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Good evening.

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We are in this wonderful

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open-air amphitheater

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and we are enjoying ourselves

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in that mild evening

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temperature tonight,

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but when Qatar will host

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the football World Cup

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10 years from now,

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2022,

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we already heard it will be

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in the hot, very hot and sunny

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summer months of June and July.

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And when Qatar has been assigned

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to the World Cup all, many

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people around the world have been

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wondering, how would it be

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possible that football players

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show spectacular football,

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run around in this desert

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climate? How would it be

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possible that spectators sit,

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enjoy themselves in open-air

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stadia in this hot environment?

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Together with the architects of

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Albert Speer & Partner, our engineers

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from Transsolar have been

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supporting, have been developing

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open-air stadia based on 100 percent

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solar power, on 100 percent solar cooling.

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Let me tell you about that,

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but let me start with comfort.

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Let me start with the aspect

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of comfort, because many people

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are confusing

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ambient temperature

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with thermal comfort.

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We are used to looking at charts like

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that, and you see this red line

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showing the air temperature

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in June and July, and yes, that's right,

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it's picking up to 45 degrees C.

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It's actually very hot.

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But air temperature is not

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the full set of climatic

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parameters which define comfort.

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Let me show you analysis

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a colleague of mine did looking

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on different football, World Cups,

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Olympic Games around the world,

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looking on the comfort

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and analyzing the comfort

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people have perceived at these

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different sport activities,

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and let me start with Mexico.

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Mexico temperature has been, air

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temperature has been something between

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15, up to 30 degrees C, and people

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enjoyed themselves.

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It was a very comfortable game

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in Mexico City. Have a look.

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Orlando, same kind of stadium,

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open-air stadium. People have

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been sitting in the strong sun,

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in the very high humidity

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in the afternoon, and they

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did not enjoy. It was not comfortable.

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The air temperature was not too high, but it was not

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comfortable during these games.

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What about Seoul? Seoul, because

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of broadcast rights, all the

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games have been in the late

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afternoon. Sun has already been

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set, so the games have been

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perceived as comfortable.

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What about Athens? Mediterranean

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climate, but in the sun it was

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not comfortable. They didn't perceive comfort.

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And we know that from Spain,

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we know that "sol y sombra."

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If you have a ticket, and you

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get a ticket for the shade,

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you pay more, because you're

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in a more comfortable environment.

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What about Beijing?

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It's again, sun in the day

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and high humidity,

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and it was not comfortable.

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So if I overlay, and if you

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overlay all these comfort

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envelopes, what we see is,

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in all these places, air temperature has

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been ranging something from 25

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to 35, and if you go on

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the line, 30, of 30 degrees C

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ambient temperatures. If you

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go along that line you see

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there has been all kind of

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comfort, all kinds of perceived

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outdoor comfort, ranging from

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very comfortable

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to very uncomfortable.

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So why is that?

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This is because there are

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more parameters influencing

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our thermal comfort, which is

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the sun, the direct sun,

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the diffuse sun, which is wind,

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strong wind, mild wind, which is

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air humidity, which is

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the radiant temperature of the

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surroundings where we are in.

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And this is air temperature.

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All these parameters go into

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the comfort feeling of our

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human body, and scientists

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have developed a parameter,

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which is the perceived

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temperature, where all these

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parameters go in and help

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designers to understand

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which is the driving parameter

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that I feel comfort or that

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I don't feel comfort.

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Which is the driving parameter

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which gives me a perceived

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temperature? And these parameters,

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these climatic parameters are

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related to the human metabolism.

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Because of our metabolism,

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we as human beings,

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we produce heat.

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I'm excited, I'm talking to you,

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I'm probably producing

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150 watts

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at the moment. You are sitting,

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you are relaxed, you're looking

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at me. It's probably 100

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watts each person is producing,

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and we need to get rid of that

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energy. I need, with my body,

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to get rid of the energy, and

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the harder it is for myself,

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for my body, to get rid of the

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energy, the less comfort I feel.

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That's it. And if I don't

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get rid of the energy,

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I will die.

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If we overlay what happens

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during the football World Cup,

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what will happen in June, July,

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we will see, yes, air

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temperature will be much higher,

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but because the games and

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the plays will be in the afternoon,

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it's probably the same comfort

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rating we've found in other

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places which has perceived

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as non-comfortable.

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So we sat together with a team

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which prepared the Bid Book, or goal,

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that we said, let's aim

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for perceived temperature,

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for outdoor comfort in this range,

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which is perceived with a

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temperature of 32 degrees

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Celsius perceived temperature,

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which is extremely comfortable.

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People would feel really fine

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in an open outdoor environment.

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But what does it mean?

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If we just look on what happens,

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we see, temperature's too high.

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If we apply the best architectural design,

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climate engineering design,

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we won't get much better.

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So we need to do something active.

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We need, for instance, to bring

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in radiant cooling technology,

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and we need to combine this

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with so-called soft conditioning.

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And how does it look like in a stadium?

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So the stadium has a few

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elements which create that

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outdoor comfort. First of all,

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it's shading. It needs

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to protect where the people

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are sitting against strong

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and warm wind.

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But that's not all what we need

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to do. We need to use

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active systems.

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Instead of blowing a hurricane

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of chilled air through the stadium,

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we can use radiant

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cooling technologies, like a

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floor heating system where water

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pipes are embedded in the floor.

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And just by using cold water

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going through the water pipes,

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you can release the heat

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which is absorbed during the day

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in the stadium, so you can

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create that comfort, and then by

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adding dry air instead of

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down-chilled air, the spectators

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and the football players can

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adjust to their individual

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comfort needs, to their

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individual energy balance.

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They can adjust and find

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their comfort they need to find.

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There are 12 stadia probably

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to come, but there are

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32 training pitches where

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all the individual countries

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are going to train.

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We applied the same concept:

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shading of the training pitch,

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using a shelter against wind,

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then using the grass.

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Natural-watered lawn is a

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very good cooling source

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stabilizing temperature,

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and using dehumidified air to

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create comfort.

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But even the best passive design

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wouldn't help.

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We need active system.

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And how do we do that?

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Our idea for the bid was

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100 percent solar cooling,

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based on the idea that we use

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the roof of the stadia,

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we cover the roofs of the stadia

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with PV systems.

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We don't borrow any energy

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from history.

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We are not using fossil energies.

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We are not borrowing energy

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from our neighbors.

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We're using energy we can harvest

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on our roofs, and also on the

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training pitches, which will be

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covered with large, flexible

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membranes, and we will see

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in the next years an industry

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coming up with flexible

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photovoltaics, giving

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the possibilities of shading

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against strong sun and producing

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electric energy in the same time.

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And this energy now is

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harvested throughout the year,

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sent into the grid,

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is replacing fossils

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in the grid, and when I need it

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for the cooling, I take it

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back from the grid and I

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use the solar energy

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which I have brought to the grid

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back when I need

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it for the solar cooling.

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And I can do that in the first

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year and I can balance that

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in the next 10, and the next

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20 years, this energy,

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which is necessary to condition

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a World Cup in Qatar,

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the next 20 years, this energy

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goes into the grid of Qatar.

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So this -- (Applause)

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Thank you very much. (Applause)

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This is not only useful

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for stadia. We can use that also

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in open-air places and streets,

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and we've been working on

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the City of the Future

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in Masdar, which is in the

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United Emirates, Abu Dhabi.

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And I had the pleasure to work

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on the central plaza.

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And the same idea to use there,

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to create outdoor conditions

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which are perceived

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as comfortable. People enjoy

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going there instead of going

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into a shopping mall, which is

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chilled down and which is

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cooled. We wanted to create

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an outdoor space

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which is so comfortable that

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people can go there in the

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early afternoon, even in these

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sunny and hot summer months,

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and they can enjoy and meet there

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with their families. (Applause)

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And the same concept:

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shade against the sun,

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shade against the wind,

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and use, use and take advantage

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of the sun you can harvest

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on your footprint.

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And these beautiful umbrellas.

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So I'd like to encourage you

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to pay attention to your

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thermal comfort, to your

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thermal environment,

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tonight and tomorrow,

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and if you'd like to learn more

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about that, I invite you

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to go to our website.

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We uploaded a very simple

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perceived temperature calculator

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where you can check out

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about your outdoor comfort.

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And I also hope that you

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share the idea that

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if engineers and designers

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can use all these different

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climatic parameters,

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it will be possible to create

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really good and comfortable

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outdoor conditions,

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to change our thermal perception

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that we feel comfortable

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in an outdoor environment,

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and we can do that

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with the best passive design,

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but also using the energy source

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of the site in Qatar which is

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the sun.

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(Applause)

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Thank you very much. (Applause)

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Shukran. (Applause)