WEBVTT 00:00:01.480 --> 00:00:06.016 I thought I would start with a very brief history of cities. 00:00:06.040 --> 00:00:10.616 Settlements typically began with people clustered around a well, 00:00:10.640 --> 00:00:13.974 and the size of that settlement was roughly the distance you could walk 00:00:13.998 --> 00:00:15.936 with a pot of water on your head. 00:00:15.960 --> 00:00:19.456 In fact, if you fly over Germany, for example, 00:00:19.480 --> 00:00:22.480 and you look down and you see these hundreds of little villages, 00:00:22.504 --> 00:00:24.240 they're all about a mile apart. 00:00:24.264 --> 00:00:27.056 You needed easy access to the fields. 00:00:27.080 --> 00:00:30.456 And for hundreds, even thousands of years, 00:00:30.480 --> 00:00:33.056 the home was really the center of life. 00:00:33.080 --> 00:00:35.656 Life was very small for most people. 00:00:35.680 --> 00:00:41.776 It was a center of entertainment, of energy production, of work, 00:00:41.800 --> 00:00:43.016 a center of health care. 00:00:43.040 --> 00:00:46.336 That's where babies were born and people died. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:46.360 --> 00:00:51.216 Then, with industrialization, everything started to become centralized. 00:00:51.240 --> 00:00:55.256 You had dirty factories that were moved to the outskirts of cities. 00:00:55.280 --> 00:00:59.616 Production was centralized in assembly plants. 00:00:59.640 --> 00:01:03.216 You had centralized energy production. 00:01:03.240 --> 00:01:04.935 Learning took place in schools. 00:01:04.959 --> 00:01:07.920 Health care took place in hospitals. 00:01:09.000 --> 00:01:11.016 And then you had networks that developed. 00:01:11.040 --> 00:01:13.656 You had water, sewer networks 00:01:13.680 --> 00:01:17.536 that allowed for this kind of unchecked expansion. 00:01:17.560 --> 00:01:21.176 You had separated functions, increasingly. 00:01:21.200 --> 00:01:22.936 You had rail networks 00:01:22.960 --> 00:01:25.776 that connected residential, industrial, commercial areas. 00:01:25.800 --> 00:01:27.416 You had auto networks. 00:01:27.440 --> 00:01:30.696 In fact, the model was really, give everybody a car, 00:01:30.720 --> 00:01:32.056 build roads to everything, 00:01:32.080 --> 00:01:34.536 and give people a place to park when they get there. 00:01:34.560 --> 00:01:36.256 It was not a very functional model. 00:01:36.280 --> 00:01:38.656 And we still live in that world, 00:01:38.680 --> 00:01:40.816 and this is what we end up with. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:40.840 --> 00:01:42.896 So you have the sprawl of LA, 00:01:42.920 --> 00:01:45.096 the sprawl of Mexico City. 00:01:45.120 --> 00:01:48.216 You have these unbelievable new cities in China, 00:01:48.240 --> 00:01:50.576 which you might call tower sprawl. 00:01:50.600 --> 00:01:51.936 They're all building cities 00:01:51.960 --> 00:01:54.896 on the model that we invented in the '50s and '60s, 00:01:54.920 --> 00:01:56.936 which is really obsolete, I would argue, 00:01:56.960 --> 00:01:59.246 and there are hundreds and hundreds of new cities 00:01:59.270 --> 00:02:01.326 that are being planned all over the world. 00:02:01.350 --> 00:02:05.376 In China alone, 300 million people, some say 400 million people, 00:02:05.400 --> 00:02:07.736 will move to the city over the next 15 years. 00:02:07.760 --> 00:02:10.256 That means building the equivalent 00:02:10.280 --> 00:02:13.096 of the entire built infrastructure of the US in 15 years. 00:02:13.120 --> 00:02:14.336 Imagine that. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:14.360 --> 00:02:19.016 And we should all care about this whether you live in cities or not. 00:02:19.040 --> 00:02:22.616 Cities will account for 90 percent of the population growth, 00:02:22.640 --> 00:02:27.416 80 percent of the global CO2, 75 percent of energy use, 00:02:27.440 --> 00:02:29.936 but at the same time it's where people want to be, 00:02:29.960 --> 00:02:31.536 increasingly. 00:02:31.560 --> 00:02:34.376 More than half the people now in the world live in cities, 00:02:34.400 --> 00:02:37.096 and that will just continue to escalate. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:37.120 --> 00:02:40.736 Cities are places of celebration, personal expression. 00:02:40.760 --> 00:02:44.056 You have the flash mobs of pillow fights that -- 00:02:44.080 --> 00:02:46.176 I've been to a couple. They're quite fun. 00:02:46.200 --> 00:02:47.416 You have -- NOTE Paragraph 00:02:47.440 --> 00:02:48.696 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:02:48.720 --> 00:02:51.536 Cities are where most of the wealth is created, 00:02:51.560 --> 00:02:55.256 and particularly in the developing world, it's where women find opportunities. 00:02:55.280 --> 00:02:58.696 That's a lot of the reason why cities are growing very quickly. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:58.720 --> 00:03:01.336 Now there's some trends that will impact cities. 00:03:01.360 --> 00:03:04.256 First of all, work is becoming distributed and mobile. 00:03:04.280 --> 00:03:07.896 The office building is basically obsolete for doing private work. 00:03:07.920 --> 00:03:12.296 The home, once again, because of distributed computation -- 00:03:12.320 --> 00:03:14.336 Communication is becoming a center of life, 00:03:14.360 --> 00:03:18.536 so it's a center of production and learning and shopping and health care 00:03:18.560 --> 00:03:21.336 and all of these things that we used to think of 00:03:21.360 --> 00:03:24.176 as taking place outside of the home. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:24.200 --> 00:03:27.176 And increasingly, everything that people buy, 00:03:27.200 --> 00:03:28.536 every consumer product, 00:03:28.560 --> 00:03:31.496 in one way or another, can be personalized. 00:03:31.520 --> 00:03:33.936 And that's a very important trend to think about. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:33.960 --> 00:03:36.576 So this is my image of the city of the future. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:37.059 --> 00:03:39.416 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:03:39.440 --> 00:03:41.696 In that it's a place for people, you know. 00:03:41.720 --> 00:03:44.416 Maybe not the way people dress, but -- 00:03:44.440 --> 00:03:45.869 You know, the question now is, 00:03:45.893 --> 00:03:49.336 how can we have all the good things that we identify with cities 00:03:49.360 --> 00:03:51.176 without all the bad things? NOTE Paragraph 00:03:51.200 --> 00:03:52.416 This is Bangalore. 00:03:52.440 --> 00:03:56.496 It took me a couple of hours to get a few miles in Bangalore last year. 00:03:56.520 --> 00:03:59.056 So with cities, you also have congestion and pollution 00:03:59.080 --> 00:04:01.736 and disease and all these negative things. 00:04:01.760 --> 00:04:03.976 How can we have the good stuff without the bad? NOTE Paragraph 00:04:04.000 --> 00:04:06.572 So we went back and started looking at the great cities 00:04:06.596 --> 00:04:08.696 that evolved before the cars. 00:04:08.720 --> 00:04:13.056 Paris was a series of these little villages that came together, 00:04:13.080 --> 00:04:14.976 and you still see that structure today. 00:04:15.000 --> 00:04:17.953 The 20 arrondissements of Paris are these little neighborhoods. 00:04:17.977 --> 00:04:22.696 Most of what people need in life can be within a five- or 10-minute walk. 00:04:22.720 --> 00:04:25.936 And if you look at the data, when you have that kind of a structure, 00:04:25.960 --> 00:04:27.656 you get a very even distribution 00:04:27.680 --> 00:04:31.056 of the shops and the physicians and the pharmacies 00:04:31.080 --> 00:04:32.976 and the cafes in Paris. 00:04:33.000 --> 00:04:35.936 And then you look at cities that evolved after the automobile, 00:04:35.960 --> 00:04:37.696 and it's not that kind of a pattern. 00:04:37.720 --> 00:04:40.736 There's very little that's within a five-minute walk 00:04:40.760 --> 00:04:43.056 of most areas of places like Pittsburgh. 00:04:43.080 --> 00:04:44.336 Not to pick on Pittsburgh, 00:04:44.360 --> 00:04:48.896 but most American cities really have evolved this way. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:48.920 --> 00:04:51.096 So we said, well, let's look at new cities, 00:04:51.120 --> 00:04:55.336 and we're involved in a couple of new city projects in China. 00:04:55.360 --> 00:04:57.816 So we said, let's start with that neighborhood cell. 00:04:57.840 --> 00:04:59.736 We think of it as a compact urban cell. 00:04:59.760 --> 00:05:03.336 So provide most of what most people want within that 20-minute walk. 00:05:03.360 --> 00:05:06.896 This can also be a resilient electrical microgrid, 00:05:06.920 --> 00:05:10.496 community heating, power, communication networks, etc. 00:05:10.520 --> 00:05:12.296 can be concentrated there. 00:05:12.320 --> 00:05:15.176 Stewart Brand would put a micronuclear reactor 00:05:15.200 --> 00:05:17.176 right in the center, probably. 00:05:17.200 --> 00:05:18.656 And he might be right. 00:05:18.680 --> 00:05:22.216 And then we can form, in effect, a mesh network. 00:05:22.240 --> 00:05:25.856 It's something of an Internet typology pattern, 00:05:25.880 --> 00:05:28.376 so you can have a series of these neighborhoods. 00:05:28.400 --> 00:05:29.856 You can dial up the density -- 00:05:29.880 --> 00:05:32.376 about 20,000 people per cell, if it's Cambridge. 00:05:32.400 --> 00:05:34.936 Go up to 50,000 if it's Manhattan density. 00:05:34.960 --> 00:05:37.056 You connect everything with mass transit 00:05:37.080 --> 00:05:41.336 and you provide most of what most people need within that neighborhood. 00:05:41.360 --> 00:05:44.576 You can begin to develop a whole typology of streetscapes 00:05:44.600 --> 00:05:47.656 and the vehicles that can go on them. 00:05:47.680 --> 00:05:50.096 I won't go through all of them. I'll just show one. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:50.120 --> 00:05:54.016 This is Boulder. It's a great example of kind of a mobility parkway, 00:05:54.040 --> 00:05:56.776 a superhighway for joggers and bicyclists, 00:05:56.800 --> 00:05:59.324 where you can go from one end of the city to the other 00:05:59.348 --> 00:06:01.096 without crossing the street, 00:06:01.120 --> 00:06:04.896 and they also have bike-sharing, which I'll get into in a minute. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:04.920 --> 00:06:07.096 This is even a more interesting solution 00:06:07.120 --> 00:06:08.336 in Seoul, Korea. 00:06:08.360 --> 00:06:10.776 They took the elevated highway, they got rid of it, 00:06:10.800 --> 00:06:14.416 they reclaimed the street, the river down below, 00:06:14.440 --> 00:06:15.816 below the street, 00:06:15.840 --> 00:06:18.176 and you can go from one end of Seoul to the other 00:06:18.200 --> 00:06:21.856 without crossing a pathway for cars. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:21.880 --> 00:06:25.200 The High Line in Manhattan is very similar. 00:06:26.360 --> 00:06:30.536 You have these rapidly emerging bike lanes all over the world. 00:06:30.560 --> 00:06:32.216 I lived in Manhattan for 15 years. 00:06:32.240 --> 00:06:34.496 I went back a couple of weekends ago, 00:06:34.520 --> 00:06:40.096 took this photograph of these fabulous new bike lanes that they have installed. 00:06:40.120 --> 00:06:42.936 They're still not to where Copenhagen is, 00:06:42.960 --> 00:06:46.376 where something like 42 percent of the trips within the city 00:06:46.400 --> 00:06:47.616 are by bicycle. 00:06:47.640 --> 00:06:51.416 It's mostly just because they have fantastic infrastructure there. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:51.440 --> 00:06:54.136 We actually did exactly the wrong thing in Boston. 00:06:54.160 --> 00:06:56.216 The Big Dig -- NOTE Paragraph 00:06:56.240 --> 00:06:58.736 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:06:58.760 --> 00:07:02.776 So we got rid of the highway but we created a traffic island, 00:07:02.800 --> 00:07:07.496 and it's certainly not a mobility pathway for anything other than cars. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:07.520 --> 00:07:10.256 Mobility on demand is something we've been thinking about, 00:07:10.280 --> 00:07:13.576 so we think we need an ecosystem of these shared-use vehicles 00:07:13.600 --> 00:07:15.696 connected to mass transit. 00:07:15.720 --> 00:07:18.776 These are some of the vehicles that we've been working on. 00:07:18.800 --> 00:07:20.456 But shared use is really key. 00:07:20.480 --> 00:07:24.376 If you share a vehicle, you can have at least four people use one vehicle, 00:07:24.400 --> 00:07:26.256 as opposed to one. 00:07:26.280 --> 00:07:31.200 We have Hubway here in Boston, the Vélib' system in Paris. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:32.760 --> 00:07:37.016 We've been developing, at the Media Lab, this little city car 00:07:37.040 --> 00:07:40.216 that is optimized for shared use in cities. 00:07:40.240 --> 00:07:43.616 We got rid of all the useless things like engines and transmissions. 00:07:43.640 --> 00:07:45.616 We moved everything to the wheels, 00:07:45.640 --> 00:07:47.016 so you have the drive motor, 00:07:47.040 --> 00:07:49.536 the steering motor, the breaking -- all in the wheel. 00:07:49.560 --> 00:07:52.736 That left the chassis unencumbered, so you can do things like fold, 00:07:52.760 --> 00:07:58.416 so you can fold this little vehicle up to occupy a tiny little footprint. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:58.440 --> 00:08:01.896 This was a video that was on European television last week 00:08:01.920 --> 00:08:07.536 showing the Spanish Minister of Industry driving this little vehicle, 00:08:07.560 --> 00:08:09.376 and when it's folded, it can spin. 00:08:09.400 --> 00:08:12.656 You don't need reverse. You don't need parallel parking. 00:08:12.680 --> 00:08:14.296 You just spin and go directly in. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:14.320 --> 00:08:15.896 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:08:15.920 --> 00:08:18.696 So we've been working with a company to commercialize this. 00:08:18.720 --> 00:08:21.816 My PhD student Ryan Chin presented these early ideas 00:08:21.840 --> 00:08:24.496 two years ago at a TEDx conference. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:24.520 --> 00:08:27.016 So what's interesting is, 00:08:27.040 --> 00:08:29.856 then if you begin to add new things to it, like autonomy, 00:08:29.880 --> 00:08:32.655 you get out of the car, you park at your destination, 00:08:32.679 --> 00:08:36.496 you pat it on the butt, it goes and it parks itself, it charges itself, 00:08:36.520 --> 00:08:41.096 and you can get something like seven times as many vehicles 00:08:41.120 --> 00:08:44.456 in a given area as conventional cars, 00:08:44.480 --> 00:08:46.056 and we think this is the future. 00:08:46.080 --> 00:08:49.776 Actually, we could do this today. It's not really a problem. 00:08:49.800 --> 00:08:53.336 We can combine shared use and folding and autonomy 00:08:53.360 --> 00:08:56.656 and we get something like 28 times the land utilization 00:08:56.680 --> 00:08:58.336 with that kind of strategy. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:58.360 --> 00:09:00.218 One of our graduate students then says, 00:09:00.242 --> 00:09:04.376 well, how does a driverless car communicate with pedestrians? 00:09:04.400 --> 00:09:06.576 You have nobody to make eye contact with. 00:09:06.600 --> 00:09:08.736 You don't know if it's going to run you over. 00:09:08.760 --> 00:09:10.336 So he's developing strategies 00:09:10.360 --> 00:09:12.936 so the vehicle can communicate with pedestrians, so -- NOTE Paragraph 00:09:12.960 --> 00:09:14.376 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:09:14.400 --> 00:09:17.336 So the headlights are eyeballs, the pupils can dilate, 00:09:17.360 --> 00:09:21.536 we have directional audio, we can throw sound directly at people. 00:09:21.560 --> 00:09:23.016 What I love about this project 00:09:23.040 --> 00:09:26.656 is he solved a problem that doesn't exist yet, so -- NOTE Paragraph 00:09:26.680 --> 00:09:29.616 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:09:29.640 --> 00:09:33.496 We also think that we can democratize access to bike lanes. 00:09:33.520 --> 00:09:37.416 You know, bike lanes are mostly used by young guys in stretchy pants. So -- NOTE Paragraph 00:09:37.440 --> 00:09:38.816 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:09:38.840 --> 00:09:42.656 We think we can develop a vehicle that operates on bike lanes, 00:09:42.680 --> 00:09:47.656 accessible to elderly and disabled, women in skirts, businesspeople, 00:09:47.680 --> 00:09:50.256 and address the issues of energy congestion, mobility, 00:09:50.280 --> 00:09:52.536 aging and obesity simultaneously. 00:09:52.560 --> 00:09:53.776 That's our challenge. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:53.800 --> 00:09:56.656 This is an early design for this little three-wheel. 00:09:56.680 --> 00:09:58.176 It's an electronic bike. 00:09:58.200 --> 00:10:01.936 You have to pedal to operate it in a bike lane, 00:10:01.960 --> 00:10:04.576 but if you're an older person, that's a switch. 00:10:04.600 --> 00:10:08.376 If you're a healthy person, you might have to work really hard to go fast. 00:10:08.400 --> 00:10:10.696 You can dial in 40 calories going into work 00:10:10.720 --> 00:10:13.376 and 500 going home, when you can take a shower. 00:10:13.400 --> 00:10:17.656 We hope to have that built this fall. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:17.680 --> 00:10:21.056 Housing is another area where we can really improve. 00:10:21.080 --> 00:10:23.256 Mayor Menino in Boston says 00:10:23.280 --> 00:10:26.216 lack of affordable housing for young people 00:10:26.240 --> 00:10:28.976 is one of the biggest problems the city faces. 00:10:29.000 --> 00:10:31.736 Developers say, OK, we'll build little teeny apartments. 00:10:31.760 --> 00:10:36.016 People say, we don't really want to live in a little teeny conventional apartment. 00:10:36.040 --> 00:10:40.096 So we're saying, let's build a standardized chassis, 00:10:40.120 --> 00:10:41.456 much like our car. 00:10:41.480 --> 00:10:46.576 Let's bring advanced technology into the apartment, 00:10:46.600 --> 00:10:49.136 technology-enabled infill, 00:10:49.160 --> 00:10:54.136 give people the tools within this open-loft chassis 00:10:54.160 --> 00:10:55.976 to go through a process of defining 00:10:56.000 --> 00:10:58.936 what their needs and values and activities are, 00:10:58.960 --> 00:11:02.536 and then a matching algorithm will match a unique assembly 00:11:02.560 --> 00:11:04.536 of integrated infill components, 00:11:04.560 --> 00:11:09.656 furniture, and cabinetry, that are personalized to that individual, 00:11:09.680 --> 00:11:11.056 and they give them the tools 00:11:11.080 --> 00:11:13.096 to go through the process and to refine it, 00:11:13.120 --> 00:11:15.496 and it's something like working with an architect, 00:11:15.520 --> 00:11:16.776 where the dialogue starts 00:11:16.800 --> 00:11:21.480 when you give an alternative to a person to react to. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:22.800 --> 00:11:27.496 Now, the most interesting implementation of that for us 00:11:27.520 --> 00:11:29.576 is when you can begin to have robotic walls, 00:11:29.600 --> 00:11:33.416 so your space can convert from exercise to a workplace, 00:11:33.440 --> 00:11:35.176 if you run a virtual company. 00:11:35.200 --> 00:11:36.350 You have guests over, 00:11:36.374 --> 00:11:40.056 you have two guest rooms that are developed. 00:11:40.080 --> 00:11:43.936 You have a conventional one-bedroom arrangement 00:11:43.960 --> 00:11:45.164 when you need it. 00:11:45.188 --> 00:11:46.716 Maybe that's most of the time. 00:11:46.740 --> 00:11:47.896 You have a dinner party. 00:11:47.920 --> 00:11:51.976 The table folds out to fit 16 people in otherwise a conventional one-bedroom, 00:11:52.000 --> 00:11:53.616 or maybe you want a dance studio. 00:11:53.640 --> 00:11:57.056 I mean, architects have been thinking about these ideas for a long time. 00:11:57.080 --> 00:11:59.296 What we need to do now, 00:11:59.320 --> 00:12:04.816 develop things that can scale to those 300 million Chinese people 00:12:04.840 --> 00:12:08.976 that would like to live in the city, and very comfortably. 00:12:09.000 --> 00:12:11.296 We think we can make a very small apartment 00:12:11.320 --> 00:12:16.656 that functions as if it's twice as big by utilizing these strategies. 00:12:16.680 --> 00:12:20.216 I don't believe in smart homes. That's sort of a bogus concept. 00:12:20.240 --> 00:12:23.456 I think you have to build dumb homes and put smart stuff in it. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:23.480 --> 00:12:25.736 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:12:25.760 --> 00:12:31.176 And so we've been working on a chassis of the wall itself. 00:12:31.200 --> 00:12:32.736 You know, standardized platform 00:12:32.760 --> 00:12:35.536 with the motors and the battery when it operates, 00:12:35.560 --> 00:12:40.096 little solenoids that will lock it in place and get low-voltage power. 00:12:40.120 --> 00:12:41.936 We think this can all be standardized, 00:12:41.960 --> 00:12:45.896 and then people can personalize the stuff that goes into that wall, 00:12:45.920 --> 00:12:48.616 and like the car, we can integrate all kinds of sensing 00:12:48.640 --> 00:12:51.016 to be aware of human activity, 00:12:51.040 --> 00:12:54.336 so if there's a baby or a puppy in the way, 00:12:54.360 --> 00:12:55.576 you won't have a problem. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:55.600 --> 00:12:56.616 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:12:56.640 --> 00:12:59.376 So the developers say, well, this is great. 00:12:59.400 --> 00:13:03.456 OK, so if we have a conventional building, we have a fixed envelope, 00:13:03.480 --> 00:13:05.536 maybe we can put in 14 units. 00:13:05.560 --> 00:13:07.656 If they function as if they're twice as big, 00:13:07.680 --> 00:13:09.216 we can get 28 units in. 00:13:09.240 --> 00:13:11.265 That means twice as much parking, though. 00:13:11.289 --> 00:13:12.596 Parking's really expensive. 00:13:12.620 --> 00:13:15.256 It's about 70,000 dollars per space 00:13:15.280 --> 00:13:19.056 to build a conventional parking spot inside a building. 00:13:19.080 --> 00:13:22.656 So if you can have folding and autonomy, 00:13:22.680 --> 00:13:25.096 you can do that in one-seventh of the space. 00:13:25.120 --> 00:13:27.296 That goes down to 10,000 dollars per car, 00:13:27.320 --> 00:13:28.896 just for the cost of the parking. 00:13:28.920 --> 00:13:32.856 You add shared use, and you can even go further. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:32.880 --> 00:13:35.936 We can also integrate all kinds of advanced technology 00:13:35.960 --> 00:13:37.176 through this process. 00:13:37.200 --> 00:13:40.336 There's a path to market for innovative companies 00:13:40.360 --> 00:13:42.016 to bring technology into the home. 00:13:42.040 --> 00:13:44.616 In this case, a project we're doing with Siemens. 00:13:44.640 --> 00:13:47.216 We have sensors on all the furniture, all the infill, 00:13:47.240 --> 00:13:49.936 that understands where people are and what they're doing. 00:13:49.960 --> 00:13:51.656 Blue light is very efficient, 00:13:51.680 --> 00:13:55.816 so we have these tunable 24-bit LED lighting fixtures. 00:13:55.840 --> 00:13:59.976 It recognizes where the person is, what they're doing, 00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:04.216 fills out the light when necessary to full spectrum white light, 00:14:04.240 --> 00:14:10.456 and saves maybe 30, 40 percent in energy consumption, we think, 00:14:10.480 --> 00:14:15.936 over even conventional state-of-the-art lighting systems. 00:14:15.960 --> 00:14:19.376 This just shows you the data that comes from the sensors 00:14:19.400 --> 00:14:21.096 that are embedded in the furniture. 00:14:21.120 --> 00:14:23.936 We don't really believe in cameras to do things in homes. 00:14:23.960 --> 00:14:27.936 We think these little wireless sensors are more effective. NOTE Paragraph 00:14:27.960 --> 00:14:30.216 We think we can also personalize sunlight. 00:14:30.240 --> 00:14:32.907 That's sort of the ultimate personalization in some ways. 00:14:32.931 --> 00:14:35.896 So we've looked at articulating mirrors of the facade 00:14:35.920 --> 00:14:39.816 that can throw shafts of sunlight anywhere into the space, 00:14:39.840 --> 00:14:42.216 therefore allowing you to shade most of the glass 00:14:42.240 --> 00:14:44.456 on a hot day like today. 00:14:44.480 --> 00:14:46.336 In this case, she picks up her phone, 00:14:46.360 --> 00:14:50.936 she can map food preparation at the kitchen island 00:14:50.960 --> 00:14:53.376 to a particular location of sunlight. 00:14:53.400 --> 00:14:58.576 An algorithm will keep it in that location as long as she's engaged in that activity. 00:14:58.600 --> 00:15:01.517 This can be combined with LED lighting as well. NOTE Paragraph 00:15:02.760 --> 00:15:04.856 We think workplaces should be shared. 00:15:04.880 --> 00:15:07.690 I mean, this is really the workplace of the future, I think. 00:15:07.714 --> 00:15:09.210 This is Starbucks, you know. 00:15:09.234 --> 00:15:10.416 Maybe a third -- 00:15:10.440 --> 00:15:12.696 And you see everybody has their back to the wall 00:15:12.720 --> 00:15:14.720 and they have food and coffee down the way 00:15:14.744 --> 00:15:17.176 and they're in their own little personal bubble. 00:15:17.200 --> 00:15:19.896 We need shared spaces for interaction and collaboration. 00:15:19.920 --> 00:15:22.136 We're not doing a very good job with that. 00:15:22.160 --> 00:15:26.216 At the Cambridge Innovation Center, you can have shared desks. 00:15:26.240 --> 00:15:30.936 I've spent a lot of time in Finland at the design factory of Aalto University, 00:15:30.960 --> 00:15:35.656 where the they have a shared shop and shared fab lab, shared quiet spaces, 00:15:35.680 --> 00:15:39.816 electronics spaces, recreation places. NOTE Paragraph 00:15:39.840 --> 00:15:43.296 We think ultimately, all of this stuff can come together, 00:15:43.320 --> 00:15:47.016 a new model for mobility, a new model for housing, 00:15:47.040 --> 00:15:49.336 a new model for how we live and work, 00:15:49.360 --> 00:15:52.176 a path to market for advanced technologies. 00:15:52.200 --> 00:15:55.105 But in the end, the main thing we need to focus on are people. 00:15:55.129 --> 00:15:56.696 Cities are all about people. 00:15:56.720 --> 00:15:58.736 They're places for people. 00:15:58.760 --> 00:16:01.216 There's no reason why we can't dramatically improve 00:16:01.240 --> 00:16:03.536 the livability and creativity of cities 00:16:03.560 --> 00:16:07.456 like they've done in Melbourne with the laneways 00:16:07.480 --> 00:16:12.056 while at the same time dramatically reducing CO2 and energy. 00:16:12.080 --> 00:16:15.416 It's a global imperative. We have to get this right. NOTE Paragraph 00:16:15.440 --> 00:16:16.656 Thank you. NOTE Paragraph 00:16:16.680 --> 00:16:21.200 (Applause)