[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.61,0:00:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the next 16 minutes,\NI'm going to take you on a journey
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.40,0:00:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is probably\Nthe biggest dream of humanity:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.51,0:00:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand the code of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.07,0:00:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for me, everything started\Nmany, many years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.84,0:00:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I met the first 3D printer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.59,0:00:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The concept was fascinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.28,0:00:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A 3D printer needs three elements:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.33,0:00:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit of information, some\Nraw material, some energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.49,0:00:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it can produce any object\Nthat was not there before.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.52,0:00:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was doing physics,\NI was coming back home
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.68,0:00:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I realized that I actually\Nalways knew a 3D printer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.14,0:00:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everyone does.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.50,0:00:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was my mom.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.68,0:00:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.71,0:00:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My mom takes three elements:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.14,0:00:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit of information, which is between\Nmy father and my mom in this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.14,0:00:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,raw elements and energy\Nin the same media, that is food,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.32,0:00:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after several months, produces me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.86,0:00:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was not existent before.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.69,0:00:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So apart from the shock of my mom\Ndiscovering that she was a 3D printer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.48,0:00:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I immediately got mesmerized\Nby that piece,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.24,0:01:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first one, the information.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.98,0:01:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What amount of information does it take
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.26,0:01:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build and assemble a human?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.22,0:01:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it much? Is it little?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.81,0:01:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many thumb drives can you fill?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.02,0:01:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I was studying physics\Nat the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.66,0:01:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I took this approximation of a human\Nas a gigantic Lego piece.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.29,0:01:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, imagine that the building\Nblocks are little atoms
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.10,0:01:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is a hydrogen here,\Na carbon here, a nitrogen here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.77,0:01:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the first approximation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.37,0:01:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I can list the number of atoms\Nthat compose a human being,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.73,0:01:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can build it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.14,0:01:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you can run some numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.20,0:01:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that happens to be\Nquite an astonishing number.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.50,0:01:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the number of atoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.28,0:01:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the file that I will save in my thumb\Ndrive to assemble a little baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.06,0:01:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will actually fill an entire Titanic\Nof thumb drives --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.75,0:01:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiplied 2,000 times.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.96,0:01:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the miracle of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.38,0:01:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every time you see from now on\Na pregnant lady,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.02,0:02:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's assembling the biggest\Namount of information
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.90,0:02:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you will ever encounter.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.48,0:02:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forget big data, forget\Nanything you heard of.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.45,0:02:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the biggest amount\Nof information that exists.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.36,0:02:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.21,0:02:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But nature, fortunately, is much smarter\Nthan a young physicist,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.88,0:02:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in four billion years, managed\Nto pack this information
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.48,0:02:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a small crystal we call DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.60,0:02:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We met it for the first time in 1950\Nwhen Rosalind Franklin,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.94,0:02:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an amazing scientist, a woman,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.52,0:02:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took a picture of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.93,0:02:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it took us more than 40 years\Nto finally poke inside a human cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.15,0:02:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take out this crystal,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.77,0:02:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unroll it, and read it for the first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.62,0:02:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The code comes out to be\Na fairly simple alphabet,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.88,0:02:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four letters: A, T, C and G.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.68,0:02:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to build a human,\Nyou need three billion of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.93,0:02:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.14,0:02:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many are three billion?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.74,0:03:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't really make\Nany sense as a number, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.52,0:03:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I was thinking how\NI could explain myself better
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.63,0:03:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how big and enormous this code is.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.71,0:03:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is -- I mean,\NI'm going to have some help,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.79,0:03:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the best person to help me\Nintroduce the code
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.04,0:03:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually the first man\Nto sequence it, Dr. Craig Venter.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.58,0:03:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So welcome onstage, Dr. Craig Venter.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.100,0:03:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.95,0:03:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not the man in the flesh,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.45,0:03:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for the first time in history,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.82,0:03:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the genome of a specific human,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.30,0:03:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,printed page-by-page, letter-by-letter:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.09,0:03:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,262,000 pages of information,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.11,0:03:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,450 kilograms, shipped\Nfrom the United States to Canada
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.50,0:03:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to Bruno Bowden,\NLulu.com, a start-up, did everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.36,0:03:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was an amazing feat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.85,0:04:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is the visual perception\Nof what is the code of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.17,0:04:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, for the first time,\NI can do something fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.67,0:04:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can actually poke inside it and read.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.24,0:04:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me take an interesting\Nbook ... like this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.08,0:04:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have an annotation;\Nit's a fairly big book.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.64,0:04:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just to let you see\Nwhat is the code of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.57,0:04:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thousands and thousands and thousands
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.98,0:04:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and millions of letters.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.68,0:04:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they apparently make sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.10,0:04:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's get to a specific part.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.57,0:04:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me read it to you:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.96,0:04:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.00,0:04:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"AAG, AAT, ATA."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.96,0:04:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To you it sounds like mute letters,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.06,0:04:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this sequence gives\Nthe color of the eyes to Craig.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.63,0:04:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll show you another part of the book.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.59,0:04:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is actually a little\Nmore complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.98,0:04:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chromosome 14, book 132:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.65,0:04:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.77,0:04:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you might expect.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.07,0:05:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.86,0:05:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"ATT, CTT, GATT."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.33,0:05:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This human is lucky,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.04,0:05:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if you miss just\Ntwo letters in this position --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.58,0:05:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two letters of our three billion --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.48,0:05:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he will be condemned\Nto a terrible disease:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.52,0:05:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cystic fibrosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.99,0:05:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have no cure for it,\Nwe don't know how to solve it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.43,0:05:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's just two letters\Nof difference from what we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.58,0:05:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A wonderful book, a mighty book,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.12,0:05:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mighty book that helped me understand
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.14,0:05:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and show you something quite remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.48,0:05:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every one of you -- what makes\Nme, me and you, you --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.94,0:05:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just about five million of these,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.92,0:05:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,half a book.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.02,0:05:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the rest,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.70,0:05:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are all absolutely identical.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.01,0:05:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Five hundred pages\Nis the miracle of life that you are.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.05,0:05:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rest, we all share it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.60,0:06:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So think about that again\Nwhen we think that we are different.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.54,0:06:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the amount that we share.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.44,0:06:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now that I have your attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.89,0:06:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next question is:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.28,0:06:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do I read it?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.45,0:06:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do I make sense out of it?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.41,0:06:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for however good you can be\Nat assembling Swedish furniture,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.67,0:06:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this instruction manual\Nis nothing you can crack in your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.26,0:06:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.89,0:06:23.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, in 2014, two famous TEDsters,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.02,0:06:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Peter Diamandis and Craig Venter himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.59,0:06:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided to assemble a new company.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.54,0:06:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human Longevity was born,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.97,0:06:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with one mission:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.37,0:06:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying everything we can try
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.25,0:06:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and learning everything\Nwe can learn from these books,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.04,0:06:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with one target --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.86,0:06:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making real the dream\Nof personalized medicine,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.69,0:06:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understanding what things\Nshould be done to have better health
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.48,0:06:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what are the secrets in these books.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.33,0:06:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An amazing team, 40 data scientists\Nand many, many more people,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.60,0:06:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pleasure to work with.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.98,0:06:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The concept is actually very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.25,0:06:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to use a technology\Ncalled machine learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.44,0:07:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one side, we have genomes --\Nthousands of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.100,0:07:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other side, we collected\Nthe biggest database of human beings:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.02,0:07:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phenotypes, 3D scan, NMR --\Neverything you can think of.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.34,0:07:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside there, on these two opposite sides,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.26,0:07:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is the secret of translation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.73,0:07:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the middle, we build a machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.80,0:07:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We build a machine\Nand we train a machine --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.21,0:07:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, not exactly one machine,\Nmany, many machines --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.44,0:07:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand and translate\Nthe genome in a phenotype.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.36,0:07:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are those letters,\Nand what do they do?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.73,0:07:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an approach that can\Nbe used for everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.50,0:07:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but using it in genomics\Nis particularly complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.51,0:07:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little by little we grew and we wanted\Nto build different challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.81,0:07:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started from the beginning,\Nfrom common traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.57,0:07:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Common traits are comfortable\Nbecause they are common,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.20,0:07:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone has them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.40,0:07:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we started to ask our questions:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.92,0:07:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we predict height?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.98,0:07:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we read the books\Nand predict your height?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.19,0:07:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we actually can,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.36,0:08:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with five centimeters of precision.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.18,0:08:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BMI is fairly connected to your lifestyle,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.34,0:08:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we still can, we get in the ballpark,\Neight kilograms of precision.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.22,0:08:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we predict eye color?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.48,0:08:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, we can.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.66,0:08:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eighty percent accuracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.47,0:08:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we predict skin color?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.35,0:08:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah we can, 80 percent accuracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.81,0:08:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we predict age?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.12,0:08:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can, because apparently,\Nthe code changes during your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.88,0:08:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gets shorter, you lose pieces,\Nit gets insertions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.19,0:08:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We read the signals, and we make a model.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.44,0:08:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, an interesting challenge:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.94,0:08:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we predict a human face?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.01,0:08:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a little complicated,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.32,0:08:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a human face is scattered\Namong millions of these letters.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.53,0:08:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a human face is not\Na very well-defined object.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.18,0:08:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we had to build an entire tier of it
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.26,0:08:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to learn and teach\Na machine what a face is,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.99,0:08:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and embed and compress it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.05,0:08:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you're comfortable\Nwith machine learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.33,0:08:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you understand what the challenge is here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.11,0:08:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, after 15 years -- 15 years after\Nwe read the first sequence --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.12,0:09:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this October, we started\Nto see some signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.05,0:09:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was a very emotional moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.53,0:09:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here is a subject\Ncoming in our lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.62,0:09:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a face for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.57,0:09:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we take the real face of a subject,\Nwe reduce the complexity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.23,0:09:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because not everything is in your face --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.22,0:09:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lots of features and defects\Nand asymmetries come from your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.03,0:09:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We symmetrize the face,\Nand we run our algorithm.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.24,0:09:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The results that I show you right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.17,0:09:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the prediction we have\Nfrom the blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.60,0:09:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.14,0:09:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wait a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.60,0:09:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In these seconds, your eyes are watching,\Nleft and right, left and right,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.32,0:09:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your brain wants\Nthose pictures to be identical.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.27,0:09:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I ask you to do\Nanother exercise, to be honest.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.74,0:09:46.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please search for the differences,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.05,0:09:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are many.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.44,0:09:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biggest amount of signal\Ncomes from gender,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.07,0:09:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then there is age, BMI,\Nthe ethnicity component of a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.29,0:09:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And scaling up over that signal\Nis much more complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.03,0:10:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what you see here,\Neven in the differences,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.30,0:10:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lets you understand\Nthat we are in the right ballpark,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.92,0:10:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are getting closer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.29,0:10:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's already giving you some emotions.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.66,0:10:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is another subject\Nthat comes in place,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.39,0:10:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is a prediction.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.82,0:10:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A little smaller face, we didn't get\Nthe complete cranial structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.44,0:10:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but still, it's in the ballpark.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.63,0:10:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a subject that comes in our lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.88,0:10:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is the prediction.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.06,0:10:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these people have never been seen\Nin the training of the machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.76,0:10:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the so-called "held-out" set.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.62,0:10:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these are people that you will\Nprobably never believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.38,0:10:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're publishing everything\Nin a scientific publication,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.08,0:10:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can read it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.26,0:10:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But since we are onstage,\NChris challenged me.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.62,0:10:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I probably exposed myself\Nand tried to predict
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.27,0:10:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone that you might recognize.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.47,0:10:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in this vial of blood --\Nand believe me, you have no idea
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.92,0:10:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we had to do to have\Nthis blood now, here --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.82,0:11:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this vial of blood is the amount\Nof biological information
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.75,0:11:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we need to do a full genome sequence.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.05,0:11:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just need this amount.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.53,0:11:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We ran this sequence,\Nand I'm going to do it with you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.76,0:11:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we start to layer up\Nall the understanding we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.76,0:11:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the vial of blood,\Nwe predicted he's a male.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.13,0:11:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the subject is a male.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.100,0:11:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We predict that he's a meter and 76 cm.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.46,0:11:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The subject is a meter and 77 cm.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.87,0:11:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we predicted that he's 76;\Nthe subject is 82.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.70,0:11:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We predict his age, 38.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.36,0:11:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The subject is 35.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.85,0:11:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We predict his eye color.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.82,0:11:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Too dark.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.06,0:11:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We predict his skin color.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.03,0:11:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are almost there.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.90,0:11:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's his face.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.17,0:11:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the reveal moment:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.46,0:11:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the subject is this person.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.26,0:11:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.22,0:11:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I did it intentionally.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.30,0:11:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am a very particular\Nand peculiar ethnicity.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.02,0:12:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Southern European, Italians --\Nthey never fit in models.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.99,0:12:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's particular -- that ethnicity\Nis a complex corner case for our model.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.14,0:12:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is another point.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.68,0:12:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, one of the things that we use\Na lot to recognize people
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.18,0:12:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will never be written in the genome.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.92,0:12:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's our free will, it's how I look.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.26,0:12:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not my haircut in this case,\Nbut my beard cut.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.52,0:12:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to show you, I'm going to,\Nin this case, transfer it --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.10,0:12:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is nothing more\Nthan Photoshop, no modeling --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.88,0:12:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beard on the subject.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.62,0:12:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And immediately, we get\Nmuch, much better in the feeling.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.96,0:12:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, why do we do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.94,0:12:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We certainly don't do it\Nfor predicting height
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.10,0:12:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or taking a beautiful picture\Nout of your blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.39,0:12:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do it because the same technology\Nand the same approach,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.43,0:12:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the machine learning of this code,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.98,0:12:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is helping us to understand how we work,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.14,0:12:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how your body works,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.65,0:12:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how your body ages,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.34,0:13:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how disease generates in your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.13,0:13:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how your cancer grows and develops,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.12,0:13:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how drugs work
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.93,0:13:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if they work on your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.71,0:13:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a huge challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.89,0:13:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a challenge that we share
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.56,0:13:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with thousands of other\Nresearchers around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.16,0:13:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called personalized medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.12,0:13:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the ability to move\Nfrom a statistical approach
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.61,0:13:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you're a dot in the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.66,0:13:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a personalized approach,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.50,0:13:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we read all these books
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.71,0:13:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we get an understanding\Nof exactly how you are.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.26,0:13:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is a particularly\Ncomplicated challenge,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.65,0:13:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of all these books, as of today,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.67,0:13:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just know probably two percent:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.03,0:13:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four books of more than 175.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.02,0:13:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is not the topic of my talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.14,0:13:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we will learn more.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.38,0:13:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are the best minds\Nin the world on this topic.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.05,0:13:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prediction will get better,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.91,0:14:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the model will get more precise.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.18,0:14:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more we learn,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.06,0:14:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more we will\Nbe confronted with decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.92,0:14:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we never had to face before
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.96,0:14:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about life,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.42,0:14:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about death,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.12,0:14:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about parenting.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.63,0:14:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we are touching the very\Ninner detail on how life works.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.12,0:14:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a revolution\Nthat cannot be confined
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.30,0:14:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the domain of science or technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.96,0:14:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This must be a global conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.80,0:14:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must start to think of the future\Nwe're building as a humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.04,0:14:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to interact with creatives,\Nwith artists, with philosophers,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.13,0:14:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with politicians.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.66,0:14:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone is involved,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.84,0:14:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's the future of our species.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.27,0:14:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without fear, but with the understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.26,0:14:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the decisions\Nthat we make in the next year
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.16,0:15:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will change the course of history forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.73,0:15:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.92,0:15:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)