[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.72,0:00:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone knows that stories
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.27,0:00:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are made up of words,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.89,0:00:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from short poems
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.68,0:00:11.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to epic novels.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.100,0:00:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But did you know
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.08,0:00:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a single word itself
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.85,0:00:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can tell an entire story?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.66,0:00:19.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, just as we can look at a story's plot,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.61,0:00:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,setting,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.50,0:00:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and characters,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.63,0:00:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can also study the history
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.26,0:00:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an individual word,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.88,0:00:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it developed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.85,0:00:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cultures and people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.05,0:00:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who helped shape it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.68,0:00:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking into the story of a word
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.43,0:00:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is like counting the rings of a tree.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.64,0:00:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Newer words, like Google
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.35,0:00:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or cyborg,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.63,0:00:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have shorter stories.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.88,0:00:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the older the word,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.44,0:00:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the longer the story
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.90,0:00:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the more it stands to reveal to us
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.02,0:00:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only about itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.60,0:00:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but about ourselves and our history.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.64,0:00:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oldest words in present-day English
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.33,0:00:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are those that come from Old English,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.32,0:00:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ancestor of our modern language
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.50,0:00:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose first seeds were planted
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.89,0:00:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 1500 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.22,0:00:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Compared to languages like Greek or Chinese
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.72,0:01:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that date back thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.71,0:01:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English is just a sapling in the lexical forest.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.88,0:01:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the stories of its words
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.63,0:01:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often start long before English itself took root.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.30,0:01:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One such word is the familiar word true,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.29,0:01:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in true stories.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.26,0:01:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.22,0:01:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,True usually means factual, correct,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.64,0:01:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or faithful to reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.40,0:01:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can also mean exact,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.11,0:01:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,properly positioned,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.27,0:01:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,upright,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.27,0:01:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or straight.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.34,0:01:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A true friend is loyal,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.28,0:01:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reliable,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.41,0:01:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,faithful,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.10,0:01:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and steadfast.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.70,0:01:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The word true is a simple word,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.88,0:01:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can add some affixes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.37,0:01:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grow its family tree
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.08,0:01:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with words like truer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.41,0:01:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,truest,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.57,0:01:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,truly,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.15,0:01:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.90,0:01:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and untruth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.24,0:01:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we go in the other direction
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.82,0:01:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look at the roots of true itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.54,0:01:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find even more relatives
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.37,0:01:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,further up the family tree.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.84,0:01:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The words trust,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.76,0:01:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bethroth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.84,0:01:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and truce
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.94,0:01:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all derive from the same source as true,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.06,0:01:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these words all denote faithfulness
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.23,0:01:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or confidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.79,0:02:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A thousand years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.18,0:02:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the word true looked and sounded
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.55,0:02:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different than it does today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.47,0:02:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In several Old English dialects,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.34,0:02:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the word treow was a noun
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.24,0:02:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that meant good faith or trust,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.26,0:02:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pledge or a promise.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.50,0:02:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it also had another definition,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.86,0:02:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tree,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.68,0:02:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's no coincidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.26,0:02:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we trace the roots back even farther,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.73,0:02:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find that both meanings
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.17,0:02:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,derive from a common origin,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.20,0:02:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where some of the earliest expressions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.96,0:02:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the concept of truth
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.54,0:02:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were associated with the uprightness of an oak,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.67,0:02:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the steadiness of a silver birch,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.03,0:02:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fidelity of an orchard baring fruit
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.28,0:02:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,year after year.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.00,0:02:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This may sound like a stretch at first,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.25,0:02:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but trees are the oldest living organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.26,0:02:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.71,0:02:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some that would have been called treow long ago
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.34,0:02:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still stand today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.17,0:02:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Fortingall Yew in Scotland
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.09,0:02:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is more than 2,000 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.08,0:02:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A Californian Bristlecone Pine
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.93,0:02:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is more than 5,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.86,0:02:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Utah's Pando-quaking Aspen Grove
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.81,0:02:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a single root system
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.12,0:03:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that dates back more than 80 millennia.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.65,0:03:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trees have also held a sacred place
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.31,0:03:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in many cultures throughout history.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.42,0:03:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Celtic peoples
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.65,0:03:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who first inhabited the British Isles
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.33,0:03:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believed that trees housed deities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.11,0:03:15.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in fact, the ancient Druids take their name
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.100,0:03:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the same ancient root as tree.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.67,0:03:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Planting a tree is itself an act of faith
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.92,0:03:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and commitment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.18,0:03:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only are trees upright and prototypically straight,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.29,0:03:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are actual, solid, and real,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.96,0:03:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something you can see and touch.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.10,0:03:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are as reliable and steadfast to us today
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.81,0:03:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they were a millennium ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.79,0:03:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nurturing us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.53,0:03:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sheltering us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.36,0:03:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and providing the pages of our books.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.66,0:03:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Philosophers and poets,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.87,0:03:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people in search of the truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.58,0:03:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have often sought it in trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.90,0:03:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What did the tree learn from the Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.58,0:03:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to talk with the sky?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.37,0:03:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asked Pablo Neruda.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.09,0:03:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A tree falls the way it leans,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.78,0:03:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,says an old proverb.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.38,0:03:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as trees mark our landscapes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.29,0:03:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and witness our histories,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.75,0:03:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stories of words landscape our language,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.09,0:04:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,capturing the rains and sunshine of generations
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.97,0:04:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sending roots and branches far and wide.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.52,0:04:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As there is a whole orchard in a single seed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.19,0:04:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a whole story in a single word,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.12,0:04:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the truth.