[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.48,0:00:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought I would start\Nwith a very brief history of cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.04,0:00:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Settlements typically began\Nwith people clustered around a well,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.64,0:00:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the size of that settlement\Nwas roughly the distance you could walk
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.100,0:00:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a pot of water on your head.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.96,0:00:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, if you fly\Nover Germany, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.48,0:00:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you look down and you see\Nthese hundreds of little villages,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.50,0:00:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're all about a mile apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.26,0:00:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You needed easy access to the fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.08,0:00:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for hundreds, even thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.48,0:00:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the home was really the center of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.08,0:00:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life was very small for most people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.68,0:00:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a center of entertainment,\Nof energy production, of work,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.80,0:00:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a center of health care.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.04,0:00:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where babies were born\Nand people died.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.36,0:00:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, with industrialization,\Neverything started to become centralized.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.24,0:00:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had dirty factories that were moved\Nto the outskirts of cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.28,0:00:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Production was centralized\Nin assembly plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.64,0:01:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had centralized energy production.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.24,0:01:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Learning took place in schools.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.96,0:01:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Health care took place in hospitals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you had networks that developed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.04,0:01:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had water, sewer networks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.68,0:01:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allowed for this\Nkind of unchecked expansion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.56,0:01:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had separated functions, increasingly.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.20,0:01:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had rail networks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.96,0:01:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that connected residential,\Nindustrial, commercial areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.80,0:01:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had auto networks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.44,0:01:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the model was really,\Ngive everybody a car,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.72,0:01:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,build roads to everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.08,0:01:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give people a place to park\Nwhen they get there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.56,0:01:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was not a very functional model.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.28,0:01:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we still live in that world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.68,0:01:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is what we end up with.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.84,0:01:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you have the sprawl of LA,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.92,0:01:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sprawl of Mexico City.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.12,0:01:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have these unbelievable\Nnew cities in China,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.24,0:01:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you might call tower sprawl.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.60,0:01:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're all building cities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.96,0:01:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the model that we invented\Nin the '50s and '60s,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.92,0:01:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is really obsolete, I would argue,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.96,0:01:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are hundreds\Nand hundreds of new cities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.27,0:02:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are being planned all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.35,0:02:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In China alone, 300 million people,\Nsome say 400 million people,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.40,0:02:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will move to the city\Nover the next 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.76,0:02:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means building the equivalent
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.28,0:02:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the entire built infrastructure\Nof the US in 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.12,0:02:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.36,0:02:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we should all care about this\Nwhether you live in cities or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.04,0:02:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities will account for 90 percent\Nof the population growth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.64,0:02:27.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80 percent of the global CO2,\N75 percent of energy use,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.44,0:02:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but at the same time\Nit's where people want to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.96,0:02:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increasingly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.56,0:02:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than half the people\Nnow in the world live in cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.40,0:02:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that will just continue to escalate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.12,0:02:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities are places of celebration,\Npersonal expression.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.76,0:02:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have the flash mobs\Nof pillow fights that --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.08,0:02:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been to a couple. They're quite fun.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.20,0:02:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.44,0:02:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.72,0:02:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities are where most\Nof the wealth is created,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.56,0:02:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly in the developing world,\Nit's where women find opportunities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.28,0:02:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a lot of the reason\Nwhy cities are growing very quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.72,0:03:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there's some trends\Nthat will impact cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.36,0:03:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, work is becoming\Ndistributed and mobile.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.28,0:03:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The office building is basically obsolete\Nfor doing private work.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.92,0:03:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The home, once again,\Nbecause of distributed computation --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.32,0:03:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Communication is becoming\Na center of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.36,0:03:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's a center of production\Nand learning and shopping and health care
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.56,0:03:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of these things\Nthat we used to think of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.36,0:03:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as taking place outside of the home.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.20,0:03:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And increasingly,\Neverything that people buy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.20,0:03:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every consumer product,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.56,0:03:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one way or another,\Ncan be personalized.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.52,0:03:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a very important\Ntrend to think about.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.96,0:03:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is my image\Nof the city of the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.06,0:03:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.44,0:03:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that it's a place for people, you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.72,0:03:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe not the way people dress, but --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.44,0:03:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, the question now is,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.89,0:03:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how can we have all the good things\Nthat we identify with cities
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.36,0:03:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without all the bad things?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.20,0:03:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Bangalore.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.44,0:03:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took me a couple of hours\Nto get a few miles in Bangalore last year.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.52,0:03:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with cities, you also have\Ncongestion and pollution
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.08,0:04:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and disease and all these negative things.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.76,0:04:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we have the good stuff\Nwithout the bad?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we went back and started looking\Nat the great cities
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.60,0:04:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that evolved before the cars.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.72,0:04:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paris was a series of these\Nlittle villages that came together,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.08,0:04:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you still see that structure today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.00,0:04:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The 20 arrondissements of Paris\Nare these little neighborhoods.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.98,0:04:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of what people need in life\Ncan be within a five- or 10-minute walk.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.72,0:04:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look at the data,\Nwhen you have that kind of a structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.96,0:04:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get a very even distribution
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.68,0:04:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the shops and the physicians\Nand the pharmacies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.08,0:04:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cafes in Paris.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you look at cities\Nthat evolved after the automobile,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.96,0:04:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not that kind of a pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.72,0:04:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's very little\Nthat's within a five-minute walk
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.76,0:04:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of most areas of places like Pittsburgh.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.08,0:04:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not to pick on Pittsburgh,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.36,0:04:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most American cities\Nreally have evolved this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.92,0:04:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we said, well,\Nlet's look at new cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.12,0:04:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're involved in a couple\Nof new city projects in China.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.36,0:04:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we said, let's start\Nwith that neighborhood cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.84,0:04:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think of it as a compact urban cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.76,0:05:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So provide most of what most people want\Nwithin that 20-minute walk.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.36,0:05:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This can also be\Na resilient electrical microgrid,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.92,0:05:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,community heating, power,\Ncommunication networks, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.52,0:05:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be concentrated there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.32,0:05:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stewart Brand would put\Na micronuclear reactor
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.20,0:05:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right in the center, probably.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.20,0:05:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he might be right.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.68,0:05:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we can form,\Nin effect, a mesh network.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.24,0:05:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's something of an Internet\Ntypology pattern,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.88,0:05:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can have a series\Nof these neighborhoods.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.40,0:05:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can dial up the density --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.88,0:05:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 20,000 people per cell,\Nif it's Cambridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.40,0:05:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go up to 50,000 if it's Manhattan density.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.96,0:05:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You connect everything with mass transit
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.08,0:05:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you provide most of what most people\Nneed within that neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.36,0:05:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can begin to develop\Na whole typology of streetscapes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.60,0:05:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vehicles that can go on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.68,0:05:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I won't go through all of them.\NI'll just show one.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.12,0:05:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Boulder. It's a great example\Nof kind of a mobility parkway,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.04,0:05:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a superhighway for joggers and bicyclists,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.80,0:05:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can go from one end\Nof the city to the other
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.35,0:06:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without crossing the street,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.12,0:06:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they also have bike-sharing,\Nwhich I'll get into in a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.92,0:06:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is even a more interesting solution
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.12,0:06:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Seoul, Korea.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.36,0:06:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They took the elevated highway,\Nthey got rid of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.80,0:06:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they reclaimed the street,\Nthe river down below,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.44,0:06:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,below the street,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.84,0:06:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can go from one end\Nof Seoul to the other
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.20,0:06:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without crossing a pathway for cars.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.88,0:06:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The High Line in Manhattan\Nis very similar.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.36,0:06:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have these rapidly emerging\Nbike lanes all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.56,0:06:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I lived in Manhattan for 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.24,0:06:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went back a couple of weekends ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.52,0:06:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took this photograph of these fabulous\Nnew bike lanes that they have installed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.12,0:06:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're still not to where Copenhagen is,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.96,0:06:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where something like 42 percent\Nof the trips within the city
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.40,0:06:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are by bicycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.64,0:06:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's mostly just because they have\Nfantastic infrastructure there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.44,0:06:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually did exactly\Nthe wrong thing in Boston.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.16,0:06:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Big Dig --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.24,0:06:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.76,0:07:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we got rid of the highway\Nbut we created a traffic island,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.80,0:07:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's certainly not a mobility pathway\Nfor anything other than cars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.52,0:07:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mobility on demand is something\Nwe've been thinking about,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.28,0:07:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we think we need an ecosystem\Nof these shared-use vehicles
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.60,0:07:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connected to mass transit.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.72,0:07:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are some of the vehicles\Nthat we've been working on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.80,0:07:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But shared use is really key.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.48,0:07:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you share a vehicle, you can have\Nat least four people use one vehicle,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.40,0:07:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to one.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.28,0:07:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have Hubway here in Boston,\Nthe Vélib' system in Paris.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.76,0:07:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been developing,\Nat the Media Lab, this little city car
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.04,0:07:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is optimized\Nfor shared use in cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.24,0:07:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got rid of all the useless things\Nlike engines and transmissions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.64,0:07:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We moved everything to the wheels,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.64,0:07:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you have the drive motor,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.04,0:07:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the steering motor, the breaking --\Nall in the wheel.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.56,0:07:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That left the chassis unencumbered,\Nso you can do things like fold,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.76,0:07:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can fold this little vehicle up\Nto occupy a tiny little footprint.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.44,0:08:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a video that was\Non European television last week
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.92,0:08:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing the Spanish Minister of Industry\Ndriving this little vehicle,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.56,0:08:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when it's folded, it can spin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.40,0:08:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't need reverse.\NYou don't need parallel parking.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.68,0:08:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just spin and go directly in.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.32,0:08:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.92,0:08:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've been working\Nwith a company to commercialize this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.72,0:08:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My PhD student Ryan Chin\Npresented these early ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.84,0:08:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two years ago at a TEDx conference.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.52,0:08:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's interesting is,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.04,0:08:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then if you begin to add\Nnew things to it, like autonomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.88,0:08:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get out of the car,\Nyou park at your destination,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.68,0:08:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you pat it on the butt, it goes\Nand it parks itself, it charges itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.52,0:08:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can get something\Nlike seven times as many vehicles
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.12,0:08:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a given area as conventional cars,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.48,0:08:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we think this is the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.08,0:08:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, we could do this today.\NIt's not really a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.80,0:08:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can combine shared use\Nand folding and autonomy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.36,0:08:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we get something\Nlike 28 times the land utilization
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.68,0:08:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with that kind of strategy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.36,0:09:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of our graduate students then says,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.24,0:09:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, how does a driverless car\Ncommunicate with pedestrians?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.40,0:09:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have nobody to make eye contact with.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.60,0:09:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't know\Nif it's going to run you over.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.76,0:09:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he's developing strategies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.36,0:09:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the vehicle can communicate\Nwith pedestrians, so --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.96,0:09:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.40,0:09:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the headlights are eyeballs,\Nthe pupils can dilate,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.36,0:09:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have directional audio,\Nwe can throw sound directly at people.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.56,0:09:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I love about this project
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.04,0:09:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is he solved a problem\Nthat doesn't exist yet, so --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.68,0:09:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.64,0:09:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also think that we can\Ndemocratize access to bike lanes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.52,0:09:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, bike lanes are mostly used\Nby young guys in stretchy pants. So --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.44,0:09:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.84,0:09:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think we can develop a vehicle\Nthat operates on bike lanes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.68,0:09:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accessible to elderly and disabled,\Nwomen in skirts, businesspeople,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.68,0:09:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and address the issues\Nof energy congestion, mobility,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.28,0:09:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aging and obesity simultaneously.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.56,0:09:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's our challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.80,0:09:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an early design\Nfor this little three-wheel.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.68,0:09:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an electronic bike.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.20,0:10:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to pedal\Nto operate it in a bike lane,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.96,0:10:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you're an older person,\Nthat's a switch.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.60,0:10:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're a healthy person, you might\Nhave to work really hard to go fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.40,0:10:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can dial in 40 calories\Ngoing into work
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.72,0:10:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 500 going home,\Nwhen you can take a shower.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.40,0:10:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We hope to have that built this fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.68,0:10:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Housing is another area\Nwhere we can really improve.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.08,0:10:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mayor Menino in Boston says
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.28,0:10:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lack of affordable housing\Nfor young people
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.24,0:10:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the biggest\Nproblems the city faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.00,0:10:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Developers say, OK,\Nwe'll build little teeny apartments.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.76,0:10:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People say, we don't really want to live\Nin a little teeny conventional apartment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.04,0:10:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're saying, let's build\Na standardized chassis,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.12,0:10:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much like our car.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.48,0:10:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's bring advanced technology\Ninto the apartment,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.60,0:10:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technology-enabled infill,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.16,0:10:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give people the tools\Nwithin this open-loft chassis
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.16,0:10:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go through a process of defining
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.00,0:10:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what their needs\Nand values and activities are,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.96,0:11:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then a matching algorithm\Nwill match a unique assembly
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.56,0:11:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of integrated infill components,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.56,0:11:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,furniture, and cabinetry,\Nthat are personalized to that individual,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.68,0:11:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they give them the tools
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.08,0:11:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go through the process\Nand to refine it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.12,0:11:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's something like working\Nwith an architect,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.52,0:11:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the dialogue starts
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.80,0:11:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you give an alternative\Nto a person to react to.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.80,0:11:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the most interesting\Nimplementation of that for us
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.52,0:11:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is when you can begin\Nto have robotic walls,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.60,0:11:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so your space can convert\Nfrom exercise to a workplace,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.44,0:11:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you run a virtual company.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.20,0:11:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have guests over,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.37,0:11:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have two guest rooms\Nthat are developed.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.08,0:11:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have a conventional\None-bedroom arrangement
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.96,0:11:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you need it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.19,0:11:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe that's most of the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.74,0:11:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have a dinner party.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.92,0:11:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The table folds out to fit 16 people\Nin otherwise a conventional one-bedroom,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.00,0:11:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe you want a dance studio.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.64,0:11:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, architects have been thinking\Nabout these ideas for a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.08,0:11:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we need to do now,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.32,0:12:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,develop things that can scale\Nto those 300 million Chinese people
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.84,0:12:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would like to live in the city,\Nand very comfortably.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.00,0:12:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think we can make\Na very small apartment
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.32,0:12:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that functions as if it's twice as big\Nby utilizing these strategies.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.68,0:12:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't believe in smart homes.\NThat's sort of a bogus concept.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.24,0:12:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think you have to build dumb homes\Nand put smart stuff in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.48,0:12:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.76,0:12:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we've been working\Non a chassis of the wall itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.20,0:12:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, standardized platform
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.76,0:12:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the motors and the battery\Nwhen it operates,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.56,0:12:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little solenoids that will lock it\Nin place and get low-voltage power.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.12,0:12:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think this can all be standardized,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.96,0:12:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then people can personalize the stuff\Nthat goes into that wall,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.92,0:12:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like the car, we can integrate\Nall kinds of sensing
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.64,0:12:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be aware of human activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.04,0:12:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if there's a baby\Nor a puppy in the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.36,0:12:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you won't have a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.60,0:12:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.64,0:12:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the developers say,\Nwell, this is great.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.40,0:13:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so if we have a conventional building,\Nwe have a fixed envelope,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.48,0:13:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe we can put in 14 units.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.56,0:13:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they function\Nas if they're twice as big,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.68,0:13:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can get 28 units in.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.24,0:13:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means twice as much parking, though.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.29,0:13:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Parking's really expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.62,0:13:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about 70,000 dollars per space
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.28,0:13:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build a conventional parking spot\Ninside a building.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.08,0:13:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you can have folding and autonomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.68,0:13:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can do that\Nin one-seventh of the space.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.12,0:13:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That goes down to 10,000 dollars per car,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.32,0:13:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just for the cost of the parking.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.92,0:13:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You add shared use,\Nand you can even go further.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.88,0:13:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can also integrate\Nall kinds of advanced technology
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.96,0:13:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through this process.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.20,0:13:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a path to market\Nfor innovative companies
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.36,0:13:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring technology into the home.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.04,0:13:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, a project\Nwe're doing with Siemens.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.64,0:13:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have sensors on all\Nthe furniture, all the infill,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.24,0:13:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that understands where people are\Nand what they're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.96,0:13:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blue light is very efficient,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.68,0:13:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have these tunable\N24-bit LED lighting fixtures.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.84,0:13:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It recognizes where the person is,\Nwhat they're doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.00,0:14:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fills out the light when necessary\Nto full spectrum white light,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.24,0:14:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saves maybe 30, 40 percent\Nin energy consumption, we think,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.48,0:14:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over even conventional\Nstate-of-the-art lighting systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.96,0:14:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This just shows you the data\Nthat comes from the sensors
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.40,0:14:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are embedded in the furniture.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.12,0:14:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't really believe in cameras\Nto do things in homes.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.96,0:14:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think these little wireless sensors\Nare more effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.96,0:14:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think we can also personalize sunlight.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.24,0:14:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's sort of the ultimate\Npersonalization in some ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.93,0:14:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've looked at articulating\Nmirrors of the facade
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.92,0:14:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can throw shafts of sunlight\Nanywhere into the space,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.84,0:14:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,therefore allowing you\Nto shade most of the glass
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.24,0:14:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a hot day like today.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.48,0:14:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, she picks up her phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.36,0:14:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she can map food preparation\Nat the kitchen island
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.96,0:14:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a particular location of sunlight.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.40,0:14:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An algorithm will keep it in that location\Nas long as she's engaged in that activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.60,0:15:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This can be combined\Nwith LED lighting as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.76,0:15:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think workplaces should be shared.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.88,0:15:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, this is really\Nthe workplace of the future, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.71,0:15:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Starbucks, you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.23,0:15:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe a third --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.44,0:15:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you see everybody\Nhas their back to the wall
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.72,0:15:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have food and coffee down the way
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.74,0:15:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're in their own\Nlittle personal bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.20,0:15:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need shared spaces\Nfor interaction and collaboration.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.92,0:15:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not doing a very good job with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.16,0:15:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the Cambridge Innovation Center,\Nyou can have shared desks.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.24,0:15:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've spent a lot of time in Finland\Nat the design factory of Aalto University,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.96,0:15:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the they have a shared shop\Nand shared fab lab, shared quiet spaces,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.68,0:15:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electronics spaces, recreation places.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.84,0:15:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think ultimately,\Nall of this stuff can come together,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.32,0:15:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new model for mobility,\Na new model for housing,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.04,0:15:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new model for how we live and work,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.36,0:15:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a path to market\Nfor advanced technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.20,0:15:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the end, the main thing\Nwe need to focus on are people.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.13,0:15:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities are all about people.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.72,0:15:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're places for people.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.76,0:16:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no reason\Nwhy we can't dramatically improve
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.24,0:16:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the livability and creativity of cities
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.56,0:16:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like they've done in Melbourne\Nwith the laneways
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.48,0:16:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while at the same time\Ndramatically reducing CO2 and energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.08,0:16:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a global imperative.\NWe have to get this right.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.44,0:16:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.68,0:16:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)