[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.40,0:00:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we talk about corruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.85,0:00:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are typical types\Nof individuals that spring to mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.32,0:00:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the former Soviet megalomaniacs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.65,0:00:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saparmurat Niyazov, he was one of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.84,0:00:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until his death in 2006,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.83,0:00:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was the all-powerful\Nleader of Turkmenistan,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.13,0:00:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Central Asian country\Nrich in natural gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.90,0:00:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, he really loved to issue\Npresidential decrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.85,0:00:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one renamed the months of the year
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.09,0:00:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including after himself and his mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.24,0:00:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He spent millions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.28,0:00:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating a bizarre personality cult,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.10,0:00:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his crowning glory was the building
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.07,0:00:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a 40-foot-high gold-plated\Nstatue of himself
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.11,0:00:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which stood proudly\Nin the capital's central square
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.17,0:00:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rotated to follow the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.16,0:00:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a slightly unusual guy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.94,0:00:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's that cliché,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.79,0:00:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the African dictator\Nor minister or official.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.19,0:00:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's Teodorín Obiang.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.30,0:01:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So his daddy is president\Nfor life of Equatorial Guinea,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.53,0:01:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a West African nation that has exported
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.66,0:01:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,billions of dollars of oil since the 1990s
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.14,0:01:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet has a truly appalling\Nhuman rights record.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.18,0:01:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The vast majority of its people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.08,0:01:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are living in really miserable poverty
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.03,0:01:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite an income\Nper capita that's on a par
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.15,0:01:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with that of Portugal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.65,0:01:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Obiang junior, well, he buys himself
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.35,0:01:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a $30 million mansion\Nin Malibu, California.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.79,0:01:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been up to its front gates.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.89,0:01:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can tell you it's a magnificent spread.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.98,0:01:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He bought an €18 million art collection
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.70,0:01:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that used to belong to fashion\Ndesigner Yves Saint Laurent,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.84,0:01:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a stack of fabulous sports cars,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.39,0:01:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some costing a million dollars apiece --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.94,0:01:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oh, and a Gulfstream jet, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.26,0:01:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now get this:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.62,0:01:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until recently, he was earning\Nan official monthly salary
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.76,0:01:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of less than 7,000 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.92,0:01:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's Dan Etete.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.97,0:02:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, he was the former\Noil minister of Nigeria
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.61,0:02:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under President Abacha,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.59,0:02:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it just so happens\Nhe's a convicted money launderer too.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.09,0:02:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've spent a great deal of time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.33,0:02:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,investigating a $1 billion --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.73,0:02:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's right, a $1 billion —
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.49,0:02:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oil deal that he was involved with,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.16,0:02:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we found was pretty shocking,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.11,0:02:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but more about that later.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.87,0:02:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's easy to think\Nthat corruption happens
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.39,0:02:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somewhere over there,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.25,0:02:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carried out by a bunch of greedy despots
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.71,0:02:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and individuals up to no good in countries
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.73,0:02:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we, personally, may\Nknow very little about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.74,0:02:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and feel really unconnected to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.43,0:02:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unaffected by what might be going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.92,0:02:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But does it just happen over there?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.16,0:02:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, at 22, I was very lucky.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.44,0:02:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My first job out of university
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.22,0:02:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was investigating the illegal\Ntrade in African ivory.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.20,0:02:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's how my relationship\Nwith corruption really began.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.43,0:03:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1993, with two friends\Nwho were colleagues,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.44,0:03:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simon Taylor and Patrick Alley,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.24,0:03:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we set up an organization\Ncalled Global Witness.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.84,0:03:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our first campaign\Nwas investigating the role
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.59,0:03:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of illegal logging in funding\Nthe war in Cambodia.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.90,0:03:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a few years later, and it's now 1997,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.94,0:03:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm in Angola undercover\Ninvestigating blood diamonds.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.70,0:03:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps you saw the film,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.43,0:03:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Hollywood film "Blood Diamond,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.12,0:03:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one with Leonardo DiCaprio.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.70,0:03:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, some of that sprang from our work.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.15,0:03:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Luanda, it was full of land mine victims
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.87,0:03:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were struggling\Nto survive on the streets
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.05,0:03:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and war orphans living\Nin sewers under the streets,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.14,0:03:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a tiny, very wealthy elite
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.23,0:03:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who gossiped about shopping\Ntrips to Brazil and Portugal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.44,0:03:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was a slightly crazy place.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.21,0:03:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm sitting in a hot\Nand very stuffy hotel room
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.89,0:03:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feeling just totally overwhelmed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.95,0:03:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't about blood diamonds.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.31,0:03:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I'd been speaking\Nto lots of people there
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.21,0:04:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who, well, they talked\Nabout a different problem:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.58,0:04:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that of a massive web\Nof corruption on a global scale
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.100,0:04:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and millions of oil dollars going missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.33,0:04:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for what was then\Na very small organization
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.79,0:04:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of just a few people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.94,0:04:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to even begin to think\Nhow we might tackle that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.68,0:04:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was an enormous challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.15,0:04:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the years that I've been,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.70,0:04:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've all been campaigning\Nand investigating,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.26,0:04:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've repeatedly seen\Nthat what makes corruption
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.52,0:04:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a global, massive scale possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.79,0:04:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well it isn't just greed\Nor the misuse of power
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.92,0:04:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that nebulous phrase "weak governance."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.36,0:04:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, yes, it's all of those,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.40,0:04:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but corruption, it's made\Npossible by the actions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.35,0:04:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of global facilitators.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.97,0:04:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go back to some of those\Npeople I talked about earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.16,0:04:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, they're all people\Nwe've investigated,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.68,0:04:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're all people who couldn't\Ndo what they do alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.46,0:04:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take Obiang junior. Well, he didn't end up
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.90,0:04:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with high-end art and luxury\Nhouses without help.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.74,0:04:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He did business with global banks.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.92,0:04:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bank in Paris held accounts\Nof companies controlled by him,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.76,0:05:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of which was used to buy the art,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.15,0:05:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and American banks, well, they funneled
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.80,0:05:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,73 million dollars into the States,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.73,0:05:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of which was used to buy\Nthat California mansion.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.83,0:05:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he didn't do all of this\Nin his own name either.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.74,0:05:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He used shell companies.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.49,0:05:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He used one to buy\Nthe property, and another,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.83,0:05:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was in somebody else's name,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.91,0:05:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pay the huge bills it\Ncost to run the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.91,0:05:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's Dan Etete.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.14,0:05:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, when he was oil minister,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.22,0:05:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he awarded an oil block now\Nworth over a billion dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.35,0:05:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a company that, guess what, yeah,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.18,0:05:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was the hidden owner of.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.57,0:05:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it was then much later traded on
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.97,0:05:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the kind assistance\Nof the Nigerian government --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.56,0:05:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now I have to be careful what I say here —
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.65,0:05:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to subsidiaries of Shell\Nand the Italian Eni,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.80,0:05:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two of the biggest oil companies around.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.45,0:05:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the reality is,\Nis that the engine of corruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.90,0:05:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, it exists far\Nbeyond the shores of countries
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.35,0:06:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Equatorial Guinea\Nor Nigeria or Turkmenistan.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.54,0:06:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This engine, well, it's driven
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.87,0:06:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by our international banking system,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.24,0:06:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the problem of anonymous\Nshell companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.78,0:06:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by the secrecy that we have afforded
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.16,0:06:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,big oil, gas and mining operations,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.13,0:06:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, most of all, by the failure\Nof our politicians
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.86,0:06:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to back up their rhetoric and do something
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.94,0:06:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really meaningful and systemic\Nto tackle this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.93,0:06:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's take the banks first.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.94,0:06:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's not going\Nto come as any surprise
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.27,0:06:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for me to tell you that banks\Naccept dirty money,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.59,0:06:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they prioritize their profits\Nin other destructive ways too.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.13,0:06:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.24,0:06:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this region, it has just five percent
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.88,0:06:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of its forests left intact. Five percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.29,0:06:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how did that happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.63,0:06:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, because an elite\Nand its facilitators
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.68,0:06:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been making millions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.86,0:07:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from supporting logging\Non an industrial scale
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.39,0:07:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.79,0:07:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we sent an undercover investigator in
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.05,0:07:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to secretly film meetings\Nwith members of the ruling elite,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.64,0:07:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the resulting footage, well,\Nit made some people very angry,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.97,0:07:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see that on YouTube,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.22,0:07:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it proved what we had long suspected,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.20,0:07:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it showed\Nhow the state's chief minister,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.69,0:07:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite his later denials,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.60,0:07:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used his control over land\Nand forest licenses
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.00,0:07:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to enrich himself and his family.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.03,0:07:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And HSBC, well, we know\Nthat HSBC bankrolled
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.63,0:07:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the region's largest logging companies
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.64,0:07:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were responsible\Nfor some of that destruction
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.05,0:07:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Sarawak and elsewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.63,0:07:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bank violated its own\Nsustainability policies in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.34,0:07:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it earned around 130 million dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.16,0:07:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now shortly after our exposé,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.50,0:07:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very shortly after our exposé\Nearlier this year,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.10,0:07:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bank announced\Na policy review on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.10,0:07:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And is this progress? Maybe,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.69,0:08:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're going to be\Nkeeping a very close eye
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.19,0:08:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on that case.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.53,0:08:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's the problem\Nof anonymous shell companies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.94,0:08:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we've all heard\Nabout what they are, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.77,0:08:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we all know they're used quite a bit
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.27,0:08:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by people and companies\Nwho are trying to avoid
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.85,0:08:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paying their proper dues to society,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.90,0:08:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also known as taxes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.95,0:08:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what doesn't usually come to light
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.86,0:08:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how shell companies are used to steal
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.41,0:08:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,huge sums of money,\Ntransformational sums of money,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.78,0:08:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from poor countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.83,0:08:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In virtually every case of corruption\Nthat we've investigated,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.25,0:08:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shell companies have appeared,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.46,0:08:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes\Nit's been impossible to find out
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.82,0:08:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is really involved in the deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.33,0:08:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A recent study by the World Bank
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.66,0:08:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looked at 200 cases of corruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.61,0:08:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It found that over 70\Npercent of those cases
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.70,0:08:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had used anonymous shell companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.66,0:08:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,totaling almost 56 billion dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.04,0:09:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now many of these\Ncompanies were in America
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.30,0:09:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the United Kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.61,0:09:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its overseas territories\Nand Crown dependencies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.01,0:09:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so it's not just an offshore problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.26,0:09:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's an on-shore one too.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.56,0:09:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, shell companies, they're central
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.70,0:09:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the secret deals which may\Nbenefit wealthy elites
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.95,0:09:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than ordinary citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.97,0:09:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One striking recent case\Nthat we've investigated
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.22,0:09:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how the government\Nin the Democratic Republic of Congo
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.20,0:09:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sold off a series of valuable,\Nstate-owned mining assets
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.55,0:09:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to shell companies\Nin the British Virgin Islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.91,0:09:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we spoke to sources in country,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.18,0:09:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trawled through company\Ndocuments and other information
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.22,0:09:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to piece together a really\Ntrue picture of the deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.27,0:09:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were alarmed to find\Nthat these shell companies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.10,0:09:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had quickly flipped many of the assets on
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.61,0:09:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for huge profits to major\Ninternational mining companies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.83,0:09:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listed in London.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.20,0:09:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the Africa Progress\NPanel, led by Kofi Annan,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.45,0:09:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've calculated\Nthat Congo may have lost
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.34,0:10:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than 1.3 billion dollars\Nfrom these deals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.44,0:10:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's almost twice
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.70,0:10:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the country's annual health\Nand education budget combined.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.34,0:10:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And will the people of Congo,\Nwill they ever get their money back?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.96,0:10:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the answer to that question,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.62,0:10:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who was really involved\Nand what really happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.51,0:10:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well that's going to probably\Nremain locked away
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.02,0:10:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the secretive company registries\Nof the British Virgin Islands
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.17,0:10:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and elsewhere unless we all do\Nsomething about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.00,0:10:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how about the oil, gas\Nand mining companies?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.99,0:10:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, maybe it's a bit\Nof a cliché to talk about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.70,0:10:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Corruption in that sector, no surprise.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.82,0:10:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's corruption everywhere,\Nso why focus on that sector?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.25,0:10:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, because there's a lot at stake.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.45,0:10:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2011, natural resource exports
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.55,0:10:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outweighed aid flows by almost 19 to one
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.06,0:10:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Africa, Asia and Latin America.\NNineteen to one.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.49,0:10:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that's a hell of a lot\Nof schools and universities
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.12,0:11:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hospitals and business startups,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.10,0:11:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of which haven't\Nmaterialized and never will
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.46,0:11:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because some of that money\Nhas simply been stolen away.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.79,0:11:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's go back to the oil\Nand mining companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.19,0:11:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's go back to Dan Etete\Nand that $1 billion deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.21,0:11:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now forgive me, I'm\Ngoing to read the next bit
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.50,0:11:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's a very live\Nissue, and our lawyers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.80,0:11:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been through this in some detail
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.99,0:11:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they want me to get it right.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.30,0:11:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, on the surface, the deal\Nappeared straightforward.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.47,0:11:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Subsidiaries of Shell and Eni
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.57,0:11:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paid the Nigerian\Ngovernment for the block.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.54,0:11:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nigerian government transferred
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.71,0:11:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precisely the same amount,\Nto the very dollar,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.53,0:11:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to an account earmarked\Nfor a shell company
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.14,0:11:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose hidden owner was Etete.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.27,0:11:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that's not bad going\Nfor a convicted money launderer.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.66,0:11:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's the thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.12,0:11:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After many months of digging around
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.99,0:11:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reading through hundreds\Nof pages of court documents,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.53,0:11:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found evidence that, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.48,0:12:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shell and Eni had known that the funds
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.91,0:12:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be transferred\Nto that shell company,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.99,0:12:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frankly, it's hard\Nto believe they didn't know
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.70,0:12:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who they were really dealing with there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.99,0:12:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it just shouldn't take\Nthese sorts of efforts
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.07,0:12:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find out where the money\Nin deals like this went.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.60,0:12:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, these are state assets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.17,0:12:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're supposed to be\Nused for the benefit
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.64,0:12:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the people in the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.37,0:12:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in some countries,\Ncitizens and journalists
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.56,0:12:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are trying to expose stories like this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.58,0:12:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been harassed and arrested
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.08,0:12:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some have even risked\Ntheir lives to do so.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.54,0:12:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, well, there\Nare those who believe
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.34,0:12:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that corruption is unavoidable.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.67,0:12:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just how some business is done.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.82,0:12:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's too complex and difficult to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.38,0:12:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in effect, what? We just accept it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.31,0:12:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as a campaigner and investigator,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.70,0:12:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a different view,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.75,0:12:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I've seen what can happen
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.92,0:12:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when an idea gains momentum.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.48,0:12:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the oil and mining sector, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.22,0:12:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is now the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.48,0:13:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a truly worldwide transparency standard
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.73,0:13:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could tackle some of these problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.75,0:13:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1999, when Global Witness called
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.18,0:13:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for oil companies to make\Npayments on deals transparent,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.51,0:13:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, some people laughed\Nat the extreme naiveté
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.30,0:13:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that small idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.41,0:13:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But literally hundreds\Nof civil society groups
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.98,0:13:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from around the world came together
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.85,0:13:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fight for transparency,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.46,0:13:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now it's fast becoming\Nthe norm and the law.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.44,0:13:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two thirds of the value
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.42,0:13:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the world's oil and mining companies
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.74,0:13:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now covered by transparency laws.\NTwo thirds.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.51,0:13:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is change happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.98,0:13:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.87,0:13:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we're not there yet, by far.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.99,0:13:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it really isn't about corruption
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.24,0:13:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somewhere over there, is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.35,0:13:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a globalized world, corruption
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.56,0:13:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a truly globalized business,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.82,0:13:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one that needs global solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.94,0:13:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supported and pushed by us\Nall, as global citizens,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.94,0:13:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.10,0:13:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.29,0:14:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)