like we have today.

0:00:56.770,0:00:59.383
I came in to become the head of Open Government,

0:00:59.383,0:01:02.181
to take the values and the practices of transparency,

0:01:02.181,0:01:05.594
participation and collaboration, and instill them

0:01:05.594,0:01:08.420
into the way that we work, to open up government,

0:01:08.420,0:01:09.940
to work with people.

0:01:09.940,0:01:12.634
Now one of the things that we know

0:01:12.634,0:01:15.650
is that companies are very good at getting people to work

0:01:15.650,0:01:17.898
together in teams and in networks to make

0:01:17.898,0:01:21.540
very complex products, like cars and computers,

0:01:21.540,0:01:25.228
and the more complex the products are a society creates,

0:01:25.228,0:01:28.083
the more successful the society is over time.

0:01:28.083,0:01:30.828
Companies make goods, but governments,

0:01:30.828,0:01:33.948
they make public goods. They work on the cure for cancer

0:01:33.948,0:01:36.756
and educating our children and making roads,

0:01:36.756,0:01:40.397
but we don't have institutions that are particularly good

0:01:40.397,0:01:42.933
at this kind of complexity. We don't have institutions

0:01:42.933,0:01:46.050
that are good at bringing our talents to bear,

0:01:46.050,0:01:50.512
at working with us in this kind of open and collaborative way.

0:01:50.512,0:01:52.773
So when we wanted to create our Open Government policy,

0:01:52.773,0:01:55.349
what did we do? We wanted, naturally, to ask public sector

0:01:55.349,0:01:58.293
employees how we should open up government.

0:01:58.293,0:02:01.525
Turns out that had never been done before.

0:02:01.525,0:02:04.144
We wanted to ask members of the public to help us

0:02:04.144,0:02:07.422
come up with a policy, not after the fact, commenting

0:02:07.422,0:02:10.805
on a rule after it's written, the way is typically the case,

0:02:10.805,0:02:14.125
but in advance. There was no legal precedent,

0:02:14.125,0:02:17.267
no cultural precedent, no technical way of doing this.

0:02:17.267,0:02:20.108
In fact, many people told us it was illegal.

0:02:20.108,0:02:23.221
Here's the crux of the obstacle.

0:02:23.221,0:02:25.822
Governments exist to channel the flow of two things,

0:02:25.822,0:02:29.316
really, values and expertise to and from government

0:02:29.316,0:02:33.165
and to and from citizens to the end of making decisions.

0:02:33.165,0:02:35.558
But the way that our institutions are designed,

0:02:35.558,0:02:38.609
in our rather 18th-century, centralized model,

0:02:38.609,0:02:42.293
is to channel the flow of values through voting,

0:02:42.293,0:02:44.493
once every four years, once every two years, at best,

0:02:44.493,0:02:48.054
once a year. This is a rather anemic and thin way, in this

0:02:48.054,0:02:52.059
era of social media, for us to actually express our values.

0:02:52.059,0:02:54.671
Today we have technology that lets us express ourselves

0:02:54.671,0:02:57.675
a great deal, perhaps a little too much.

0:02:57.675,0:02:59.949
Then in the 19th century, we layer on

0:02:59.949,0:03:02.356
the concept of bureaucracy and the administrative state

0:03:02.356,0:03:05.499
to help us govern complex and large societies.

0:03:05.499,0:03:08.731
But we've centralized these bureaucracies.

0:03:08.731,0:03:11.176
We've entrenched them. And we know that

0:03:11.176,0:03:13.888
the smartest person always works for someone else.

0:03:13.888,0:03:16.568
We need to only look around this room to know that

0:03:16.568,0:03:20.165
expertise and intelligence is widely distributed in society,

0:03:20.165,0:03:24.336
and not limited simply to our institutions.

0:03:24.336,0:03:26.602
Scientists have been studying in recent years

0:03:26.602,0:03:29.136
the phenomenon that they often describe as flow,

0:03:29.136,0:03:32.400
that the design of our systems, whether natural or social,

0:03:32.400,0:03:35.083
channel the flow of whatever runs through them.

0:03:35.083,0:03:38.360
So a river is designed to channel the flow of water,

0:03:38.360,0:03:40.830
and the lightning bolt that comes out of a cloud channels

0:03:40.830,0:03:44.334
the flow of electricity, and a leaf is designed to channel

0:03:44.334,0:03:46.354
the flow of nutrients to the tree,

0:03:46.354,0:03:49.358
sometimes even having to route around an obstacle,

0:03:49.358,0:03:52.078
but to get that nutrition flowing.

0:03:52.078,0:03:54.415
The same can be said for our social systems, for our

0:03:54.415,0:03:56.903
systems of government, where, at the very least,

0:03:56.903,0:03:59.918
flow offers us a helpful metaphor for understanding

0:03:59.918,0:04:02.574
what the problem is, what's really broken,

0:04:02.574,0:04:06.259
and the urgent need that we have, that we all feel today,

0:04:06.259,0:04:09.539
to redesign the flow of our institutions.

0:04:09.539,0:04:14.062
We live in a Cambrian era of big data, of social networks,

0:04:14.062,0:04:18.331
and we have this opportunity to redesign these institutions

0:04:18.331,0:04:21.216
that are actually quite recent.

0:04:21.216,0:04:24.456
Think about it: What other business do you know,

0:04:24.456,0:04:26.856
what other sector of the economy, and especially one

0:04:26.856,0:04:30.643
as big as the public sector, that doesn't seek to reinvent

0:04:30.643,0:04:33.547
its business model on a regular basis?

0:04:33.547,0:04:36.638
Sure, we invest plenty in innovation. We invest

0:04:36.638,0:04:40.602
in broadband and science education and science grants,

0:04:40.602,0:04:43.953
but we invest far too little in reinventing and redesigning

0:04:43.953,0:04:46.553
the institutions that we have.

0:04:46.553,0:04:48.889
Now, it's very easy to complain, of course, about

0:04:48.889,0:04:52.353
partisan politics and entrenched bureaucracy, and we love

0:04:52.353,0:04:55.269
to complain about government. It's a perennial pastime,

0:04:55.269,0:04:57.921
especially around election time, but

0:04:57.921,0:05:01.307
the world is complex. We soon will have 10 billion people,

0:05:01.307,0:05:04.180
many of whom will lack basic resources.

0:05:04.180,0:05:07.498
So complain as we might, what actually can replace

0:05:07.498,0:05:09.809
what we have today?

0:05:09.809,0:05:13.916
What comes the day after the Arab Spring?

0:05:13.916,0:05:17.802
Well, one attractive alternative that obviously presents itself

0:05:17.802,0:05:20.562
to us is that of networks. Right? Networks

0:05:20.562,0:05:23.274
like Facebook and Twitter. They're lean. They're mean.

0:05:23.274,0:05:25.778
You've got 3,000 employees at Facebook

0:05:25.778,0:05:28.724
governing 900 million inhabitants.

0:05:28.724,0:05:31.467
We might even call them citizens, because they've recently

0:05:31.467,0:05:34.842
risen up to fight against legislative incursion,

0:05:34.842,0:05:37.377
and the citizens of these networks work together

0:05:37.377,0:05:40.618
to serve each other in great ways.

0:05:40.618,0:05:43.410
But private communities, private, corporate,

0:05:43.410,0:05:46.550
privatizing communities, are not bottom-up democracies.

0:05:46.550,0:05:48.560
They cannot replace government.

0:05:48.560,0:05:51.662
Friending someone on Facebook is not complex enough

0:05:51.662,0:05:54.315
to do the hard work of you and I collaborating

0:05:54.315,0:05:58.207
with each other and doing the hard work of governance.

0:05:58.207,0:06:01.145
But social media do teach us something.

0:06:01.145,0:06:05.619
Why is Twitter so successful? Because it opens up its platform.

0:06:05.619,0:06:08.556
It opens up the API to allow hundreds of thousands

0:06:08.556,0:06:12.027
of new applications to be built on top of it, so that we can

0:06:12.027,0:06:16.361
read and process information in new and exciting ways.

0:06:16.361,0:06:18.698
We need to think about how to open up the API

0:06:18.698,0:06:22.759
of government, and the way that we're going to do that,

0:06:22.759,0:06:26.007
the next great superpower is going to be the one

0:06:26.007,0:06:31.990
who can successfully combine the hierarchy of institution --

0:06:31.990,0:06:34.343
because we have to maintain those public values,

0:06:34.343,0:06:37.262
we have to coordinate the flow -- but with the diversity

0:06:37.262,0:06:39.927
and the pulsating life and the chaos and the excitement

0:06:39.927,0:06:43.023
of networks, all of us working together to build

0:06:43.023,0:06:46.724
these new innovations on top of our institutions,

0:06:46.724,0:06:48.942
to engage in the practice of governance.

0:06:48.942,0:06:52.075
We have a precedent for this. Good old Henry II here,

0:06:52.075,0:06:55.927
in the 12th century, invented the jury.

0:06:55.927,0:07:00.152
Powerful, practical, palpable model for handing power

0:07:00.152,0:07:02.853
from government to citizens.

0:07:02.853,0:07:06.241
Today we have the opportunity, and we have

0:07:06.241,0:07:09.742
the imperative, to create thousands of new ways

0:07:09.742,0:07:12.981
of interconnecting between networks and institutions,

0:07:12.981,0:07:15.645
thousands of new kinds of juries: the citizen jury,

0:07:15.645,0:07:19.322
the Carrotmob, the hackathon, we are just beginning

0:07:19.322,0:07:22.376
to invent the models by which we can cocreate

0:07:22.376,0:07:24.124
the process of governance.

0:07:24.124,0:07:26.739
Now, we don't fully have a picture of what this will look like

0:07:26.739,0:07:29.361
yet, but we're seeing pockets of evolution

0:07:29.361,0:07:32.343
emerging all around us -- maybe not even evolution,

0:07:32.343,0:07:36.152
I'd even start to call it a revolution -- in the way that we govern.

0:07:36.152,0:07:37.636
Some of it's very high-tech,

0:07:37.636,0:07:39.690
and some of it is extremely low-tech,

0:07:39.690,0:07:43.060
such as the project that MKSS is running in Rajasthan,

0:07:43.060,0:07:46.604
India, where they take the spending data of the state

0:07:46.604,0:07:50.047
and paint it on 100,000 village walls,

0:07:50.047,0:07:52.342
and then invite the villagers to come and comment

0:07:52.342,0:07:54.830
who is on the government payroll, who's actually died,

0:07:54.830,0:07:57.454
what are the bridges that have been built to nowhere,

0:07:57.454,0:07:59.798
and to work together through civic engagement to save

0:07:59.798,0:08:03.561
real money and participate and have access to that budget.

0:08:03.561,0:08:05.959
But it's not just about policing government.

0:08:05.959,0:08:07.686
It's also about creating government.

0:08:07.686,0:08:10.804
Spacehive in the U.K. is engaging in crowd-funding,

0:08:10.804,0:08:13.489
getting you and me to raise the money to build

0:08:13.489,0:08:16.147
the goalposts and the park benches that will actually

0:08:16.147,0:08:19.709
allow us to deliver better services in our communities.

0:08:19.709,0:08:23.347
No one is better at this activity of actually getting us

0:08:23.347,0:08:26.587
to engage in delivering services,

0:08:26.587,0:08:29.738
sometimes where none exist, than Ushahidi.

0:08:29.738,0:08:34.091
Created after the post-election riots in Kenya in 2008,

0:08:34.091,0:08:38.027
this crisis-mapping website and community is actually able

0:08:38.027,0:08:40.672
to crowdsource and target the delivery of

0:08:40.672,0:08:43.763
better rescue services to people trapped under the rubble,

0:08:43.763,0:08:46.219
whether it's after the earthquakes in Haiti,

0:08:46.219,0:08:48.744
or more recently in Italy.

0:08:48.744,0:08:51.875
And the Red Cross too is training volunteers and Twitter

0:08:51.875,0:08:54.743
is certifying them, not simply to supplement existing

0:08:54.743,0:08:58.779
government institutions, but in many cases, to replace them.

0:08:58.779,0:09:01.787
Now what we're seeing lots of examples of, obviously,

0:09:01.787,0:09:03.474
is the opening up of government data,

0:09:03.474,0:09:06.474
not enough examples of this yet, but we're starting

0:09:06.474,0:09:10.003
to see this practice of people creating and generating

0:09:10.003,0:09:13.472
innovative applications on top of government data.

0:09:13.472,0:09:15.803
There's so many examples I could have picked, and I

0:09:15.803,0:09:18.969
selected this one of Jon Bon Jovi. Some of you

0:09:18.969,0:09:21.235
may or may not know that he runs a soup kitchen

0:09:21.235,0:09:23.996
in New Jersey, where he caters to and serves the homeless

0:09:23.996,0:09:25.689
and particularly homeless veterans.

0:09:25.689,0:09:28.467
In February, he approached the White House, and said,

0:09:28.467,0:09:32.312
"I would like to fund a prize to create scalable national

0:09:32.312,0:09:35.839
applications, apps, that will help not only the homeless

0:09:35.839,0:09:39.274
but those who deliver services [to] them to do so better."

0:09:39.274,0:09:42.514
February 2012 to June of 2012,

0:09:42.514,0:09:45.502
the finalists are announced in the competition.

0:09:45.502,0:09:48.491
Can you imagine, in the bureaucratic world of yesteryear,

0:09:48.491,0:09:51.237
getting anything done in a four-month period of time?

0:09:51.237,0:09:53.373
You can barely fill out the forms in that amount of time,

0:09:53.373,0:09:56.237
let alone generate real, palpable innovations

0:09:56.237,0:09:58.128
that improve people's lives.

0:09:58.128,0:10:01.361
And I want to be clear to mention that this open government

0:10:01.361,0:10:05.138
revolution is not about privatizing government,

0:10:05.138,0:10:08.036
because in many cases what it can do when we have

0:10:08.036,0:10:11.132
the will to do so is to deliver more progressive

0:10:11.132,0:10:15.255
and better policy than the regulations and the legislative

0:10:15.255,0:10:18.215
and litigation-oriented strategies

0:10:18.215,0:10:20.815
by which we make policy today.

0:10:20.815,0:10:24.542
In the State of Texas, they regulate 515 professions,

0:10:24.542,0:10:26.606
from well-driller to florist.

0:10:26.606,0:10:29.829
Now, you can carry a gun into a church in Dallas,

0:10:29.829,0:10:32.988
but do not make a flower arrangement without a license,

0:10:32.988,0:10:35.604
because that will land you in jail.

0:10:35.604,0:10:39.621
So what is Texas doing? They're asking you and me,

0:10:39.621,0:10:43.709
using online policy wikis, to help not simply get rid of

0:10:43.709,0:10:47.270
burdensome regulations that impede entrepreneurship,

0:10:47.270,0:10:50.269
but to replace those regulations with more innovative

0:10:50.269,0:10:53.133
alternatives, sometimes using transparency in the creation

0:10:53.133,0:10:55.115
of new iPhone apps that will allows us

0:10:55.115,0:10:57.388
both to protect consumers and the public

0:10:57.388,0:11:00.899
and to encourage economic development.

0:11:00.899,0:11:04.053
That is a nice sideline of open government.

0:11:04.053,0:11:06.764
It's not only the benefits that we've talked about with regard

0:11:06.764,0:11:10.221
to development. It's the economic benefits and the

0:11:10.221,0:11:14.847
job creation that's coming from this open innovation work.

0:11:14.847,0:11:17.667
Sberbank, the largest and oldest bank in Russia,

0:11:17.667,0:11:19.467
largely owned by the Russian government,

0:11:19.467,0:11:22.467
has started practicing crowdsourcing, engaging

0:11:22.467,0:11:25.819
its employees and citizens in the public in developing innovations.

0:11:25.819,0:11:30.239
Last year they saved a billion dollars, 30 billion rubles,

0:11:30.239,0:11:32.996
from open innovation, and they're pushing radically

0:11:32.996,0:11:35.655
the extension of crowdsourcing, not only from banking,

0:11:35.655,0:11:37.698
but into the public sector.

0:11:37.698,0:11:40.439
And we see lots of examples of these innovators using

0:11:40.439,0:11:43.289
open government data, not simply to make apps,

0:11:43.289,0:11:45.351
but then to make companies and to hire people

0:11:45.351,0:11:47.652
to build them working with the government.

0:11:47.652,0:11:49.782
So a lot of these innovations are local.

0:11:49.782,0:11:52.888
In San Ramon, California, they published an iPhone app

0:11:52.888,0:11:56.445
in which they allow you or me to say we are certified

0:11:56.445,0:12:00.012
CPR-trained, and then when someone has a heart attack,

0:12:00.012,0:12:02.252
a notification goes out so that you

0:12:02.252,0:12:06.208
can rush over to the person over here and deliver CPR.

0:12:06.208,0:12:08.512
The victim who receives bystander CPR

0:12:08.512,0:12:10.977
is more than twice as likely to survive.

0:12:10.977,0:12:14.652
"There is a hero in all of us," is their slogan.

0:12:14.652,0:12:17.195
But it's not limited to the local.

0:12:17.195,0:12:19.856
British Columbia, Canada, is publishing a catalogue

0:12:19.856,0:12:22.940
of all the ways that its residents and citizens can engage

0:12:22.940,0:12:26.658
with the state in the cocreation of governance.

0:12:26.658,0:12:29.719
Let me be very clear,

0:12:29.719,0:12:31.188
and perhaps controversial,

0:12:31.188,0:12:33.977
that open government is not

0:12:33.977,0:12:35.950
about transparent government.

0:12:35.950,0:12:38.868
Simply throwing data over the transom doesn't change

0:12:38.868,0:12:40.280
how government works.

0:12:40.280,0:12:42.847
It doesn't get anybody to do anything with that data

0:12:42.847,0:12:46.556
to change lives, to solve problems, and it doesn't change

0:12:46.556,0:12:47.828
government.

0:12:47.828,0:12:50.847
What it does is it creates an adversarial relationship

0:12:50.847,0:12:52.575
between civil society and government

0:12:52.575,0:12:55.618
over the control and ownership of information.

0:12:55.618,0:12:58.202
And transparency, by itself, is not reducing the flow

0:12:58.202,0:13:00.614
of money into politics, and arguably,

0:13:00.614,0:13:03.347
it's not even producing accountability as well as it might

0:13:03.347,0:13:06.810
if we took the next step of combining participation and

0:13:06.810,0:13:10.921
collaboration with transparency to transform how we work.

0:13:10.921,0:13:13.658
We're going to see this evolution really in two phases,

0:13:13.658,0:13:16.947
I think. The first phase of the open government revolution

0:13:16.947,0:13:20.723
is delivering better information from the crowd

0:13:20.723,0:13:22.117
into the center.

0:13:22.117,0:13:25.064
Starting in 2005, and this is how this open government

0:13:25.064,0:13:27.018
work in the U.S. really got started,

0:13:27.018,0:13:29.274
I was teaching a patent law class to my students and

0:13:29.274,0:13:33.045
explaining to them how a single person in the bureaucracy

0:13:33.045,0:13:35.176
has the power to make a decision

0:13:35.176,0:13:39.661
about which patent application becomes the next patent,

0:13:39.661,0:13:42.403
and therefore monopolizes for 20 years the rights

0:13:42.403,0:13:45.410
over an entire field of inventive activity.

0:13:45.410,0:13:48.322
Well, what did we do? We said, we can make a website,

0:13:48.322,0:13:50.715
we can make an expert network, a social network,

0:13:50.715,0:13:52.987
that would connect the network to the institution

0:13:52.987,0:13:55.368
to allow scientists and technologists to get

0:13:55.368,0:13:58.003
better information to the patent office

0:13:58.003,0:14:00.466
to aid in making those decisions.

0:14:00.466,0:14:03.098
We piloted the work in the U.S. and the U.K. and Japan

0:14:03.098,0:14:05.891
and Australia, and now I'm pleased to report

0:14:05.891,0:14:08.147
that the United States Patent Office will be rolling out

0:14:08.147,0:14:12.612
universal, complete, and total openness,

0:14:12.612,0:14:15.658
so that all patent applications will now be open

0:14:15.658,0:14:19.326
for citizen participation, beginning this year.

0:14:19.326,0:14:22.262
The second phase of this evolution — Yeah. (Applause)

0:14:22.262,0:14:25.215
They deserve a hand. (Applause)

0:14:25.215,0:14:27.750
The first phase is in getting better information in.

0:14:27.750,0:14:31.607
The second phase is in getting decision-making power out.

0:14:31.607,0:14:34.222
Participatory budgeting has long been practiced

0:14:34.222,0:14:35.641
in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

0:14:35.641,0:14:38.623
They're just starting it in the 49th Ward in Chicago.

0:14:38.623,0:14:42.159
Russia is using wikis to get citizens writing law together,

0:14:42.159,0:14:44.511
as is Lithuania. When we start to see

0:14:44.511,0:14:46.815
power over the core functions of government

0:14:46.815,0:14:50.435
— spending, legislation, decision-making —

0:14:50.435,0:14:54.496
then we're well on our way to an open government revolution.

0:14:54.496,0:14:58.327
There are many things that we can do to get us there.

0:14:58.327,0:15:00.990
Obviously opening up the data is one,

0:15:00.990,0:15:03.353
but the important thing is to create lots more --

0:15:03.353,0:15:07.583
create and curate -- lots more participatory opportunities.

0:15:07.583,0:15:10.281
Hackathons and mashathons and working with data

0:15:10.281,0:15:13.990
to build apps is an intelligible way for people to engage

0:15:13.990,0:15:16.490
and participate, like the jury is,

0:15:16.490,0:15:19.514
but we're going to need lots more things like it.

0:15:19.514,0:15:24.165
And that's why we need to start with our youngest people.

0:15:24.165,0:15:26.781
We've heard talk here at TED about people

0:15:26.781,0:15:30.850
biohacking and hacking their plants with Arduino,

0:15:30.850,0:15:33.894
and Mozilla is doing work around the world in getting

0:15:33.894,0:15:37.253
young people to build websites and make videos.

0:15:37.253,0:15:39.989
When we start by teaching young people that we live,

0:15:39.989,0:15:43.507
not in a passive society, a read-only society,

0:15:43.507,0:15:46.074
but in a writable society, where we have the power

0:15:46.074,0:15:49.698
to change our communities, to change our institutions,

0:15:49.698,0:15:52.834
that's when we begin to really put ourselves on the pathway

0:15:52.834,0:15:56.045
towards this open government innovation,

0:15:56.045,0:15:57.754
towards this open government movement,

0:15:57.754,0:16:00.277
towards this open government revolution.

0:16:00.277,0:16:02.523
So let me close by saying that I think the important thing

0:16:02.523,0:16:08.382
for us to do is to talk about and demand this revolution.

0:16:08.382,0:16:11.677
We don't have words, really, to describe it yet.

0:16:11.677,0:16:13.902
Words like equality and fairness and the traditional

0:16:13.902,0:16:18.269
elections, democracy, these are not really great terms yet.

0:16:18.269,0:16:21.017
They're not fun enough. They're not exciting enough

0:16:21.017,0:16:24.336
to get us engaged in this tremendous opportunity

0:16:24.336,0:16:27.744
that awaits us. But I would argue that if we want to see

0:16:27.744,0:16:30.447
the kinds of innovations, the hopeful and exciting

0:16:30.447,0:16:33.111
innovations that we hear talked about here at TED,

0:16:33.111,0:16:35.288
in clean energy, in clean education,

0:16:35.288,0:16:37.879
in development, if we want to see those adopted

0:16:37.879,0:16:40.135
and we want to see those scaled,

0:16:40.135,0:16:42.927
we want to see them become the governance of tomorrow,

0:16:42.927,0:16:44.632
then we must all participate,

0:16:44.632,0:16:46.130
then we must get involved.

0:16:46.130,0:16:49.340
We must open up our institutions, and like the leaf,

0:16:49.340,0:16:53.534
we must let the nutrients flow throughout our body politic,

0:16:53.534,0:16:56.734
throughout our culture, to create open institutions

0:16:56.734,0:16:59.403
to create a stronger democracy, a better tomorrow.

0:16:59.403,0:17:02.306
Thank you. (Applause)