[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.00,0:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we talk about corruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.00,0:00:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are typical types of individuals that spring to mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.00,0:00:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the former Soviet megalomaniacs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saparmurat Niyazov, he was one of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until his death in 2006,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was the all-powerful leader of Turkmenistan,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.00,0:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Central Asian country rich in natural gas.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.00,0:00:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, he really loved to issue Presidential decrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.00,0:00:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In one, renamed the months of the year
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including after himself and his mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He spent millions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating a bizarre personality cult,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his crowning glory was the building
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a 40-foot high gold-plated statue of himself
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which stood proudly in the capital's central square
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.00,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rotated to follow the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a slightly unusual guy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's that cliché,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the African dictator or minister or official.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's Teodorin Obiang.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.00,0:01:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So his daddy is president for life of Equatorial Guinea,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a West African nation that has exported
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.00,0:01:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,billions of dollars of oil since the 1990s
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.00,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet has a truly appalling human rights record.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.00,0:01:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The vast majority of its people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.00,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are living in really miserable poverty
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite an income per capita that's on a par
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with that of Portugal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Obiang, Jr., well, he buys himself
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a $30 million mansion in Malibu, California.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been up to its front gates.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can tell you it's a magnificent spread.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He bought an €18 million art collection
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.00,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that used to belong to fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a stack of fabulous sports cars,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.00,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some costing a million dollars a piece,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.00,0:01:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oh, and a Gulfstream jet too.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now get this:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until recently, he was earning an official monthly salary
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of less than 7,000 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:02:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's Dan Etete.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.00,0:02:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, he was the former Oil Minister of Nigeria
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.00,0:02:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under President Abacha,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.00,0:02:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it just so happens he's a convicted money-launderer too.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've spent a great deal of time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,investigating a billion-dollar
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,— that's right, a billion-dollar —
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oil deal that he was involved with,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we found was pretty shocking,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.00,0:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but more about that later.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's easy to think that corruption happens
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somewhere kind of over there,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.00,0:02:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carried out by a bunch of greedy despots
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.00,0:02:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and individuals up to no good in countries
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.00,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we, personally, may know very little about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and feel really unconnected to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unaffected by what might be going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But does it just happen over there?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, at 22, I was very lucky.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My first job out of university
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.00,0:02:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was investigating the illegal trade in African ivory.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.00,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's how my relationship with corruption really began.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1993, with two friends who were colleagues,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simon Taylor and Patrick Alley,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we set up an organization called Global Witness.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our first campaign was investigating the role
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.00,0:03:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of illegal logging in funding the war in Cambodia.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.00,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a few years later, and it's now 1997,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.00,0:03:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm in Angola undercover investigating blood diamonds.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.00,0:03:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps you saw the film,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.00,0:03:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Hollywood film "Blood Diamond,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one with Leonardo DiCaprio.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, some of that sprang from our work.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.00,0:03:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Luanda, it was full of land mine victims
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.00,0:03:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were struggling to survive on the streets
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.00,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and war orphans living in sewers under the streets,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a tiny, very wealthy elite
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who gossiped about shopping trips to Brazil and Portugal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.00,0:03:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was a slightly crazy place.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.00,0:03:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm sitting in a hot and very stuffy hotel room
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.00,0:03:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feeling just totally overwhelmed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.00,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't about blood diamonds.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.00,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I'd been speaking to lots of people there
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.00,0:04:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who, well, they talked about a different problem:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.00,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that of a massive web of corruption on a global scale
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and millions of oil dollars going missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for what was then a very small organization
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.00,0:04:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of just a few people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.00,0:04:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to even begin to think of how we might tackle that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.00,0:04:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was an enormous challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.00,0:04:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the years that I've been,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.00,0:04:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've all been campaigning and investigating,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've repeatedly seen that what makes corruption
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a global, massive scale possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.00,0:04:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well it isn't just greed or the misuse of power
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that nebulous phrase "weak governance."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, yes, it's all of those,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but corruption, it's made possible by the actions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of global facilitators.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.00,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go back to some of those people I talked about earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, they're all people we've investigated,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.00,0:04:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're all people who couldn't do what they do alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.00,0:04:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take Obiang, Jr. Well, he didn't end up
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with high-end art and luxury houses without help.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He did business with global banks.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.00,0:04:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A bank in Paris held accounts of companies controlled by him,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.00,0:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of which was used to buy the art,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.00,0:05:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and American banks, well, they funneled
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.00,0:05:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,73 million dollars into the States,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.00,0:05:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of which was used to buy that California mansion.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he didn't do all of this in his own name either.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He used shell companies.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.00,0:05:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He used one to buy the property, and another,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was in somebody else's name,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pay the huge bills it cost to run the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.00,0:05:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's Dan Etete.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, when he was Oil Minister,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he awarded an oil block now worth over a billion dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.00,0:05:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a company that, guess what, yeah,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was the hidden owner of.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it was then much later traded on
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the kind assistance of the Nigerian government
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.00,0:05:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,— now I have to be careful what I say here —
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.00,0:05:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to subsidiaries of Shell and the Italian Eni,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:05:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two of the biggest oil companies around.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the reality is is that the engine of corruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:05:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, it exists far beyond the shores of countries
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.00,0:06:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Equatorial Guinea or Nigeria or Turkmenistan.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.00,0:06:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This engine, well, it's driven
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.00,0:06:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by our international banking system,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.00,0:06:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the problem of anonymous shell companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.00,0:06:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by the secrecy that we have afforded
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.00,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,big oil, gas, and mining operations,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.00,0:06:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, most of all, by the failure of our politicians
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.00,0:06:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to back up their rhetoric and do something
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.00,0:06:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really meaningful and systemic to tackle this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.00,0:06:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's take the banks first.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.00,0:06:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's not going to come as any surprise
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.00,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for me to tell you that banks accept dirty money,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they prioritize their profits in other destructive ways too.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.00,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.00,0:06:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this region, it has just five percent
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.00,0:06:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of its forests left intact. Five percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.00,0:06:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how did that happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.00,0:06:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, because an elite and its facilitators
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.00,0:06:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been making millions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.00,0:07:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from supporting loggin on an industrial scale
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.00,0:07:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we sent an undercover investigator in
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.00,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to secretly film meetings with members of the ruling elite,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the resulting footage, well, it made some people very angry,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.00,0:07:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see that on YouTube,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:07:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it proved what we had long suspected,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.00,0:07:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it showed how the state's chief minister,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.00,0:07:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite his later denials,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.00,0:07:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used his control over land and forest licenses
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.00,0:07:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to enrich himself and his family.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.00,0:07:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And HSBC, well, we know that HSBC bankrolled
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.00,0:07:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the region's largest logging companies
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.00,0:07:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were responsible for some that destruction
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.00,0:07:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Sarawak and elsewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.00,0:07:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bank violated its own sustainability policies in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.00,0:07:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it earned around 130 million dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.00,0:07:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now shortly after our exposé,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very shortly after our exposé earlier this year,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.00,0:07:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bank announced a policy review on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, well, is this progress? Um, maybe,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're going to be keeping a very close eye
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.00,0:08:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on that case.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.00,0:08:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's the problem of anonymous shell companies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.00,0:08:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we've all heard about what they are, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.00,0:08:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we all know they're used quite a bit
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.00,0:08:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by people and companies who are trying to avoid
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.00,0:08:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paying their proper dues to society,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.00,0:08:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also known as taxes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.00,0:08:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what doesn't usually come to light
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.00,0:08:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how shell companies are used to steal
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.00,0:08:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,huge sums of money, transformational sums of money,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.00,0:08:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from poor countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.00,0:08:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In virtually every case of corruption that we've investigated,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.00,0:08:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shell companies have appeared,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.00,0:08:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes it's been impossible to find out
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.00,0:08:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is really involved in the deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.00,0:08:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A recent study by the World Bank
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.00,0:08:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looked at 200 cases of corruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.00,0:08:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It found that over 70 percent of those cases
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.00,0:08:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had used anonymous shell companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.00,0:08:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,totaling almost 56 billion dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now many of these countries were in America
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the United Kingdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.00,0:09:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its overseas territories and Crown dependencies,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.00,0:09:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so it's not just an off-shore problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.00,0:09:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's an on-shore one too.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.00,0:09:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, shell companies, they're central
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.00,0:09:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the secret deals which may benefit wealthy elites
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.00,0:09:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than ordinary citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.00,0:09:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One striking recent case that we've investigated
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.00,0:09:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how the government in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.00,0:09:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sold off a series of valuable, state-owned mining assets
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.00,0:09:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to shell companies in the British Virgin Islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.00,0:09:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we spoke to sources in country,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.00,0:09:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trolled through company documents and other information
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.00,0:09:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to piece together a really true picture of the deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.00,0:09:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were alarmed to find that these shell companies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.00,0:09:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had quickly flipped many of the assets on
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.00,0:09:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for huge profits to major international mining companies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.00,0:09:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listed in London.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.00,0:09:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the Africa Progress Panel, led by Kofi Annan,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.00,0:09:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've calculated that Congo may have lost
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.00,0:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than 1.3 billion dollars from these deals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.00,0:10:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's more than twice, that's almost twice
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.00,0:10:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the country's annual health and education budget combined.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.00,0:10:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And will the people of Congo, will they ever get their money back?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.00,0:10:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the answer to that question,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.00,0:10:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who was really involved and what really happened,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.00,0:10:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well that's going to probably remain locked away
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.00,0:10:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the secretive company registries of the British Virgin Islands
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.00,0:10:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and elsewhere unless we all do something about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.00,0:10:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how about the oil, gas, and mining companies?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.00,0:10:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, maybe it's a bit of a cliché to talk about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.00,0:10:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Corruption in that sector, no surprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.00,0:10:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's corruption everywhere, so why focus on that sector?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.00,0:10:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, because there's a lot at stake.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.00,0:10:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2011, natural resource exports
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.00,0:10:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outweighed aid flows by almost 19 to one
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Nineteen to one.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.00,0:10:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that's a hell of a lot of schools and universities
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.00,0:11:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hospitals and business startups,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.00,0:11:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of which haven't materialized and never will
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.00,0:11:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because some of that money has simply been stolen away.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.00,0:11:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's go back to the oil and mining companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.00,0:11:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's go back to Dan Etete and that billion-dollar deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.00,0:11:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now forgive me, I'm going to read the next bit
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.00,0:11:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's a very live issue, and our lawyers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.00,0:11:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been through this in some detail
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they want me to get it right.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, on the surface, the deal appeared straightforward.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.00,0:11:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Subsidiaries of Shell and Eni
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.00,0:11:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paid the Nigerian government for the block.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.00,0:11:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nigerian government transferred
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precisely the same amount to the very dollar
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.00,0:11:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to an account earmarked for a shell company
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.00,0:11:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose hidden owner was Etete.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.00,0:11:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that's not bad going for a convicted money-launderer.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.00,0:11:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's the thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.00,0:11:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After many months of digging around
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.00,0:11:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reading through hundreds of pages of court documents,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.00,0:11:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found evidence that, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.00,0:12:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shell and Eni had known that the funds
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.00,0:12:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be transferred to that shell company,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.00,0:12:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frankly, it's hard to believe they didn't know
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.00,0:12:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who they were really dealing with there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.00,0:12:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it just shouldn't take these sort of efforts
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.00,0:12:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find out where the money in deals like this went.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.00,0:12:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, these are state assets.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.00,0:12:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're supposed to be used for the benefit
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.00,0:12:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the people in the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.00,0:12:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in some countries, citizens and journalists
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.00,0:12:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are trying to expose stories like this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.00,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been harassed and arrested
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some have even risked their lives to do so.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.00,0:12:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, well, there are those who believe
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.00,0:12:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that corruption is unavoidable.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.00,0:12:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just how some business is done.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.00,0:12:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's too complex and difficult to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.00,0:12:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in effect, what, we just accept it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.00,0:12:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as a campaigner and investigator,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.00,0:12:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a different view,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.00,0:12:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I've seen what can happen
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.00,0:12:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when an idea gains momentum.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.00,0:12:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the oil and mining sector, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.00,0:13:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is now the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.00,0:13:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a truly worldwide transparency standard
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.00,0:13:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could tackle some of these problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.00,0:13:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1999, when Global Witness called
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.00,0:13:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for oil companies to make payments on deals transparent,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, some people laughed at the extreme naiveté
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that small idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.00,0:13:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But literally hundreds of civil society groups
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.00,0:13:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from around the world came together
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.00,0:13:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fight for transparency,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.00,0:13:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now it's fast becoming the norm and the law.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two thirds of the value
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.00,0:13:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the world's oil and mining companies
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.00,0:13:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now covered by transparency laws. Two thirds.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.00,0:13:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is change happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.00,0:13:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.00,0:13:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we're not there yet, by far.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.00,0:13:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it really isn't about corruption
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.00,0:13:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somewhere over there, is it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.00,0:13:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a globalized world, corruption
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.00,0:13:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a truly globalized business,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.00,0:13:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one that needs global solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.00,0:13:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supported and pushed by us all, as global citizens,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.00,0:13:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.00,0:14:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.00,0:14:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)