[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.52,0:00:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The universe is teeming with planets.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.12,0:00:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want us, in the next decade,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.99,0:00:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build a space telescope that'll be able to image
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.39,0:00:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an earth about another star
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.49,0:00:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and figure out whether it can harbor life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.23,0:00:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleagues at the NASA\NJet Propulsion Laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.39,0:00:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Princeton and I are working on technology
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.25,0:00:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will be able to do just that in the coming years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.79,0:00:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Astronomers now believe that every star
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.78,0:00:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the galaxy has a planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.82,0:00:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they speculate that up to one fifth of them
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.99,0:00:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have an earth-like planet
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.53,0:00:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might be able to harbor life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.10,0:00:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we haven't seen any of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.75,0:00:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've only detected them indirectly.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.05,0:00:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is NASA's famous picture of the pale blue dot.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.49,0:00:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was taken by the Voyager spacecraft in 1990,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.40,0:00:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they turned it around as\Nit was exiting the solar system
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.20,0:00:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take a picture of the earth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.84,0:00:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from six billion kilometers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.15,0:00:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to take that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.84,0:00:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an earth-like planet about another star.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.23,0:00:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why haven't we done that? Why is that hard?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.63,0:00:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well to see, let's imagine we take
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.38,0:00:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Hubble Space Telescope
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.20,0:00:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we turn it around and we move it out
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.85,0:01:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the orbit of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.55,0:01:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll see something like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.04,0:01:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a slightly blurry picture of the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.69,0:01:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we're a fairly small telescope
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.83,0:01:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out at the orbit of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.37,0:01:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's move ten times further away.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.38,0:01:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are at the orbit of Uranus.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.32,0:01:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's gotten smaller, it's got less detail, less resolve.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.81,0:01:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can still see the little moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.59,0:01:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let's go ten times further away again.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.70,0:01:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are at the edge of the solar system,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.58,0:01:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out at the Kuiper Belt.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.10,0:01:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it's not resolved at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.44,0:01:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's that pale blue dot of Carl Sagan's.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.10,0:01:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's move yet again ten times further away.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.30,0:01:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we are out at the Oort Cloud,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.93,0:01:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outside the solar system,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.49,0:01:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're starting to see the sun
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.10,0:01:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,move into the field of view
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.42,0:01:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get into where the planet is.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.88,0:01:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One more time, ten times further away.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.01,0:01:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we're at Alpha Centauri,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.66,0:01:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our nearest neighbor star,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.26,0:01:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the planet is gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.51,0:01:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All we're seeing is the big beaming image of the star
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.06,0:01:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's ten billion times brighter than the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.82,0:01:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which should be in that little red circle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.62,0:01:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what we want to see. That's why it's hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.82,0:01:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The light from the star is diffracting.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.14,0:01:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's scattering inside the telescope,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.88,0:01:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating that very bright image
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.39,0:01:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that washes out the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.01,0:02:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to see the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.50,0:02:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to do something about all of that light.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.70,0:02:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to get rid of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.97,0:02:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a lot of colleagues working on
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.35,0:02:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really amazing technologies to do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.36,0:02:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I want to tell you about one today
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.18,0:02:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I think is the coolest
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.67,0:02:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably the most likely to get us an earth
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.87,0:02:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the next decade.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.41,0:02:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was first suggested by Lyman Spitzer,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.48,0:02:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the father of the space telescope, in 1962,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.64,0:02:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he took his inspiration from an eclipse.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.94,0:02:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've all seen that. That's a solar eclipse.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.94,0:02:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The moon has moved in front of the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.98,0:02:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It blocks out most of the light
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.74,0:02:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can see that dim corona around it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.12,0:02:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be the same thing if I put my thumb up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.02,0:02:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and blocked that spotlight\Nthat's getting right in my eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.36,0:02:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can see you in the back row.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.28,0:02:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what's going on?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.99,0:02:39.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well the moon
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.77,0:02:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is casting a shadow down on the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.94,0:02:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We put a telescope or a camera in that shadow,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.17,0:02:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we look back at the sun,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.68,0:02:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of the light's been removed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.32,0:02:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can see that dim, fine structure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.42,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the corona.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.00,0:02:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spitzer's suggestion was we do this in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.36,0:02:57.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We build a big screen, we fly it in space,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.13,0:02:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we put it up in front of the star,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.18,0:03:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we block out most of the light,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.96,0:03:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we fly a space telescope in\Nthat shadow that's created,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.98,0:03:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and boom, we get to see planets.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.76,0:03:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well that would look something like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.42,0:03:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's that big screen,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.04,0:03:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's no planets,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.28,0:03:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because unfortunately it doesn't\Nactually work very well,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.39,0:03:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the light waves of the light and waves
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.79,0:03:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diffracts around that screen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.99,0:03:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same way it did in the telescope.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.77,0:03:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like water bending around a rock in a stream,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.91,0:03:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all that light just destroys the shadow.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.70,0:03:27.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a terrible shadow. And we can't see planets.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.37,0:03:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Spitzer actually knew the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.14,0:03:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we can feather the edges, soften those edges
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.64,0:03:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can control diffraction,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.50,0:03:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well then we can see a planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.13,0:03:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the last 10 years or so we've come up
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.92,0:03:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with optimal solutions for doing that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.23,0:03:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks something like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.50,0:03:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call that our flower petal star shade.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.85,0:03:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we make the edges of those petals exactly right,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.81,0:03:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we control their shape,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.39,0:03:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can control diffraction,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.12,0:03:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now we have a great shadow.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.77,0:03:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about 10 billion times dimmer than it was before,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.88,0:03:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can see the planets beam out just like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.32,0:04:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That, of course, has to be bigger than my thumb.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.18,0:04:01.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That star shade is about
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.91,0:04:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the size of half a football field
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.69,0:04:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has to fly 50,000 kilometers\Naway from the telescope
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.81,0:04:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has to be held right in its shadow,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.87,0:04:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we can see those planets.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.83,0:04:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This sounds formidable,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.24,0:04:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but brilliant engineers, colleagues of mine at JPL,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.25,0:04:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came up with a fabulous design for how to do that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.13,0:04:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it looks like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.63,0:04:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It starts wrapped around a hub.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.20,0:04:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It separates from the telescope.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.97,0:04:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The petals unfurl, they open up,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.24,0:04:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the telescope turns around.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.100,0:04:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you'll see it flip and fly out
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.14,0:04:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that 50,000 kilometers away from the telescope.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.36,0:04:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to move in front of the star
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.83,0:04:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like that, creates a wonderful shadow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.11,0:04:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Boom, we get planets orbiting about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.91,0:04:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.78,0:04:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.43,0:04:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not science fiction.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.21,0:04:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been working on this\Nfor the last five or six years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.72,0:04:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last summer, we did a really cool test
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.79,0:04:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out in California at Northrup Grumman.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.56,0:04:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So those are four petals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.14,0:04:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a sub-scale star shade.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.04,0:05:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about half the size of the one you just saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.35,0:05:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll see the petals unfurl.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.87,0:05:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those four petals were built by four undergraduates
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.87,0:05:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing a summer internship at JPL.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.29,0:05:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you're seeing it deploy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.96,0:05:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those petals have to rotate into place.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.73,0:05:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The base of those petals
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.39,0:05:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to go to the same place every time
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.08,0:05:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to within a tenth of a millimeter.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.68,0:05:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We ran this test 16 times,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.44,0:05:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 16 times it went into the exact same place
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.28,0:05:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a tenth of a millimeter.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.72,0:05:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has to be done very precisely,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.84,0:05:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if we can do this, if we can build this technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.29,0:05:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we can get it into space,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.89,0:05:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might see something like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.66,0:05:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a picture of one our nearest neighbor stars
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.03,0:05:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taken with the Hubble Space Telescope.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.31,0:05:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we can take a similar space telescope,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.70,0:05:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slightly larger,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.23,0:05:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put it out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.78,0:05:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fly an occulter in front of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.99,0:05:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we might see is something like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.95,0:05:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a family portrait of our\Nsolar system, but not ours.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.02,0:05:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're hoping it'll be someone else's solar system
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.36,0:05:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as seen through an occulter,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.15,0:05:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a star shade like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.75,0:05:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see Jupiter, you can see Saturn,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.38,0:05:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uranus Neptune, and right there in the center,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.76,0:05:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,next to the residual light
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.52,0:05:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that pale blue dot. That's Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.44,0:06:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to see that, see if there's water,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.38,0:06:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oxygen, ozone,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.15,0:06:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the things that might tell us that it could harbor life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.31,0:06:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think this is the coolest possible science.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.72,0:06:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why I got into doing this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.50,0:06:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I think that will change the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.34,0:06:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That will change everything when we see that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.21,0:06:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.36,0:06:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)